In order to clarify the characteristics of insect community structure in Yunnan mulberry field,the insects were collected by sweeping,trapping and visual counting methods from tree canopy to ground of mulberry from March to November in 2021. All insect samples were classified,counted and analyzed.The results showed that the insects belonged to 8 orders,36 families,and 83 species,including 63species,29 families and 5 orders of pests and 20 species,7 families and 5 orders of natural enemy insects. The top three of pest species quantity belonged to Coleoptera,Hemiptera and Lepidoptera,accounting for 44. 44%,34. 92% and 14. 29% of the total species,the main groups included Thripidae,Pyralidae,Cicadellidae. Pseudodendrothrips mori,Diaphania pyloalis and Nysius ericae were the dominant species,and the blooming period was from July to September. Among the natural enemy insects,Coleoptera was the dominant group,accounting for 80. 00% of the total species,the dominant natural enemy insects were Harmonia axyridi,Chrysopa pallens and Aiolocaria hexaspilota,and the peak of natural enemy insects quantity occurred in June and September. Temporal niche analysis showed that the niche overlap index of Harmonia axyridis with Nysius ericae and Diaphania pyloalis was the highest,and that of Chrysopa pallens and Pseudodendrothrips mori was the highest,which were 0. 891 2,0. 842 3 and0. 942 7,respectively. Diversity analysis showed that Margalef index peaked in July,Simpson diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index both peaked in June,Pielou index peaked in March. To summarize,there were much more pests than natural enemy insects in Yunnan mulberry field,and the species diversity increased significantly in summer. The temporal niches of the main pests and natural enemy insects matched well. Harmonia axyridis was the main natural enemy insects of Nysius ericae and Diaphania pyloalis,and Chrysopa pallens was the dominant natural enemy insects of Pseudodendrothrips mori. Attention should be paid to the protection and utilization of these natural enemies.

In order to clarify insect community structure and temporal niche relationship between main pests and natural enemies in 5 common crop fields in Lujiangba dry-hot valley area, the species and quantity of pests and natural enemies of 5 common crop fields in Lujiangba dry-hot valley were investigated by visual observation, net sweeping and trapping methods from November 2019 to January 2021.The results showed that a total of 6307 insects belonging to 12 orders, 64 families and 113 species, including 5474 pests of 72 species, 42 families and 8 orders of pests.The dominant families in the 5 plots were Drosophilidae and Nitidulidae, with the dominant species are Drosophila melanogaster and Haptonchus luteolus, and the peak occurred in summer. There were 833 natural predators belonging to 8 orders, 22 families and 41 species. Labiduridae and Tachinidae were the dominant families in plot Ⅰ,Plot Ⅱ, plot Ⅲ and plot Ⅴ. Formidae and parasitidae were the dominant families in plot Ⅳ. In addition, there was another dominant family in plot Ⅲ, namely, Libellulidae. The dominant species are Oecophylla smaragdina, Labidura japonica and Ectophasia rotundiventris. Among them, Labidura japonica and Ectophasia rotundiventris flourish in summer, and Ectophasia rotundiventris peak in autumn.Temporal niche analysis showed that Drosophila melanogaster and Haptonchus luteolus had the largest temporal niche overlap index with Labidura japonica, which were 0.9657 and 0.9726, respectively, indicating that Labidura japonica had a strong following effect on the two major pests. In agricultural operation, attention should be paid to strengthening the protection of this natural enemy in order to enhance the natural control function of natural enemy in farmland.

选用云南省保山市3种类型4个常见的玉米品种:甜质型玉米"正甜99"、糯质型玉米"花糯168"及饲用型玉米"恩白玉3号"和"富玉6号",采用自由选择法测定草地贪夜蛾在不同玉米品种上的产卵量、幼虫生长发育历期和取食选择率.结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在4个玉米品种上的产卵量具有显著差异(P<0.05),以在正甜99上的卵块数和卵粒数最多,分别为12.67块和1001.67粒,而在其他3个玉米品种间无显著差异(P>0.05);取食不同玉米品种的草地贪夜蛾幼虫总历期、蛹历期和成虫寿命也有显著差异(P<0.05),其中以取食富玉6号的幼虫总历期、蛹历期最长,分别为17.09、10.93 d,成虫寿命则以取食正甜99的最长,为13.89 d;草地贪夜蛾3～6龄各龄期幼虫对4个玉米品种的取食选择具有明显趋向性,均以对正甜99的取食选择率最高,显著高于对其他3种玉米品种的取食选择率(P<0.05).研究结果可为不同类型玉米上草地贪夜蛾的防控提供参考.

采用扫网法对高黎贡山南段百花岭地区的蝗总科昆虫进行系统调查,并对该科昆虫的群落多样性进行分析.共采集各类蝗虫标本343号,经鉴定隶属于5科19属22种,以斑腿蝗科物种数和个体数最多,占调查蝗虫总物种数的63.64％和总个体数的57.14％;方板卵翅蝗、长翅板胸蝗和疣蝗是该地区蝗虫的优势类群,合计占调查总个体数的34.40％;多样性分析结果显示,高黎贡山南段百花岭地区蝗虫群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.8132,Margalef丰富度指数为3.5972,Simpson多样性指数为0.9285,Pielou均匀度指数为0.9101,表明该地区蝗虫群落结构较为稳定,物种组成丰富;不同海拔范围蝗虫的群落结构及多样性有显著差异,以在1500 m-1700 m的中海拔范围蝗虫属种数、个体数及4个多样性指数均最高,说明该海拔范围内蝗虫物种丰富,多样性最高.

为明确黑盾胡蜂(Vespa bicolor)触角及感受器的外部形态特点,利用扫描电镜对黑盾胡蜂雄蜂和工蜂触角感器的形态特征、类型和分布特点等超显微结构进行观察.结果显示,黑盾胡蜂触角呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中雄蜂的鞭节有11小节、工蜂的鞭节有10小节.黑盾胡蜂共有5种触角感器,分别为毛形感受器(TS Ⅰ、TS Ⅱ)、板形感受器(PSIⅠ、PS Ⅱ)、刺形感受器(CS Ⅰ、CS Ⅱ)、锥形感受器(BS Ⅰ、BS Ⅱ)、腔锥形感受器CoS,其中以毛形感器和板形感器数量最多、分布范围最广.黑盾胡蜂雄蜂和工蜂具有相同的感器类型和形态,仅感器大小和分布位置略有差异.

[目的]弄清异凹纹胡蜂(Vespa velutina variana van der Vecht)触角感器类型与结构特征.[方法]利用扫描电镜对蜂王、雄蜂和职蜂触角感器的形状、种类和超显微结构进行了观察.[结果]异凹纹胡蜂触角呈膝状,包括柄节、梗节和鞭节3部分,蜂王和职蜂鞭节分10节,雄蜂鞭节分11节;触角感器共有5种,分别为毛形感器、锥形感器、板形感器、刺形感器和腔锥形感器,其中除腔锥形感器外,其它4种感器均有2个亚型.以毛形感器数量最多,分布范围最广泛;各种感器主要分布于鞭节上;蜂王、职蜂和雄蜂感器的类型相同,分布范围基本相似,仅雄蜂触角平均长度较蜂王和职蜂长.[结论]异凹纹胡蜂触角上共有5种感器,其雄蜂触角总长最长.弄清了异凹纹胡峰触角感器的类型,为今后研究异凹纹胡蜂触角感器的具体功能及机制奠定了基础,也为进一步了解其触角与行为间的关系提供基础资料.

为研究草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围杂草上的生长发育情况,对草地贪夜蛾田间防控提供参考,本研究在(28±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)％,光周期L//D=16 h//8 h的人工气候箱条件下,选用玉米Zea mays及玉米田常见的主要杂草扁穗雀麦Bromus catharticus、白花三叶草Tri olium repens、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa,探究了草地贪夜蛾在这4种植物上不同虫态的发育历期、蛹重以及卵的孵化率、1～3龄幼虫对4种植物的选择性等.结果 表明:草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上均可完成整个世代的生长发育.其中三叶鬼针草处理的草地贪夜蛾幼虫期和蛹期最长,分别为15.97 d和8.33d;三叶鬼针草处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重为107.90 mg,显著低于其他3种植物处理的蛹重(P＜0.05),玉米、白花三叶草、扁穗雀麦处理的蛹重分别为243.50、239.97、235.80mg;草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上产卵量具有显著差异(P＜0.05),白花三叶草上最高,为2 302粒,三叶鬼针草上最低,为827粒;草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫在玉米、扁穗雀麦和白花三叶草上的发育适合度高于三叶鬼针草.草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围常见3种杂草上可完成生长发育,在防治草地贪夜蛾时,玉米收获后应尽快清除田边杂草,以减少第二季或者次年玉米上的种群基数.

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种广泛分布于世界各地的多食性害虫,对我国多个省市区的农作物和观赏植物造成了严重的危害.化学杀虫剂的大量使用在杀伤天敌的同时使烟粉虱产生了不同程度的抗性,防治越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治是对烟粉虱进行有效控制的重要方法.我国报道的捕食性天敌共计26科109种,寄生性天敌共计2科59种.烟粉虱防治过程中由于单一的防治效果不理想,联合多个天敌资源的利用是增加对烟粉虱的生物防治效果的重要手段.本文通过对我国烟粉虱捕食性和寄生性天敌种类系统全面的整理,同时对烟粉虱优势种天敌中的单种或者多种组合利用后对烟粉虱的的控害潜能进行综述,以期为烟粉虱天敌昆虫种类的筛选和实现高效的生物防治提供科学依据.

2017年1—12月,通过布设红外自动触发相机对高黎贡山国家级自然保护区南段西坡腾冲段11个位点的野生动物进行监测研究,调查共计拍摄到兽类和鸟类的有效照片分别为739张和499张,共鉴定出鸟兽物种41种,其中兽类5目13科21种,鸟类5目10科20种.拍摄频次较高的兽类为赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)、树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)、短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)、中华鬣羚(Capricor-nis milneedwardsii)、赤麂(Muntiacus muntjak)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、豪猪(Hystrix hodgsoni)这7种;拍摄频次较高的鸟类为环颈山鹧鸪(Ar-borophila torqueola)、白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、银耳相思鸟(Leiothrix argentauris)这3种.这表明红外相机技术可以作为野生动物多样性监测的主要方法,自然保护区应长期开展基于红外相机技术的野生动物多样性监测工作.

为明确紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,在实验室条件下分别利用4个不同稀释浓度(20倍、15倍、10倍、5倍)的紫茎泽兰粗提物处理玉米叶片后喂养草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫,记录各虫态的发育历期、存活率、重量、成虫寿命以及后代性比、F2代卵孵化率、F2代卵的发育历期.结果表明,随着紫茎泽兰粗提物浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾各虫态的发育历期延长,5倍稀释液处理下蛹的发育历期最长,达20.27 d,10倍稀释液处理下幼虫的发育历期最长,为21.46 d;随着处理浓度的增加,各虫态的重量逐渐降低,且存活率呈下降趋势,其中粗提物对蛹存活率的影响最大,对1～3龄幼虫存活率的影响较小;随着处理浓度的升高成虫的寿命均缩短,且雌成虫寿命长于雄成虫;随着处理浓度的升高,草地贪夜蛾的产卵前期和F2代卵发育历期延长,产卵期缩短;单雌产卵量、后代性比和卵的孵化率降低.紫茎泽兰粗提物对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖均造成消极影响.5倍稀释液对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及繁殖的影响最显著,可作为草地贪夜蛾防治研究中的重要植物源杀虫剂材料.

在高黎贡山不同海拔区域的6种植被类型中采集罹病昆虫和土样,分离鉴定白僵菌菌株,并对白僵菌的寄主昆虫进行分类鉴定;结果表明,高黎贡山白僵菌侵染的罹病昆虫更集中分布于中海拔地区(菌株数量占比95.7％),说明中海拔地区适宜的环境条件更有利于白僵菌的侵染和流行;高黎贡山白僵菌的寄主昆虫具有较高的多样性,包括9目35科的昆虫,其中鞘翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目为白僵菌的主要寄主类群(5-11科,昆虫数量占比81.9％).

[目的]筛选对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)具有高毒力的绿僵菌(Metarhizium)优良菌株,为绿色防控斜纹夜蛾提供备选材料.[方法]用爬行接种法测定了来自滇西不同地区(保山市、怒江州、大理市、楚雄市)的15种绿僵菌菌株对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力,分析了不同温度下(14～35℃)优良菌株的毒力.[结果]15种绿僵菌对斜纹夜蛾都有一定毒力,幼虫校正死亡率为30％～100％,有6种绿僵菌(Metarhizium rileyi BUM1209、M.brunneum BUM22、M.anisopliae BUM1900、M.baoshanense BUM634、M.pingshaense BUM701和M.guizhouense BUM119)的毒力较高(校正死亡率100％),其中,来自保山市的M.rileyi BUM1209致死速度最快(LT50=4.88 d,全致死时间=6.92 d),毒力最高.M.rileyi BUM1209在不同温度下对3龄幼虫的校正死亡率都达100％,26℃时致死速度最快(LT50=2.94 d,全致死时间=5.90 d),温度升高或降低,其毒力都显著减弱;温度降低为14℃时,其致死速度最慢(LT50=7.90 d,全致死时间=15.75d).[结论]M.rileyi BUM1209对斜纹夜蛾的毒杀效果最好,其最适宜侵染温度为26℃,该菌株具有良好的开发利用潜力.

为了解斑腿蝗科(Catantopidae)2种短翅型蝗虫云南云秃蝗[Yunnanacris yunnaneus (Ramme)]和云南拟裸蝗(Conophymacris yunnanensis Cheng)的细胞遗传学特征,采用常规的液氮冰冻压片法和BSG显带法对2种蝗虫的染色体核型和C带带型进行研究.结果表明,云南云秃蝗染色体数目2n(♂)=21,染色体臂数为21,染色体组具有9对端着丝粒和1对亚端着丝粒染色体,性染色体X为端着丝粒染色体;云南拟裸蝗染色体数目2n(♂)=23,染色体臂数为23,染色体全部为端着丝粒染色体.染色体C带核型分析结果表明,云南云秃蝗染色体有16条C带带纹,其中有11条着丝粒带,5条端带,染色体组异染色质总含量为22.26％;云南拟裸蝗有18条C带带纹,其中有12条着丝粒带,6条端带,染色体组异染色质总含量为23.00％.2种蝗虫除了具有相同的XO型性别决定机制外,在其他的染色体核型和C带带型方面均表现出一定的差异.

The sample collection of different varieties of Banana was carried out from 3 lines,the endophytic fungi from the tissue specimens was isolated and identified.About 494 strains of endophytic fungi were obtained,they could be classified into 9 genera.Colletotrichun,Aspergillus and Penicillin were dominant fungi.The isolation frequency of these three dominat fungi in the eastern direction,central direction and western direction were 78.73％,79.55％ and 76.54％,respectively.The isolation frequency were 84.19％,77.32％,79.60％ and 71.48％ in varieties of BaXijiao,Weilians,Hongyan 1 and Hongyan 2.It was concluded that the endophytic fungi species of Banana plants in Hekou area had great diversity,which could provide references for the further research.

To identify the toxicity of current commonly used pesticides to invasive pests,Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and native closely dominant species flower thrips F.intonsa.The toxicity of six pesticides on this two pests 2nd instar nymphs,female and male in laboratory were conducted use of bean dipping feeding method.The results showed that 6％ Spinetoram was holds the lowest LC50valueon the 2nd instar nymphs and adults,which was 0.611、0.333 mg/L and 1.731、1.202 mg/L for F.occidentalis and F.intonsa,respectively;10％ Pyriproxyfen holds the highest LC50 value on the 2nd instar nymphs and adults,which was 1238.005、845.819 mg/L and 9037.110、4766.376 mg/L for F.occidentalis and F.intonsa,respectively.The toxicity of six pesticides on this two pests state of F.occidentalis and F.intonsa were as follows:Spinetoram ＞ Avermectin ＞ Deltamethrin ＞ Acetamiprid ＞ Imidacloprid ＞ Pyriproxyfen,the role of LC50 for six tested pesticides on F.occidentalis were larger than that on F.intonsa,and females were larger than that on males on both thrips.The sensitivity to pesticides of thrips females than that on males,and the biogenic pesticides hold the better indoor insecticidal efficacy than chemical pesticides,it should be the first choice insecticide in thrips control.

The natural parasitism rate of P.utilis under five habitats of residential area, Cypress forest, Pinus forest, Eucalyptus forest and weed area is analyzed by the random sampling and sample plot investigation methods to discuss the parasitism characteristics of P.utilis on E.adenophorum under field natural condition.Results: There is no significant difference in parasitism rate of P.utilis between field and under-forest but there are significant differences in parasitism rate of P.utilis among five habitats.The P.utilis parasitism rate of five habitats is Eucalyptus forest (60.5%) > residential area (46.2%) > weed area (32.5%) > Pinus forest (27.0%) >Cypress forest (25.1%).Most insect galls produced by P.utilis distribute on young part of E.adenophorum plants and 72.2% of total investigated insect galls distributes the top of E.adenophorum plants (1~34 cm).The insect gall number per E.adenophorum plant is 1~2 under five habitats mostly.3 and more than 3 insect galls per E.adenophorum plant is less under five habitats.The bigger the insect gall is, the more the average population is.The parasitism of P.utilis has no significant effects on height and sexual fecundity of E.adenophorum, which indicates that parasitism of P.utilis has no obvious control effect on E.adenophorum.

[Objective]In order to understand the damage of the fruit fly in Binchuan County,Dali City.[Method]We conducted an investigation on the fly species and population dynamics using lure traps in Binchuan national export food quality and safety of agricultural demonstration zone district registered orchards during 2014 March to October,and also analyzed the effect of climatic factors on population fluctuation of the fly.[Resulst]There were four different fly species which were harmful to the fruit in Binchuan area,namely Bactrocera correcta(Bezzi),B.cucurbitae (Coquillett),B.dorsalis(Hendel) and B.tau (Walker).The number of B.dorsalisis the most abundant while the B.tau was the least.The population dynamics of the four fly species presented a single peak in the whole period of investigation.On the other hand,the population fluctuation of the fly among three sample plots appeared a nearly same rule which also had a single peak over the study period.Correlation analysis indicated that the relationship between population fluctuation of the fly and climatic factors,monthly average temperature and relative humidity,was more significant,followed by monthly average maximum temperature,monthly average minimum temperature,monthly rainfall.From the results of path analysis,factors such as monthly average maximum temperature,monthly mean temperature and monthly rainfall had a direct effect on the fly population,while the factors monthly average minimum temperature and relative humidity were indirect influencing the number of fruit fly populations.[Conclusion]The results provide theoretical basis for the control of fruit fly.