Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that can cause acute,subacute,and chronic toxicity in humans and animals.Thus,these toxins pose a significant threat to health and safety.Owing to the lack of effective antimold measures in the agricultural industry,feed ingredients such as corn,peanuts,wheat,barley,millet,nuts,oily feed,forage,and their byproducts are prone to mold and mycotoxin contamination,which can affect animal production,product quality,and safety.Cyclopiazonic acid(CPA),which is main-ly biosynthesized from mevalonate,tryptophan,and diacetate units,is a myotoxic secondary me-tabolite produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi.CPA is widely present as a copollutant with aflatoxins in various crops.Compared with some common mycotoxins such as aflatoxins,fumonisins,ochratoxins,zearalenones,and their metabolites,CPA has not been well investiga-ted.In the United States,a survey showed that 51％of corn and 90％of peanut samples contained CPA,with a maximum level of 2.9 mg/kg.In Europe,CPA was found in Penicillium-contamina-ted cheeses as high as 4.0 mg/kg.Some studies have shown that CPA can cause irreversible dam-age to organs such as the liver and spleen in mice.Therefore,the establishment of a rapid and ef-ficient analytical method for CPA is of great significance for the risk assessment of CPA in feeds,the development of standard limits,and the protection of feed product quality and safety.The QuEChERS method,a sample pretreatment method that is fast,simple,cheap,effective,and safe,is widely used in the analysis of pesticide residues in food. In this study,a modified QuEChERS method combined with ultra performance liquid chroma-tography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)was used to determine CPA levels in feeds.The chromatographic separation and MS detection of CPA as well as the key factors affecting the extraction efficiency of CPA,including the type of extraction solvent,type of inorganic salt,and type and dosage of adsorbent,were optimized in detail.During the optimization of the chromato-graphic-separation step,the acid and salt concentrations of the mobile phase affected the separa-tion and detection of CPA.During the optimization of the QuEChERS method,the addition of a certain amount of acetic acid improved the extraction efficiency of CPA because of its acidic na-ture;in addition,GCB and PSA significantly adsorbed CPA from the feed extract.Under optimal conditions,the CPA in the feed sample(1.0 g)was extracted with 2 mL of water and 4 mL of acetonitrile(ACN)containing 0.5％acetic acid.After salting out with 0.4 g of NaCl and 1.6 g of MgSO4,1 mL of the ACN supernatant was purified by dispersive solid-phase extraction using 150 mg of MgSO4 and 50 mg of C18 and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS.The sample was separated on a Waters HSS T3 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)using 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate aqueous solution with 0.5％formic acid and ACN as the mobile phases and then analyzed by positive elec-trospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode.CPA exhibited good linearity in the range of 2-200 ng/mL,with a high correlation coefficient(r=0.999 5).The limits of detection and quantification of CPA,which were calculated as 3 and 10 times the signal-to-noise ratio,re-spectively,were 0.6 and 2.0 μg/kg,respectively.The average recoveries in feed samples spiked with 10,100,and 500 μg/kg CPA ranged from 70.1％to 78.5％,with an intra-day precision of less than 5.8％and an inter-day precision of less than 7.2％,indicating the good accuracy and precision of the proposed method.Finally,the modified QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of CPA in 10 feed samples obtained from Wuhan market.The analysis re-sults indicated that the developed method has good applicability for CPA analysis in feed samples.In summary,an improved QuEChERS method was applied to the extraction and purification of CPA from feeds for the first time;this method provides a suitable analytical method for the risk monitoring,assessment,and standard-limit setting of CPA in feed samples.

A novel co-bonded octyl and pyridine silica (OPS) sorbent was prepared and applied for the solid phase extraction (SPE) of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, a type of mycotoxin) in feed and agricultural products for the first time. A simple mixed-ligand one-pot reaction strategy was employed for OPS sorbent preparation. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements, elemental analysis (EI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis demonstrated the successful immobilization of octyl and quaternary ammonium groups onto the surface of silica gel. The large specific surface area, high-density functional groups, and mixed-mode anion-exchange characteristics of these silica particles made them the ideal material for the efficient extraction of CPA. Additionally, the OPS sorbents displayed excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility, satisfactory reusability, and low cost. The SPE parameters were optimized to explore the ionic and hydrophobic interactions between CPA and the functional groups, and the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) parameters were optimized to obtain a desirable extraction efficiency and high sensitivity to CPA. Meanwhile, the OPS sorbent presented a satisfactory extraction selectivity and low matrix effect. Under the optimized conditions, our developed CPA detection method was used to determine CPA level in rice, wheat flour, corn flour, peanut, and feed samples, exhibiting a lower detection limit, better linearity, higher sensitivity, and satisfactory extraction recovery rate than previously reported methods. Therefore, our method can be preferentially used as a method for the detection of CPA in agricultural products and feeds.

Highly stable and photoluminescent methylammonium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (MAPbBr(3) PQDs) have been synthesized and applied for the fluorescence quenching detection of clothianidin in fruit and vegetable samples. Characterizations using different techniques, including photoluminescence (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-resolved PL (TRPL), show that static quenching is the dominant fluorescence quenching mechanism of MAPbBr(3) PQDs with clothianidin. Hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces play major roles in the MAPbBr(3) PQDs-clothianidin interaction. Under optimized conditions, the relative PL intensity of MAPbBr(3) PQDs is linear to the concentration of clothianidin in the 0.0 and 20.0 mg/L range with a detection limit of 0.17 mu g/kg. Excellent recoveries of 79.5-115.4% were acquired for radish and banana samples with a relative standard deviation below 9.4%. These results indicate that PQDs can be used for qualitative and quantitative identification of clothianidin, providing an effective detection method for risk prevention and control of neonicotinoid pesticide residues in agricultural products.

The purification of polysaccharides is an essential preliminary step in determining their chemical structure, although it presents significant challenges. In this research, a macro-porous monolith of quaternary chitosan cryogel was synthesized for the purification of a neutral polysaccharide from Boletus auripes. A homogeneous neutral polysaccharide (BAP-1a1) with a weight-average molecular weight of 4.13 × 105 Da and a polydispersity index of 1.28 was successfully isolated. The structure of BAP-1a1 was elucidated through a comprehensive characterization utilizing size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with laser light scattering (LLS), infrared spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results revealed that the BAP-1a1 was characterized as a glucan with a backbone structure consisting of 1,4-α-D-Glcp and 1,3-β-D-Glcp glycosidic linkages in a molar ratio of 2:1. Additionally, a minority of branched chains of 1-α-D-Glcp are attached to 1,3-β-D-Glcp residues at the C6 position. In vitro antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that BAP-1a1 exhibits a dose-dependent scavenging effect on ABTS and DPPH radicals with EC50 values of 0.58 and 1.04 mg/mL, respectively. These findings indicated that Boletus auripes possesses the potential to be utilized as a natural agent in antioxidant functional foods.

In this study, naphthalene-modified magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Nap) were simply prepared based on specific chelation interaction between phosphate groups and metal ions on Fe3O4 surface. The resultant Fe3O4@Nap were characterized by FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, NAM, TGA, and VSM techniques. With Fe3O4@Nap as adsorbent, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were efficiently extracted by magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) from environmental water and fish samples through the 7C-7C interaction between modified naphthalene groups and PAHs, followed by their determination by GC-MS/MS. The key parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the Fe3O4@Nap-based MSPE/GC-MS/MS method proposed in this paper was evaluated and applied for analyzing PAHs in environmental water and fish samples. And the proposed MSPE/GC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearities for water samples (in the range of 0.1-10 ng/mL, R2 >0.9945) and for fish samples (in the range of 1-100 ng/g, R2 > 0.9905). The limits of detection (LODs) for water and fish samples were 0.004-0.031 ng/mL and 0.07-0.28 ng/g, respectively. Additionally, this method exhibited desirable accuracy and precision. The PAH recovery values from water and fish samples ranged from 81.5% to 109.6% with inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 12.8%. The MSPE/GC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of real environmental water and fish samples. Overall, the newly synthesized Fe3O4@Nap exhibited high sensitivity, specificity, reusability, repeatability, and it could efficiently extract PAHs from environmental water and fish samples by MSPE.

This review summarized the source, properties, as well as the harm of benzo-α-pyrene exposure to aquatic products. The commonly used instrumental analysis methods for the detection of benzo-α-pyrene were also discussed, and the future research direction of benzo-α-pyrene detection was prospected.

The prepared CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were applied to selectively and sensitively assay ciprofloxacin as a fluorescence sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. The efficiency of FRET between CdSe QDs and ciprofloxacin can be modulated by the degree of spectral overlap between the excitation peak of CdSe QDs and the emission peak of ciprofloxacin. Within the range of 0 to 120 mu mol.L-1, the good linearity was obtained (R = 0.99561) and the detection limit reached to 0.6 mu mol.L-1. This method is simple and rapid and can be used in environmental water and milk samples.

A diverse design pattern-based flexible supercapacitor is fabricated via a scalable screen printing method by using CoHCF as an electrode material.

The increasing development demand of wearable electronics for intelligent life accelerates the studies and explorations on portable flexible energy storage system. However, how to achieve high performance power sources on a par with uncomplicated and high-efficient fabrication processes also is a huge challenge. Herein, Ni(OH)(2)/NiMoO4 composites with enhanced specific capacitance and cyclic lifespan are synthesized via a facile hydro thermal method. And the composites are used as functional inks for the fabrication of printed electrode of flexible solid-state supercapacitors. Large specific capacitance of 1547.3 F g(-1) is achieved by the composite electrode at 1 A g(-1). After charging and discharging 1000 times, 88.1% of the initial capacitance at 20 A g(-1) can be retained. Large-scale flexible solid-state supercapacitors are developed through fully screen printing technique in a very short time, which exhibit high stability (115% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles) and good flexibility (81.7% of capacitance remained after 750 bending/releasing cycles). Moreover, when three printed super capacitors are connected in series, a yellow light emitting diode (1.9 V) can be easily lighted up, which is preconceived to be a promising portable energy storage system in future wearable electronics.

Stretchable and wearable strain sensors based on Ag nanodendrites with high stretchability and sensitivity are fabricated by directly screen-printing technology.

The current development of wearable electronics has raised the requirement for developing matchable super capacitors. Currently, most researches have been focused on the electrode materials, but few studies have been carried out on the structure of supercapacitors. Herein, we report an efficient fully-printing fabrication approach to construct flexible in-plane solid-state supercapacitors. Utilization of the screen printing technique, a series of factors which affect the performance of planar supercapacitors have been studied to construct smart planar supercapacitors, including dimensions, finger interspaces, functional layers of active materials and asymmetric structure, which is firstly systematically investigated for efficiently increasing the performance of planar supercapacitors. More interestingly, the planar supercapacitors can be fabricated as various patterns with artistic design on various flexible substrates, demonstrating that the screen printing process is facile and easy scalable for practical production. The optimized symmetric supercapacitors exhibit good mechanical flexibility, outstanding areal capacitance of 35.3 mF cm(-2) and superior cycling performance. Compare with the symmetric supercapacitors, higher energy density of asymmetric supercapacitors can be achieved (from 0.00177 mWh cm(-2) to 0.00687 mWh cm(-2)). We envision that this strategy of constructing fully-printed flexible planar supercapacitors with structural design paves the way for the improvement of flexible energy storage devices.

Achieving all‐printed, low‐cost, and large area electronic devices poses challenging requirements in employing printing technologies and conductive materials for flexible and wearable heaters. In this work, fully printed, scalable, and patterned flexible heaters based on Ag fractal dendrites (FDs) are fabricated through straightforward screen printing technology. The Ag FDs possess low sheet resistance with ≈0.83 Ω sq−1 when sintered at low temperature of 60 °C. The Ag FDs are directly printed on thin polyethylene terephthalate substrate to manufacture flexible heaters, exhibiting excellent heating performance with the saturation temperature up to ≈135 °C and rapid response time within 35 s under 4 V DC voltage. In addition, the Ag FDs heaters present lower power consumption (≈209.67 °C cm2 W−1), which is significantly better than traditional indium tin oxides (ITO) heaters (≈88 °C cm2 W−1). The sheet resistance of the devices remains stable after 2000 bending cycles with a radius of 10 mm, indicating that the outstanding mechanize stability of the heaters. Moreover, a large area (12 cm × 5 cm) heater with designable pattern is developed and attached to human body, indicating a bright future in next‐generation fully printed and wearable heating electronics application.

High-performance electrode materials are required for next-generation supercapacitors to satisfy the growing request for higher energy density and cycling stability. In this work, Mn2+ ions are doped into CoSnO3 nanocubes by facile ion-exchange method to achieve enhanced pseudocapacitive performance. The doping amount of Mn2+ ions is controlled by using different reaction times. Compared with pure CoSnO3, the resultant Mn2+-doped CoSnO3 exhibits about 3-fold growth in specific capacitance (from 191 F g(-1) to 564 F g(-1)) and significantly elevated cycling stability (from 84.1% to 104.7% in terms of capacitance retention). Furthermore, symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs) based on CoSnO3 and Mn(2+)doped CoSnO3 with multifarious patterns are fabricated by cost-effective screen printing method. Mn(2+)doped CoSnO3 SSC shows boosted areal capacitance, enlarged energy density and better cycling stability compared with CoSnO3 SSC, which can be series connected to power a red light emitting diode (1.9 V). These results prove the feasibility of Mn2+ doping with ion-exchange method to enhance the pseudocapacitive performance of the supercapacitor electrode materials. (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Integrating the topology design and printing method offers a promising methodology to realize large stretchability for interconnects. Herein, eco-friendly and water-based Ag nanowires (NWs) inks were formulated and used for screen-printing highly stretchable and flexible interconnects on a large area (more than 335 mm × 175 mm). The stretchability of the interconnects was realized by introducing kirigami topology structures. The topology designed models were established to simulate the influence of kirigami patterns on wire compliance and to estimate the maximum stretchability via finite element analysis (FEA). The mechanic mechanism results demonstrate that an increase of the wave numbers results in larger stretchability, and the rectangular type of wave shows better stretchability than the zigzag and sine structures. Comparatively, the electrical and mechanical properties of the interconnects were measured and analyzed, and the experimental results were consistent with FEA. The electric conductivity of the interconnects is stable at ∼10,427 S cm−1 even after 1000 cycles of 15.83 mm radius bending, 280% stretching and 200% twisting-stretching deformation, demonstrating outstanding mechanical reliability of the interconnects. The topology designed interconnects have been applied in stretchable flexible light-emitting diode, indicating their broad application prospects in next-generation stretchable electronics.

The effects of Fe-3 or Fe-2 ions on the interaction of CS-Fe3O4@ZnS : Mn/ZnS Magnetic- Fluorescent Nanoparticles (MFNPs) with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) have been studied using UV visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that both the fluorescence intensity of CS-Fe3O4@ZnS : Mn/ZnS MFNPs and BSA became weakened when Fe-3 or Fe-2 concentrations reached their physiological levels. Meanwhile, the interaction of CS-Fe3O4@ZnS : Mn/ZnS MFNPs with BSA in the presence of Fe-3 or Fe-2 enhanced. There is synergic effect of CS-Fe3O4@ZnS : Mn/ZnS MFNPs and Fe-3 or Fe-2 on the damage of BSA. These results are important for understanding the influence of different biological environments on interaction between MFNPs and proteins.

A flexible and stretchable conductor was achieved by embedding fractal-structured silver particles in a PDMS substrate, which can stretch up to 100% and bend and twist up to 180°, and which possesses good mechanical and electronic stability.

Light-harvesting lanthanide ions (Ln 3+ ) doped NaYF 4 inks could provide polychromatic patterns for opposing counterfeiting commodity infestation because of their distinctive upconversion photoluminescence (UPL) properties. Herein, three kinds of core-triple-shell Ln 3+ ions doped NaYF 4 upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) are synthesized through modified high-temperature coprecipitation, which demonstrate excellent UPL properties of independent emitting colors under 808 or 980 nm laser excitation. Additive mixing three kinds of 808 nm emitted red-green-blue (RGB) UCNCs colloid solution can precisely regulate the emissions of the suspension for achieving full-color display. The as-obtained RGB three-primary colors induced by 808 nm laser accomplish broader color gamut than traditional standard RGB (sRGB) model and printing cyan-magenta-yellow (CMY) model. In addition, various China zodiac patterns and complex multicolor images are printed by the as-formulated UCNCs inks through screen printing technology. The printed patterns present colorful and polychromatic sequential toning visualization patterns under 808 nm excitation, while present another succession of gradually changed versatile patterns under 980 nm excitation. As a proof of concept, transparent polyvinyl chloride (PVC) self-adhesive anti-counterfeiting label is attached to the bottle of wine package for practical application. The demonstration of multiple model patterns of Chinese zodiac and poetry images based on these core-tripleshell UCNCs can be selected as a conceivable substitute of traditional single model patterns, underlining the full-color anti-counterfeiting level.

Advanced fluorescent materials have demonstrated great value in the anti-counterfeiting field for information storage and hiding. In this work, a novel strategy for producing UV light-switchable fluorescent patterns to hide and store information is proposed based on carbon dots (CDs) and Y2O3:Eu composites with exceptional optical properties. CDs can present blue emission under both 254 nm and 365 nm UV light excitation, but Y2O3:Eu can only arouse a red color under 254 nm light excitation. Under conventional 365 nm excitation, a single blue color and partial information are shown, however, the whole information in patterns can be displayed under specific 254 nm excitation. The functional anti-counterfeiting patterns are made by screen printing using as-prepared polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-medium fluorescent inks. Moreover, the hidden information retained its integrity after printed patterns were exposed to an ambient environment for 90 days. Such invisible, tunable and ultra-stable fluorescent patterns utilizing 254 nm UV light well achieve information hiding and storage and increase information security for anti-counterfeiting applications.

Increasing demands for portable and wearable electronics have stimulated considerable efforts to develop ultraflexible, stretchable and high-power supercapacitors. Existing stretchable supercapacitors are characterized by poor energy density, low stretchability and cumbersome fabrication process limit its practical application. How to enhance the energy densities and stretchability while simplify the fabrication process is a critical challenge for achieving the high-performance stretchable supercapacitors. Herein, we propose a simple and efficient fully-printing approach to manufacture the stretchable asymmetric supercapacitors, the functional layers are directly printed onto stretchable textile substrates in the order of silver current collector, cathode electrode, anode electrode and gel electrolyte. To the best of our knowledge, all-printed ultraflexible and stretchable asymmetric supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy density are first fabricated from two kinds of functional screen printing inks. The stretchable asymmetric supercapacitors using Ag@PPy@MnO2 cathode electrode and activated carbon anode electrode display an ultra-high energy density of 0.0337 mW h cm(-2) at a high power density of 0.38 mW cm(-2). In addition, its capacitance retention reaches 90.8% after 5000 cycles and 86.2% after 40% stretching strain. Furthermore, these asymmetric supercapacitors exhibit ultra-flexibility and mechanical stability at severely flexible states (including stretching, twisting, crimping and winding), and a red LED (2.8 V) is stable alight and powered by tandem asymmetric supercapacitors.