In this research, active carbon-based catalyst synthesis and characterization were investigated for different applications in catalysis. The active carbon-based catalyst was combined with metal oxides to dye methylene blue (MB) removal. Water hyacinth is one of the major problems that facing society and especially in Egypt. One of the implications of industrial activities is environmental pollution. One of the major pollutants is dyes that are used in the production of textiles, paper, and clothes. The waste of those dyes discharged into water supplies without treatment, or ineffective treatment will harmfully impact the environment. In this research, the treatment is implemented using active carbon-based catalysts using embedded nanoparticles. That will lead to a huge increase in the surface area of the adsorbent to increase the adsorbent efficiency. The activated carbon was derived from water hyacinths that grow in the Nile River. Water hyacinth has many good uses as it can absorb heavy metals like lead and dyes. Water hyacinth was converted into activated carbon through carbonization. Different dyes were used with different contact times in fixed conditions.

Epoxy resins are thermoset polymers that consist of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. It shows many attractive characteristics like strong adhesion, excellent mechanical strength, low shrinkage, excellent insulator, excellent chemical stability for acidic and basic environments, and microbial resistance due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and ether bonds and its three-dimensional structure. Many of these characteristics can be modified by adding strong bindings in the polymeric chain to give more improved characteristics. This research aims to prepare a composite material using epoxy resin and different types of fillers to achieve resistance to high kinetic energy impact. Experimental work is focused on preparing cured epoxy resin samples by using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin with tertiary amine as a hardener. In order to obtain different samples with different properties, we add different types of fillers, then mechanical tests are used to measure the mechanical properties of the samples. The results have proved that fiberglass is the best filler added to epoxy resins to improve its mechanical properties.

Nanoparticles have proven their dominance in many fields of research in this era. Such dominance resulted from outstanding physical and chemical properties amongst other materials, led to a wide focus from different researchers in various fields to further investigate the role of nanoparticles in various applications from drug delivery systems in medicine to catalysis in chemistry. In this research, active carbon-based catalyst synthesis and characterization were investigated for different applications in catalysis as the catalyst was combined with nickel oxides to be used in dye removal of methylene blue (MB). Water hyacinth is a floating perennial aquatic plant native to tropical and sub-tropical South America. The water hyacinth is one of the fastest-growing plants; it reproduces by way of runners or stolon. Each one can produce thousands of seeds each year, which can survive for more than 28 years. It has been considered as a water purifier and a solution to green water issues. Water hyacinth is used in perfume and cologne products, as well as organic fertilizer. It also absorbs lead, mercury, and carcinogens when used for remediation purposes. As it has amazing biomass, it can be used to produce fuels. Activated carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is a carbonaceous, highly porous absorptive medium of a complex structure composed of carbon atoms. It is used in gas purification, gold purification, metal extraction, medicine, sewage treatment, air filters, in gas masks used to purify liquids in many applications, including drinking water and odor removal. This research aims to prepare active carbon derived from water hyacinth and embedded with nickel nanoparticles. The water hyacinth will be converted into active carbon and used as a support for nickel nanoparticles. A comparison between active carbon derived from water hyacinth and activated nickel nanoparticles will be conducted to test the rate of absorbance based on the effect of time, concentration, and kinetic energy.

The Synthetic route of Cyclotetramethylene Tetramine is implemented through the reaction of hexamine and nitrating mixture that is formed as a result of a reaction between ammonium nitrate and fuming nitric acid. The reaction medium includes acetic acid, acetic anhydride and p-formaldehyde. This synthetic pathway is relatively long and both of hexamine dinitrate and Dinitro Pentamethylene Tetramine (DPT) are considered as the two main intermediate compounds. The former compound (hexamine dinitrate) was prepared, purified, and then characterized. Conversion of hexamine dinitrate into DPT has been followed up experimentally at different temperatures. Various factors including temperature and time has been investigated. The obtained results were reliable and consistent with the literature. Different kinetic models have been tested. The unreacted core model proved to be applicable and the surface reaction was found to be controlling.

In this research, we report an efficient method to prepare highly active chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by implementing co-precipitation technique which is used for waste water treatment applications. Chitosan-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using TEM, XRD, and XPS. A comparative study has been made between chitosan powder and chitosan coated with magnetic nanoparticles with respect to the rate of adsorption of copper from aqueous solution. It was also experimentally verified that chitosancoated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are much more effective in adsorption of heavy metals than chitosan powder and it takes just few minutes instead of hours. Moreover, the super paramagnetic behavior of the chitosan coated with iron oxide nanoparticles enabled the easy removal through applying an external magnetic field and hence leaving the solution free from copper.

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of 20 previously published microsatellite markers for the determination of parentage within the racing camel population in Qatar, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), capillary electrophoresis, and genotyping. These markers amplified 127 alleles, and 15 out of 20 loci were polymorphic among the dromedary camels in Qatar, with an average of 8.13 alleles per locus. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) among the studied population was 0.562 (range 0.114-0.867). The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.107 to 0.852, with an average value of 0.516. These results indicated a low probability of identity (2.10E(-11)), with a high parentage exclusion probability if either one (0.99959) or both parents (0.99999) were putative. In those study cases with parentage assignment, the 15 microsatellite loci successfully assigned 135 young calves to the correct parents, with 95% confidence. Our results demonstrated that a set of nine microsatellite DNA markers could provide highly precise individual identification and paternity assignment within the studied camel population.

This research aims to participate in producing body shield that can overcome pervious drawbacks using behaviour of shear thickening fluid. Initially, the rheological behaviour of silica-polyethylene glycol shear thickening fluid is examined at different concentrations. Then, ballistic fabric samples are impregnated into silica-polyethylene glycol shear thickening fluid at various concentrations of silica and tested using gas gun simulating real ballistic threat. After that, the impact of rubbery hot water pack filled with around 66.67 wt% starch in water is tested using gas gun. Results showed as the concentration of silica increases, the indentation depth in the impregnated fabric decreases which may result in improving performance of ballistic fabric to 12.5 % in case of using 60 wt% silica, 7.35 % in case of using 30 wt% silica and 3.31 % in case of using 7.5 wt% silica with respect to plain sample. As it showed that no indentation depth is formed in modelling clay when rubbery hot water pack filled with around 66.67 wt% starch in water is tested using gas gun causing improvement percentage to be 100% compared to plain sample of Twaron (CT 714).

Herein, versatile, and reproducible method to prepare binary metal oxides via microwave assisted synthesis. Catalysts are substances that basically speeds up chemical reactions. Ideally, bonds are formed between the catalysts and the reactants. Also, catalysts permits formation of products from the reactants. These formed products, splits off the catalyst without affecting or changing it. Catalytic kinetics studies the correlate chemical reaction rate with some properties of reactants and/or products for instance; temperature, concentration and pressure. The aim of the project is to prepare pure and bi-metal iron based catalyst by co-precipitation method and to characterize the prepared sample using X-ray diffraction .Metal oxides nanoparticles is a field of interest in catalysis, such that these oxides are used to oxidize carbon monoxide. The samples were prepared through co-precipitation method in laboratory scale. The metals used was copper, iron and cobalt. After preparing pure sample of each metal a mix of two metals were introduced in different ratios. The samples were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and then the results were compared to exist data introduced from others research, the prepared samples XRD was having a great matching with the data retrieved from internet and we found that the metal could exist in two form of oxides and even could exist as pure metal. Each peak in the XRD figure could indicate one or more phase of the metal.

Specialty polymers have important commercial markets in the aerospace, information technology, electronic industries and biomedical applications.A number of electoractive polymers have been the object of increasing academic and industrial interest during the past twenty years.Substantial progress has been achieved in the development and characterization of what is called the synthetic metals (or organic polymer conductors),In the frame work, polyaniline was selected in the presented paper, to be synthesized and studied.ltwas prepared via the catalytic Oxidation of aniline in acidic medium using ammonium persulfate in hydrochloric acid.The variation of the electric conductivity of the prepared polymer was correlated with the molar ratio of aniline to to the oxidant under the experimental conditions.'The polymer was investigated by several physical and analytical techniques, the results of the work were given, explained and discussed.

Herein, versatile, and reproducible method to prepare Pd/Fe3O4 via hydrothermal synthesis. The vital role of this catalyst is in its potential use in CO oxidation catalysis. The Pd/Fe3O4 shows a distinctive activity. TEM images confirmed that Pd nanoparticles of 8-12 nm have a well dispersion on the surface of magnetite (Fe3O4). Moreover, the prepared catalyst is recycled with remarkable catalytic activity. This outstanding activity is mainly a direct result of the strong metal-support interaction. The defect sites in the reduced iron oxide act as nucleation centers that enable anchoring of Pd nanoparticles leading to prevention of agglomeration.

Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Wint., is the most serious fungal disease affecting apple trees in many apple production areas of the world and Egypt, that resulting in the defoliation of trees and making the fruits unmarketable. Depending on the risk of disease, 8 to 10 or even more fungicidal applications usually need for efficient control. If the disease is not controlled at the suitable time of application, the disease can affect 70 % or more of the yield. Field studies were conducted during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons in two districts of two Governorates of Egypt, i.e. Qalyoubia at El-Qanater El-Khayria Horticultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, and Beheira at a private farm at Kafr El Dawar. The efficiency of different tested fungicides and the time of their application (four variable times) on controlling the disease and fruit yield production were estimated. Time of application have markedly affected the efficiency of the fungicides that used. Disease suppression and fruit yield (kg/tree) were greater when the tested fungicides were applied at the third application program (at fruit set in the first week of April when the first symptoms of scab infection were observed), followed by the second application program (at full bloom in the first week of March), while fungicide applications at the first application program (at bud burst in the first week of February) and the fourth application program (at fruit growth in the first week of May) recorded the highest disease severity% and the lowest yield productivity (kg/tree) in the two governorates through the two growing seasons. Bellis, Amistar top and Score had more effect on apple scab infections and yield productivity (kg/tree), followed by Occidor, Topsin M and Namrod but the lowest efficiency% and the lowest productivity of yield (kg/tree) were recorded with Dithane M, Index, Copper oxychloride and Microvit through 2017 and 2018 growing seasons in the two governorates. Sulphur and copper, however, gave acceptable control for apple scab when used at an appropriate time.

A simple green one-step method for the synthesis of highly active palladium nanoparticles embedded on copper oxide as an efficient catalyst for ligand-free Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions has been developed. The synthetic approach is based on Microwave (MW)-assisted simultaneous chemical reduction of an aqueous solution of palladium and copper salts using hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. Selected characterization of the catalyst with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) reveal a size range of 25[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]2[Formula: see text]nm for the generated catalyst nanoparticles with the highest catalytic activity. The use of the generated Pd/CuO nanoparticles is highly advantageous due to the use of ethanol/water as an environmentally green solvent under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the synthesized Pd/CuO nanoparticles catalyst can be recycled and re-used up to five times with negligible effect on the efficiency having turnover number up to 6000 and turnover frequency reaching 72[Formula: see text]000[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text] for 20[Formula: see text]wt.% Pd loaded catalyst at 150 ∘ C.

Herein, we report a rapid one-step synthetic method using microwave irradiation for growing magnetite nanocrystals on reduced graphene oxide sheets. This developed strategy allows decorating graphene sheets with magnetite nanocrystals of welldefined morphology as cubes using microwave-driven reduction of iron chloride using hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent. The size and shape control was achieved via fine-tuning of the reaction conditions. The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of this microwave synthetic approach to control the morphology of the magnetite nanocrystals anchored on graphene sheets. Moreover, graphene sheets will enhance the nucleation and growth of magnetite nanoplates anchored on graphene. This approach can be used as a synthetic tool to synthesize a wide variety of metal and metal oxide architectures on graphene. This approach also provides plenty of advantages like catalyst recyclability, mild reaction conditions, easy separation, reproducibility, and minimization of agglomeration effect that cause the decrease in the catalyst catalytic activity

Thermal insulation is the ability of the material to prevent or reduce the heat transfer through the insulating material or between thermally contacted objectives. The increasing of the greenhouse effect leads to a continuous rising of the temperature especially in the summer, thus, there is a continuous research that aims to find more effective and environmental friendly insulation materials. Nowadays, a great number of proportions from polyurethane foam are produced every year in order to be used as an insulating material. Polyurethane foam shows an effective heat insulation results, but the price of the polyurethane is getting more expensive each day in Egypt due to the continuous rising of the hard currency as it is imported from abroad. This paper aims to prepare, design and develop effective heat insulation composite based on shredded used automobile tires. This was done by preparation different ratio composite from shredded used automobile tires and polyester along with polyurethane and shredded used automobile tires. These heat insulation tiles were characterized by the following testing, thermal insulation test, compression test, density measurement, abrasion test to measure the effect of adding the shredded used automobile tires to these polymers. It was found that, the composite of 66.7 wt % polyurethane foam and 33.3 wt % shredded automobile tires was the best choice to be used as it provides efficient thermal insulation of K value of 0.1663 W/m.℃. It also has a low density of 0.0313 kg/l. Furthermore, the addition of shredded used automobile tires reduces the cost by 33%. Furthermore, the compression strength of the polyurethane foam was increased by adding the shredded used automobile tires. Hence, using cheap materials such as shredded used tires, which considered as undesirable waste material, results in both producing a cheap national heat insulating roof tile with good mechanical, waterproofing and thermal insulating characteristics along with solving a serious environmental problem that occurs to get rid of the shredded waste automobile tires, as in some cases the tires are being burned resulting in air pollution and causing various diseases, which finally leading to more waste treatment management strategies. Finally, this heat insulation composite directly results in lowering the energy consumption required to cooling and heating systems inside the buildings.

Damping-off and root rot are the most troublesome and common fungi diseases attack avocado (Persea americana Miller) which affecting seedling production and causing serious losses in the number of seedlings in nurseries and transplants in new orchards. Nursery and greenhouse experiments on preand post-emergence damping-off of avocado were conducted at El-Qanater El-Khairia Horticulture Research Station, Agricultural Research Center throughout 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Hass, Eitinger and Fuerte were the most susceptible cultivars to damping-off and root rot diseases, followed by Duke. Whereas, the lowest percentage of preand postemergence damping-off and the highest percentage of survival plants were recorded on Reed, Benkerton and Bekon. Pathogenicity tests on avocado seeds and seedlings under greenhouse conditions showed that F. solani, F. moniliforme, F. semitectum and L. theobromae which isolated from roots of either seedlings in nursery or transplants in new orchards were pathogenic but varied at different degrees in their pathogenicity. Fusarium solani was the most pathogenic fungi causing the highest percentage of preand post-emergence root-rot followed by F. moniliforme. On the other hand, the least pathogenic ones were F. semitectum and L. theobromae. To overcome this problem, single treatment of nine compounds i.e. Topsin M70WP, DithaneM-45 80%WP, Kema-Z 50% WP, Rizolex–T 50% WP, Salicylic acid, Bio Zeid 2.5%, Bio Arc 6.0 %, Lemongrass and Thyme oil were used as seed dressing and soil drenching to investigate their effect in reducing damping-off and root rot disease incidence under greenhouse conditions. All compounds reduced the avocado damping-off and root rot disease incidence and increased the percentage of survival plants comparing with untreated seeds or untreated soil. Seed dressing and soil drenching with fungicides (Topsin M70, Kema-Z, Rizolex–T and Dithane M-45) showed a superior effect which produced the highest level of the disease control with the highest number of survived plants. Treatments with biofungicides (Bio Zied and Bio Arc) gave moderate effect. Essential oils (Thyme and Lemongrass) and Salicylic acid reduced the disease and increased mean survival plants of avocado transplants. Best results were obtained when the compounds were applied as seed dressing.

Fossil fuel saving is part of the 21th century goal. One of the largest sectors that consumes energy is the building sector since it consumes 40% of the total energy in Europe through heating and cooling. Thus, the need of minimizing the energy consumption played an important role in the development of building insulation materials. Selection of a proper material for building insulation differs according to the building surrounding climate and the properties required in the material. Building climate determines the insulating material location whether its internal or external while properties can differ according to many parameters that affect the material quality such as thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, waterproofing, resistance to fire and mechanical properties. Another factor is newly considered which doesn’t affect the product quality but has an influence in the energy consumption is the environmental impact. The aim of the research is considering most of the above factors through making a composite of rice straw particles bounded by a polymer to produce roof insulations. The utilization of wastes such as rice straw to produce a high quality product with the least price is the research main objective. The polymers selected for research are the unsaturated polyester resin and the polyurethane foam polymers. The polyester is not recently applied for insulation on comparison with the polyurethane foam which is dominant through the global market. At the end of the research, satisfying results have been achieved to nominate the 80% polyurethane foam and 20% rice straw composite as the best sample among all of the prepared samples. The other samples include polyester and rice straw composite with different compositions. The foam and straw sample have the best insulation with value of 0.1627 W/m oC. The compression strength has also been improved on addition of rice straw to the polyurethane foam by three times the initial value. Also, the density measurement revealed a very light composite which is suitable for the construction field requirements. This results in reducing the cost by 28.35%. On contrast, polyester samples which have very high density and higher K factor are not so efficient, so it is suggested that they can be applied at rural regions due to their low cost.

Using different ammonium perchlorate (AP) resources even with the same particle size distribution and the same physical and chemical characteristics have some effect on the ballistic performance of aluminized composite solid rocket propellant (Al-CSRP).The main goal of this paper is to retain the optimum characteristics performance of (CSRP) formulations after changing the AP resources either by adapting the particle size distribution of the new AP particles or by adding a catalyst.Effect of changing particle size distribution for the new source ofAP on the ballistic characteristic of (Al-CSRP) was studied in this paper but no significant effect on the goal of this work was obtained.Three burning rate modifiers (BRM) (catalysts) were added separately on the prepared (Al-CSRP) formulations to study their effect on the performance and the ballistic characteristics of these formulations.Nanosized Barium Ferrite (BF) catalyst was able to retain and recover the required ballistic characteristics of CSRP formulation containing the newAP resources, and hence the aim of this work was achieved.Thermal analysis studies were performed on the different types of AP and also on mixtures of AP with different BRM to find the optimum weight percentage of added catalyst.The required weight percentage of nano-sized BF which achieves the goal of this work was found to be 0.05-0.07%basedon the CSRP formulation mass.