BACKGROUND: Morus alba L., a perennial woody plant with significant economic and ecological value, contains abundant phytochemicals, including flavonoids, which play crucial roles in plant defense and human health. Flavonoids are a diverse group of secondary metabolites with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and are widely found in plant tissues and contribute to both plant fitness and human nutrition. RESULTS: Through comparative transcriptome analysis between Black Mulberry (HS) and Medicinal Mulberry (YS), we identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Key structural genes, including CHS1, CHI, F3H, F3’H, and ANS, as well as transcription factors (TFs) such as MYB306, BHLH106, and BHLH153, exhibited cultivar-specific expression patterns that strongly correlated with flavonoid accumulation during fruit development. Notably, the flavonoid content was consistently higher in YS than in HS, especially at later developmental stages. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed a key module enriched with genes involved in flavonoid synthesis and related regulatory pathways, providing new insights into the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid accumulation in M. alba L. CONCLUSIONS: The study extends the understanding of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants by highlighting the cultivar-specific regulation of key biosynthetic genes and transcription factors. The results offer a theoretical basis for improving M. alba L. varieties and enhancing their nutritional and medicinal values. By integrating multi-omics approaches, future research can further unravel the complex regulatory networks governing flavonoid accumulation and explore their applications in agriculture, food, and medicine.

Mulberry leaf, as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, has been utilized in the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, and liver diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential mechanisms of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in the treatment of NAFLD. The chemical composition of MLE was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The NAFLD mice model was induced by a high-fat, high-fructose, and high-cholesterol (HFFC) diet, followed by intervention with MLE. The results indicated that the administration of MLE notably reduced the obesity (p < 0.05), oxidative stress (p < 0.05), inflammation (p < 0.05), and ECM deposition (p < 0.05) induced by the HFFC diet, restored the parameters of liver function, and attenuated the pathological changes. Utilizing a combination of integrated liver non-targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, and transcriptomic approaches, we deciphered the molecular mechanisms by which MLE exerted its therapeutic effects in the treatment of NAFLD. In detail, our findings revealed that MLE suppressed the TGFβ1/Smad3 and NF-κB signaling pathways to ameliorate fibrosis and inflammation. This study provided novel insights into the correlation between MLE and NAFLD progression, offering a scientific foundation for the prospective use of MLE in the treatment of NAFLD.

Mulberry, a plant highly valued for medicinal-edible features, was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum M3 to enhance its bioactive profile. This study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant activity of fermented mulberry juice (FMJ) and identified key metabolites through an integrated approach involving non-targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, RT-qPCR, and molecular docking. Under optimized conditions (28 °C, pH 5.5, 12°Bx initial sugar content, 48 h and 5% inoculum), fermentation significantly bolstered the antioxidant capacity of MJ. Specifically, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from 62.41 ± 0.11 to 84.99 ± 0.07 U/mL, while total phenolic content (TPC) surged from 1108.98 ± 2.90 to 2494.17 ± 7.05 mg GAE/L; DPPH radical scavenging activities were improved by 63.09%. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 195 secondary metabolites, primarily comprising alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Among these, protocatechuic acid, Albanin A, and apigenin exhibited significant dynamic shifts, indicating that they may play a pivotal role in regulating antioxidant capacity. Integrated network pharmacology, RT-qPCR validation, and molecular docking further elucidated that Albanin A and Moracin Q likely drive these enhanced antioxidant effects by activating the Nrf2 pathway, suppressing the NF-κB pathway, and upregulating SOD1 expression. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-potency functional mulberry products.

Background Taraxasterol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, has been widely used in traditional and modern medicine because of its pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antitumor effects. 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) is highly important for the generation of phytosterols and triterpenoid compounds and the structural diversity of natural products. However, the specific role of TmOSCs in the taraxasterol biosynthesis pathway has not yet been precisely resolved. Results In this study, 10 TmOSC gene family members were identified via the Taraxacum mongolicum (dandelion) genome and classified into three subgroups. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed evolutionary conservation among OSC proteins from Asteraceae species. RNA-seq data analysis revealed that TmOSC8 and TmOSC10 were highly expressed in nutrient-containing tissues. In addition, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA) significantly induced the expression of TmOSC3, and the change in its relative expression was consistent with the taraxasterol content. The relative expression level of the TmOSC8-overexpressioning line was significantly increased by approximately 20 fold compared with that of the wild type, and the content of taraxasterol was significantly increased to 3 fold greater than that of the wild type. Conclusion This study systematically analyzed the evolutionary characteristics and expression patterns of the TmOSC gene family, suggested potential key roles of TmOSC3 and TmOSC8 in sterol synthesis and stress response, and provided a preliminary theoretical basis for the metabolic engineering of medicinal components in dandelion.

BACKGROUND:Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. (BDK) is a Zingiberaceae plant traditionally widely used as a sweet fragrance, and commonly also utilized in minority medicine for various kidney diseases, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine. However, the underlying mechanisms by which it confers renal protection remain to be fully clarified. PURPOSE:To investigate the renal protective mechanism of which BDK's essential oil exerts in rats with CKD induced by adenine and 5/6 nephrectomy. METHODS:Rat models of adenine and 5/6 nephrectomy chronic nephropathy were established, and the therapeutic effects were evaluated by detecting the blood biochemical levels and H&E-/Masson staining and fiber-related factors. Then, the chemical composition of BDK's essential oil and blood components were analyzed using GC-MS. The efficacy of eucalyptol was evaluated by adenine and 5/6 nephrectomy CKD model, with mechanistic studies conducted using RNA-seq, western blot, and metabolomic approaches. RESULTS:The blood biochemical levels and histopathological analyses (H&E-/Masson's staining) revealed that the BDK's essential oil significantly enhanced renal function and ameliorated kidney tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis identified 33 components in the essential oil of BDK, with eucalyptol being the predominant chemical component at 74.07 %. Eucalyptol is capable of entering the bloodstream in its prototypical form. Then, the efficacy and mechanism of eucalyptol were confirmed by adenine/5/6 nephrectomy CKD models, and based on RNA-seq analysis, we found that eucalyptol could significantly improve kidney function and fibrosis of kidney tissues by blocking TGF-β/smad and NF-κB pathways and inhibit ferroptosis through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION:Both BDK's essential oil and its main constituent, eucalyptol, exhibited protective effects against CKD. They both ameliorated oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in adenine/5/6 nephrectomy rats. Eucalyptol is implicated in ferroptosis and regulation of renal fibrosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of 30 %. An imbalance in lipid metabolism leads to the accumulation of lipotoxic lipids, inducing cellular stress, activating the NLRP3 inflammasome, and triggering apoptotic cell death. This cascade stimulates inflammation, driving NAFLD progression. Morus nigra L. is the only black mulberry species native to China. In traditional Uygur medicine, its fruit is valued for its hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering effects. AIM OF THE STUDY:The mechanism by which mulberry extract (ME) alleviates NAFLD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of ME. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Network pharmacology was employed to predict the active components of ME and their potential target genes. Liver function markers (ALT, AST) and lipid profiles (TG, TC) were assessed using commercial assay kits. The therapeutic mechanism of ME against NAFLD was elucidated through an integrated approach combining transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in a mouse NAFLD model. RESULTS:UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis identified 131 active ingredients in ME. Network pharmacological analysis identified Akt1, Pparg, and Pparα as core targets. High-dose ME treatment markedly improved liver function, reducing ALT levels by 50 % and AST levels by 44 %, while also lowering hepatic TG by 22 % and TC by 15 %. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ME ameliorated NAFLD through AMPK/PPAR-γ/NF-κB axis. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated the involvement of unsaturated fatty acid and steroid hormone biosynthesis in NAFLD metabolism. CONCLUSIONS:Our study demonstrates that ME alleviates NAFLD progression by regulating the AMPK/PPAR-γ/NF-κB signaling axis. However, these findings are based on preclinical animal studies, and further investigation is required to determine the clinical applicability of these effects in human patients.

OBJECTIVE:Xinyang Tablet (XYAT) and Xinyin Tablet (XYIT) have been used to treat chronic heart failure (CHF) for 20 years. This study investigated their pharmacodynamic material basis and underlying mechanisms of action. METHODS:Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was used to identify the components of XYAT and XYIT, and to profile their metabolites in plasma and urine samples from both rats and human volunteers. Furthermore, the prototype compounds and their pharmacokinetics were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Network pharmacology predicted potential targets and pathways, which were subsequently validated through flow cytometry and Western blot. The efficacy of XYAT, XYIT and their active components was evaluated in oxidative stress and cardiotoxicity models. RESULTS:A total of 162 and 130 compounds were detected in XYAT and XYIT, respectively; among these, 148 from XYAT and 119 from XYIT were structurally identified. A validated HPLC-MS/MS method quantified 20 key exposure components, five of which showed high systemic exposure and underwent pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacokinetic results indicated that the systemic exposure of most compounds was higher for XYAT than for XYIT. Using network pharmacology, seven candidate active compounds were identified, along with their predicted therapeutic targets and associated signaling pathways. Flow cytometry and Western blot confirmed that XYAT, XYIT, and their bioactive components alleviate CHF by modulating calcium signaling and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling. Pharmacodynamic assays demonstrated that XYAT provides protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury, while XYIT mitigates doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. Further validation confirmed that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh1 effectively reduced the H2O2-induced oxidative stress, while 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 and calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside significantly protected against doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION:These findings provide mechanistic insights into the pharmacodynamic material basis and anti-CHF mechanisms of XYAT and XYIT. The integrated strategy established herein offers robust evidence that the superior systemic exposure of key components underpins the rationale for XYAT's formulation and warrants its continued development in modern cardiology. Please cite this article as: Lan YL, Chen SM, Dai BX, Wu CS, Wei Y, Yang L, Yan JL, Guo YQ, Wang DW, Li QG, Yang ZQ, Xian SX, Yuan TH. Bioactive components of Xinyang and Xinyin tablets for treating chronic heart failure: pharmacokinetics, network pharmacology and experimental validation. J Integr Med. 2026; 24(2):265-278.

Lauraceae plants are diverse in species and rich in volatile components, which possess functions such as insect repellency, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties. However, currently, the methods for analyzing the volatile components of Lauraceae plants are relatively single. The essential oils are mainly extracted by steam distillation, but the pretreatment is relatively complex and cumbersome. Therefore, it is essential to find a simple and cost-effective method. By comparing different extraction methods, HS-SPME-GC-MS was selected as the optimal extraction condition. Regarding Head-space Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), single-factor condition optimization and response surface analysis were carried out for different fiber coatings, equilibrium time, extraction temperature, and extraction time. Eventually, 75-μm CAR/PDMS fiber head was chosen, with an equilibrium time of 15 min, and extraction was conducted at 70°C for 57 min as the optimal HS-SPME extraction conditions. Furthermore, a differential analysis of the volatile components of five Lauraceae plants from different genera was performed, and differential metabolites were screened out respectively. This can effectively separate Cinnamomum and Litsea from the other three genera, providing certain assistance for the chemotaxonomy of the volatile components of Lauraceae plants and the subsequent development of medicinal plant resources.

Objective: Shengjiang Powder (SJP) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound formula commonly used in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, its material basis and mechanism of action are still unclear. Methods: In this study, the aqueous extract of SJP was obtained by aqueous decoction method, and the in vivo and in vitro constituents of SJP were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and a network pharmacological strategy was established in conjunction with molecular docking in order to investigate the mechanism of action of SJP in the treatment of DKD. Results: The results identified 162 components, of which 28 could be absorbed into the blood and exert therapeutic effects in vivo. The main active ingredients were CT-1, CT-2, CT-7, BJC-2, and BJC-5, and the main targets in vivo were related to AKT1, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, and MAPK14, which could exert their therapeutic effects through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Insulin resistance, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, etc Conclusion: The present study adopts a comprehensive analytical strategy to reveal the pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action of SJP in the treatment of DKD, and to provide a scientific basis for its clinical application.

Background: The leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, belonging to the Elaeagnaceae Juss. family, are known for their medicinal properties for relieving cough and asthma, as well as treating dysentery and diarrhea. Objective: To establish a rapid qualitative method for the detection of secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, including the identification and analysis of various secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Method: Samples were separated using a Waters ACQUITY H-Class ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system (FTN autosampler, quaternary LC pump) and ACQUITY UPLC (R) BEH C18 column (1.7 mu m, 2.1mm x 100mm). The flow rate was set to 0.4mL/min, the injection volume was 1.0 mu L, and the column temperature was set to 45 degrees C. The mobile phase was methanol (A) with -0.1% formic acid in water (B). Samples were analyzed by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS). Results: A total of 182 different secondary metabolites were detected from 10 varieties of leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia, including 77 flavonoids, 20 steroids, 7 alkaloids, 15 amino acids, 18 organic acids, and 45 other compound types. Conclusions: A method for the rapid analysis of leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was established, and the secondary metabolites in leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia were identified. The enrichment of secondary metabolites in leaves of different varieties of Elaeagnus angustifolia was clarified.

Periostracum Cicadae is the cast-off shell of the cicada Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius, it is a widely used animal based traditional folk medicine, it is found to have many effects including antipyretic, antiallergic and antioxidant activities.In this study, ten N-acetyldopamine dimers, named Cicadamide C1-C10 (compounds 1-10), were isolated from Periostracum Cicadae.One-dimensional NMR, twodimensional NMR, mass spectrometry, CD spectroscopy, and chemical evidence were performed to further determine their structures.In the results, ten N-acetyldopamine dimers were isolated and their structures were elucidated.This study provides a basic reference for further biological effects study on Periostracum Cicadae.

The Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao ex H. W. Li is a traditional aromatic plant, but the differences in leaf antioxidant activity and secondary metabolism between different C. longepaniculatum varieties have not been studied. In this study, two varieties (CLH, CLL) of C. longepaniculatum were used to consider the effect of variety on the essential oils (EOs) content, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities. The EOs content and composition of different varieties are significantly different. The EOs content of CLH and CLL leaves was 1.85 % and 1.35 %, respectively. The content of 1,8-cineole in CLH and CLL EOs was 57.45 %, and 62.23 %, respectively. The total soluble sugars of CLL and CLH was 955.01 mg g(-1), and 916.01 mg g(-1), respectively. The lignin of CLL and CLH was 151.54 mg g(-1), and 129.22 mg g(-1), respectively. The total phenolic of CLL was lower than that of CLH (557.01 mg g(-1) vs 553.78 mg g(-1)). The flavonoid content of CLL and CLH was 32.76 mg g(-1), and 28.60 mg g(-1), respectively. The T-AOC content of CLL and CLH was 172.56 mu mol mL(-1), and 172.84 mu mol mL(-1), respectively. The T-AOC was highly correlated with leaf flavonoid content of leaf (r(2) = 0.6364), but low correlated with total phenol content (r(2) = 0.1382). The chlorophyll content in the leaves of CLL was prominently decreased compared with that in leaves of CLH (25.57 vs 27.90, respectively). These 196 metabolites were identified in the leaves of C. longepaniculatum by metabonomics, and 49 (26 down-regulated and 23 upregulated) metabolites differed between the two varieties. Based on the detection and verification of terpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes, the results showed that the CLL produces more metabolites through the MEP pathway, which also causes an increase of 1,8-cineole cineole content, the CLH generates more metabolites through the MVA pathway and then generates other terpenoids. The relative expression levels of C4H and ANR were related to the increase in total phenolic content, while PAL, 4CL and DFR were related to the change of flavonoid content. This study analyzed the chemical composition differences of metabolites in leaves of different varieties of C. longepaniculatum, screened the key genes affecting the content and composition of EOs, and provided a theoretical basis for screening and improving new varieties.

Mulberry leaves are a well-known traditional Chinese medicine herb, and it has been observed since ancient times that leaves collected after frost have superior medicinal properties. Therefore, understanding the changes in critical metabolic components of mulberry leaves, specifically Morus nigra L., is essential. In this study, we conducted widely targeted metabolic profiling analyses on two types of mulberry leaves, including Morus nigra L. and Morus alba L., harvested at different times. In total, we detected over 100 compounds. After frost, 51 and 58 significantly different metabolites were identified in the leaves of Morus nigra L. and Morus alba L., respectively. Further analysis revealed a significant difference in the effect of defrosting on the accumulation of metabolites in the two mulberries. Specifically, in Morus nigra L., the content of 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) in leaves decreased after frost, while flavonoids peaked after the second frost. In Morus alba L., the content of DNJ increased after frost, reaching its peak one day after the second frost, whereas flavonoids primarily peaked one week before frost. In addition, an analysis of the influence of picking time on metabolite accumulation in two types of mulberry leaves demonstrated that leaves collected in the morning contained higher levels of DNJ alkaloids and flavonoids. These findings provide scientific guidance for determining the optimal harvesting time for mulberry leaves.

In this study, we discovered a new virus named Quanzhou mulberry virus (QMV), which was identified from the leaves of an ancient mulberry tree. This tree is over 1300 years old and is located at Fujian Kaiyuan Temple, a renowned cultural heritage site in China. We obtained the complete genome sequence of QMV using RNA sequencing followed by rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE). The QMV genome is 9256 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes five open reading frames (ORFs). Its virion was made of icosahedral particles. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that it belongs to the unclassified Riboviria. An infectious clone for QMV was generated and agroinfiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana and mulberry, resulting in no visible disease symptoms. However, systemic movement of the virus was only observed in mulberry seedlings, suggesting that it has a host-specific pattern of movement. Our findings provide a valuable reference for further studies on QMV and related viruses, contributing to the understanding of viral evolution and biodiversity in mulberry.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP, also named IgA vasculitis) is a common childhood vascular disease, which is characterized by immunoglobulin A (IgA deposition) in small blood vessels; HSP causes kidney involvement to develop Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN). However, the exact pathogenesis of HSPN is not fully understood, and it is still necessary to explorer new drugs for the treatment of HSPN. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and carbon tetrachloride (ClC 4 ) were used to induce IgAN in rat, and the blood stasis and heat syndrome model was established concurrently, and was combined to establish the HSPN model. The therapeutic effects of different doses of Shengjiangsan (5, 10, 20 g/kg), white silkworm (1, 2, 4 g/kg), and Periostracum cicadae (0.5, 1, 2 g/kg) on HSPN model rats were studied, then 24 h urine was collected and blood from the abdominal aorta was taken to detect the protein changes in urine and blood. Immunofluorescence staining was used assess to IgA deposition in glomeruli. Tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were measured in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS), immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe the histopathological changes in kidney tissues. In addition, Western blotting was used to detect the changes in the expression levels of IgA, TNF- α , and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In the results, Shengjiangsan, white silkworm, and Periostracum cicadae could significantly reduce the levels of urine protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (CREA) in HSPN rats. Serum levels of IgA, TNF- α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the treatment groups. The treatment group can effectively improve renal tissue inflammation and mesangial hyperplasia. The accumulation of IgA protein in renal tissue was significantly reduced in the treatment group. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, TLR4, and IgA were significantly reduced and responded in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β 1) decreased in kidney tissues in the treatment groups. In conclusion, Shengjiangsan, white silkworm, and Periostracum cicadae could improve HSPN in rats by reducing renal inflammation and fibrosis, and the therapeutic effects of white silkworm and Periostracum cicadae were slightly better than Shengjiangsan.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Kir. (S.I.) has long been used as a precious national medicine and clinically proven to be an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cardiovascular diseases. In clinical practice, two extraction methods of S.I., including water decoction and alcohol extraction, are prescribed to treat the same conditions. Nevertheless, no study has been performed on the exposure differences of the pharmacodynamic material basis in vivo caused by different extraction methods.AIM OF THE STUDY:Based on the integrated strategy of metabolism, network pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, we aimed to reveal exposure differences in pharmacodynamic substances caused by different extraction methods.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was employed to identify the chemical constituents of S.I. extracts and the metabolites in vivo after administration. Based on the analysis of prototype components in vivo, the major exposure active constituents, potential therapeutic targets and possible pharmacological mechanisms in RA treatment were investigated using network pharmacological analysis. Seven critical active components, including quercetin, hispidulin, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, arctigenin, syringin, and umbelliferone, were quantitatively compared between the alcohol, and aqueous extraction methods, which had been confirmed by the reference substance.RESULTS:The chemical comparison demonstrated that the types of chemicals in the two extracts were identical, mainly flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, lignins, sesquiterpene lactones, and others, but the contents of the primary constituents in the aqueous extract were lower than those of the alcohol extract. A total of 30 prototype components and 174 metabolites were analyzed and identified in rat plasma, urine, fecal, and bile samples. Twenty-three prototype components were analyzed by network pharmacology, and seven critical active components were selected as representative markers for the pharmacokinetic study. Pharmacokinetic studies had shown that the Tmax values of apigenin, hispidulin, chlorogenic acid, arctigenin, and syringin after the oral administration of the alcohol extract were lower than those after the oral administration of the aqueous extract, and the above components in the alcohol extract could increase the absorption. Compared with the aqueous extract group, the Tmax and T1/2 of quercetin and umbelliferone were longer; it was suggested that alcohol extraction might have a slow-release and long-term effect on these two components. The relative bioavailability of apigenin, hispidulin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and umbelliferone in the alcohol extract group were higher than those in the aqueous extract group, which was consistent with the traditional clinical experience that alcohol extract could improve the efficacy of S.I.CONCLUSIONS:The major exposure active constituents in vivo were screened. The representative components that could be used in pharmacokinetics were determined by integrating network pharmacology and metabolism studies. The critical active compounds were quantitatively compared between the alcohol and aqueous extraction methods. This study clarified that flavonoids, coumarin, and phenylpropanoids might be the primary material basis that caused the exposure differences between aqueous and alcoholic extracts from S.I.. This research aimed to provide the basis of metabolism in vivo for further studying these pharmacodynamic differences.

The adsorption, degradation and leaching characteristics of chlorothalonil in two representative soil were studied using simulated soil degradation and soil column leaching. The results showed that the adsorption of chlorothalonil in clay and sandy soil can be characterized by the Freundlich equation. The adsorption coefficient (K) was 6.7158 and 1.2568, respectively. Both soils were physical adsorption. The residual degradation kinetics of chlorothalonil in both soils met the first-order kinetics degradation equation. As the concentration of chlorothalonil increased, the higher the residual amount of chlorothalonil in the soil, the slower the degradation rate and the longer the half-life. In the soil column, chlorothalonil was not easy to move and migrate in the two soil columns. The highest residual residues were in the range of 0 to 10 cm (the topmost), and then a decrease in order. The correlation analysis showed that the adsorption and leaching of chlorothalonil in the two soils may be affected by a combination of factors such as soil organic matter content, clay content, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH value, it posed a great risk of groundwater contamination, so should be given serious attention.

Natural active compounds are an important key to the development and utilization of functional foods and medicine. In this study, the chemical diversity and varietal differences of wine grape were studied by using the untargeted metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the secondary metabolites of different cultivars and different parts were analyzed. A GC-MS-based metabolomic approach and chemometrics tools was used to identify potential active compounds in Vitis vinifera . The results showed that the content of active compounds in red wine varieties was higher than that in white wine varieties, and the content of active ingredients in grape seeds was significantly higher than that in fruits. In conclusion, this study analyzed the metabolite composition and differentiation of different wine grape fruits in Turpan as a whole, and is expected to lay a foundation for the study of wine grape and to provide a theoretical basis for development and utilization of the Dietary supplement and medicine on them.