The deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in wireless communications will be constrained in practice by the unavailability of frequency spectrum. Cognitive radio techniques are viewed to offer promising solutions in which a secondary UAV-based network can operate in a frequency band licensed to an existing terrestrial wireless network with minimal interference. We investigate the performance of a cognitive radio-enabled UAV network configuration in which the UAV is allowed to communicate with secondary ground terminals (SGTs) in the underlay mode in the licensed spectrum band. Optimization of the performance of the secondary network is considered in terms of maximizing the total throughput of the network subject to satisfying two constraints. The first constraint is imposed to prevent interference with the primary network while the second constraint ensures that the throughput requirement of each SGT is met. A probabilistic channel model is assumed. The Variables to be determined include the transmission power, the channel time allocations to the SGTs and the route and coordinates of the stationary locations in space in which the UAV will hover and transmit. A heuristic approach is developed in order to arrive at solutions to this extremely complex optimization problem and results of numerical simulations are presented.

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide, accounting for 25% of total cancer cases and 15% of all cancer related mortalities. Aim of Study:The aim of the work to find out predictors of axillary lymph nodes metastasis in breast cancer and to evaluate its significance in selecting the group of patients in whom axillary lymph nodes dissection could be avoided.

In this article, we analyze the performance of the long-term evolution random access procedure with the Third Generation Partnership Project's access class barring (ACB) mechanism in an energy harvesting (EH) machine-to-machine (M2M) scenario. To circumvent the state-space explosion in the conventional Markov-chain-based analysis due to time-dependent traffic pattern and data and energy buffer status, we develop an analytical model that combines mean-value analysis with the Markov-based analysis. Based on the analytical model, the random access success probability, the access delay of the network, and the average time duration between two successive successful transmissions are derived. Our analysis suggests that in the EH scenario, despite the lower number of the contending nodes in comparison with the non-EH scenario, the ACB parameters must be chosen in a more conservative way to avoid excessive collisions. The ACB parameters include access barring rate and mean barring duration. We also study an energy threshold-based activation policy and investigate the joint effects of this policy and the ACB mechanism on the random access success probability. The extensive simulations were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical model.

Background: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) program is a new set of protocols that is applied to the patient in the peri-operative period to fasten the recovery and decrease the convalescence and thus improving the surgical outcome. It is also named as fast track surgery. Aim of Study: The aim of fast tracking is to attenuate stress response to surgical trauma in order to: Reduce morbidity, hospital stay, and costs. Enhance early and safe recovery of the patient after a surgical procedure and to allow patients to resume their normal daily activities as quick as possible. Patients and Methods: In our study we had 50 patients underwent various gastrointestinal surgical operations. The ERAS protocol was implemented on group A with multiple pre, intra and post-operative elements, while group B was managed traditionally. Both groups were closely observed and evaluated during the post-operative period and one month after discharge. Results: There were 6 cases that needed readmission during the first month postoperative , 2 cases in group A (8%) and only 4 cases in group B (16%), but this difference is insignificant. there was no obvious and significant earlier unaided mobilization in group A than group B. There was a clear difference between both groups in length of hospital stay. Patients receiving ERAS protocol stayed definitely shorter period post-operatively. There also was noticed a clear and obvious satisfaction between patients of ERAS group in the form of early mobilization, return to normal activities and pain free. Conclusion: Fast track rehabilitation program plays an important role in the recovery of patients after gastrointestinal operations, which can accelerate the restoration of their gastrointestinal function, decrease their post-operative complications, and shorten their hospital stay time.

Pretreatments, filling solutions and storage conditions of canned fish could cause many changes might effect in the acceptability and quality of the product. Therefore, the objective of the current research was to evaluate the effect of smoking pretreatment with filling oil or ketchup on some chemically, microbiologically and organoleptic properties of processed canned mackerel. The results revealed that all canned mackerel samples increased crude protein contents to range from 55.67 to 56.45% (DW) and decreased lipid contents to range from 27.45 to 27.93, in compared with raw frozen mackerel. Smoking pretreatment with filling oil (Sm-O) or ketchup (Sm-K) caused slightly increase in the total volatile basic nitrogen values (TVB-N) which reached to

We consider uplink transmission using a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) scheme in a cellular network with human-to-human (H2H) and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. The M2M traffic is relayed through energy harvesting (EH) gateways. An optimization framework is developed to minimize the data dropping in the EH gateways caused by delay constraint violation of the M2M traffic while taking into account the rate requirements of the H2H communication, the data and energy causality constraints as well as the SC-FDMA transmission constraints. By introducing two transforms, the original problem is expressed in a linearly separable form in terms of its discrete and continuous variables with the convexified continuous part. Then, Generalized Benders Decomposition is applied to solve the problem by decomposing it into primal and master problems. Due to the NP-hardness of the optimal solution, a low-complexity method is proposed by combining the solution of the primal problem with a heuristic resource block allocation algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed heuristic method performs better than two alternative heuristic methods when applied to small scale and large scale networks.

We study the performance optimization problem of the long term evolution (LTE) network operating in the unlicensed band and sharing it with an existing WiFi network. We consider the LTE network to be based on the frame-based listen-before-talk protocol. We formulate the joint channel assignment and channel occupancy time optimization problem using a stochastic integer programming (IP) model. By applying the Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty theorem, we develop an asymptotically optimal solution with polynomial time-complexity for the stochastic IP problem. Numerical results are presented and the performance of the proposed solution is compared to the performance of two alternative approaches in which the channel assignment and channel occupancy time are determined sequentially.

A field experiment was conducted in Ramadi, Anbar province, western Iraq, in soil with a Silt Loam soil during the autumn season 2018, to study the role of compost, water stress and the surface and subsurface drip irrigation system. 50, 75 and 100% of the net irrigation depth. In the design of the splintered splinters, the transactions were divided according to the design of the complete random sections and by three replicates. Each sector was divided into two main parts, in which the compost was distributed. 1 - Without adding 2 - Addition of 10 tons’ e- 1. Each was divided into two secondary pieces. 2. Sub-surface irrigation Each secondary subdivision was divided into three sub-sub-sections as experimental units where irrigation levels 50, 75 and 100% of the net depth of the irrigation were distributed. Use the American Type A evaporation pond at the irrigation time. The results showed that the level of addition of 10 tons e-1 led to a significant increase in all indicators of the study number of air legs and paper area and the weight of the tuber and the number of tubers and the marketable and the total number of 2.38 stem plant -1, 72.75 dm 2, 124.2 g and 4.84 darn plant - 131.46 tons e-1 and 42.95 tons e-1 sequentially. The average number of air stems, paper area, weight of tuber, number of tubers, marketable value and total yield of potato plant at the irrigation level were significantly higher than 100% of the net depth of the broth, reaching 2.41 stem plant-1, 65.92 dm 2, 136.7 g, 4.89, Ton e-1 and 42.55 tons e-1 sequentially. The average number of air stems, paper area, weight of tuber, tubers, marketable, and total of subsurface irrigation was also higher than 2.34 stem plant -1,68.04 dm 2, 147.7 g, 4.79,32.39 tons e-1, and 42. 13 tons e-1 sequentially, genotype and seed priming in improving seedling performance to tolerate salt stress.

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of 20 previously published microsatellite markers for the determination of parentage within the racing camel population in Qatar, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), capillary electrophoresis, and genotyping. These markers amplified 127 alleles, and 15 out of 20 loci were polymorphic among the dromedary camels in Qatar, with an average of 8.13 alleles per locus. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) among the studied population was 0.562 (range 0.114-0.867). The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.107 to 0.852, with an average value of 0.516. These results indicated a low probability of identity (2.10E(-11)), with a high parentage exclusion probability if either one (0.99959) or both parents (0.99999) were putative. In those study cases with parentage assignment, the 15 microsatellite loci successfully assigned 135 young calves to the correct parents, with 95% confidence. Our results demonstrated that a set of nine microsatellite DNA markers could provide highly precise individual identification and paternity assignment within the studied camel population.

The industry adds antioxidants in the formulation of meat products to prevent or delay meat oxidation reactions. Therefore, this investigation was carried out to study the effect of normal essential oil and loaded-solid lipid nanoparticles as antioxidants and the effect of the abovementioned volatile oils on chemical properties (TBA) and shelf life of frozen beef burger. The antioxidant activity of volatile oils (cinnamon and ginger) normal and nano particle size at different concentrations were assessed. Also, the effect of the above mentioned volatile oils addition with different concentrations on chemical properties and shelf life of frozen beef burger was investigated. Results indicated that, the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity increased by increasing the volatile oil concentrations for all studied treatments. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of volatile oils (cinnamon and ginger) nanoparticles was higher than that of the same concentrations of normal volatile oil. The chemical properties values thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) of beef burger decreased by increasing volatile oils concentrations and essential oils nanoparticles reduced chemical properties (TBA) values more than normal essential oils, beside extending the shelf life of beef burger treatments up to 6 months in comparison with control sample which have a four-month shelf life. In conclusion, the transformation of essential oils into nanoparticle size can affect their antioxidant activity and promote the chemical properties and shelf life of beef burger.

•AgBr-ZnO nanocomposite was prepared by simple method.•The photocatalytic activity towards 3 dyes was tested.•The nanocomposites degraded the three dyes under visible light irradiation.

Background:The increased Pulmonary Artery (PA) pressure is due to disturbances in key vascular mediator pathway including relative deficiencies of vasodilators such as Nitric Oxide (NO) and prostacyclins.Vasodilators such as 5phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (sildenafil) are a natural initial therapeutic choice. Objectives:The study was designed to investigate whether a 50mg twice daily of sildenafil could improve exercise performance, ventilatory efficiency, oxygen uptake kinetics and pulmonary hypertension in patients with stable Chronic Heart Failure (CHF).Methods: Single center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial of one hundred patients with stable CHF, Group (A) including fifty patients who received only the standard therapy of CHF (control group), Group (B) including fifty patients who received Sildenafil in addition to standard CHF therapy (active group) for six months.All patients who met screening criteria underwent baseline studies (history and physical examination, cardiopulmonary exercise tests including [peak exercise (VO 2 peak), ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO 2 slope) and Recovery Gas Exchange (T1/2VO2min-T1/2VCO2min)] and echocardiography for assessment of mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) and LV systolic function) and were then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio, to receive either sildenafil or placebo.Results: There was statistically significant difference between Group (A) and Group (B), significant improvement in VO2 peak,VE/VCO 2 slope, T-1/2Vo2 (min), T-1/2VCO2 (min) and mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) occurred in Sildenafil group (group B) with p-value <0.05, while in the control group (group A), there was no significant improvement in all parameters.After using sildenafil in patient with stable CHF for 6 months the mPAP decreased by 20% in sildenafil group and 2% in the controlled group.There was also improvement in ventilatory efficiency and exercise performance.Conclusion: 5-phosphodiesterase Inhibitor (sildenafil) may be benificial as adjunctive therapy for patients with Chronic Heart Faluire (CHF).

The biological effects and toxicity of two microbial insecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berhiner (MVPa and MVPc) and four botanical extracts (Kochia indica, Curcuma zedoaria, Zygophyllum simplex and Sorghum bicolor) were studied on 6th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. The bioinsecticide MVPc and the botanical extract Z. simplex were the most toxic agents of all tested materials. Larval mortality percentages and that of larvae which failed to pupate increased by increasing concentrations. In addition, pupation percentages and emerged adults increased by increasing concentrations of the tested treatments. Morphological deformities were increased by increasing concentrations, which was observed in the stages of pupae and adults produced from the survived treated larvae.

Efficient allocation and dispatch of emergency vehicles is a common problem encountered by law enforcement and public safety agencies.An example of such agencies is the traffic patrol department, which has the responsibility of regulating and managing the movement of road traffic as well as responding to road incidents in a timely manner.A brief analysis of the patrol car allocation problem is presented.The problem involves determining the minimum number of patrol cars required to maintain a required service standard and the optimum location of patrol cars to achieve the best response times.An algorithm for determining the optimal number of patrol cars and the prepositioning of the vehicles is presented.The algorithm combines an analytical model with a Monte Carlo simulation, keeping execution times manageable.Even when applied to large geographic areas, the computational requirements of the algorithm remain modest.

This study was designed to express the impact of physico-chemical parameters including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Cd) in El Manzalah Lake water on histological properties of Clarias gariepinus and Mugil capito living in this water as well as accumulation of heavy metals in these fish muscles. Water and fish samples were collected from the investigated areas during Spring season (2015). The results revealed changes in water quality and heavy metals as well as occurrence of histopathological alterations in selected organs (liver, kidney and spleen). So that it is necessary to treat the drainage water before discharging to the lake to protect fish and human from danger of pollution.

Tw en t y ma l e b u ffa lo ca lves ranged between 8-12 months of age w i t h a n a vera ge b od y w ei g h t ( 194.5±6.85 kg) were used to study the effect of adding Zn a n d EDTA a s a d d i t i ves on growth performance and carcass characteristics.An i mal s w ere d i vi ded ra nd oml y i n to fo u r g rou ps ( n=5) a cco rd i n g t o t h ei r a vera g e w ei g h t , the 1 st group, (T 1 ) fed on basal diet +1g zinc (Several zinc) /calf/day, the 2 nd (T 2 ) fed on basal diet which supplemented with 1g EDTA /calf/day, the 3 rd (T 3 ) fed on basal diet +1g zinc +1g EDTA /calf/day, and the 4 th (C, control group) fed on basal diet only.C a l ves of T 1 and T 3 were gained more weight than (C) by 15.8 and 4.0%, respectively while T 2 gained less by 4.1% as compared with control.Th e a vera g e d a i l y g a i n , feed intake and gain: feed ratio were not affected significantly by adding Zn or EDTA additives during the feeding trial.27.15, 21.47, and 11 Dressing percentage (hot carcass weight basis), h ea d , l eg s w ei g h t a n d edible meat weight d i d n o t d i ffer a mo n g g ro u p s, while the weight of lunges, spleen and tests were differed significantly (P<0.05). Th e h i g h est va l u e o f ed i b l e mea t co n t en t w a s d et ect ed o f EDTA, zi n c and EDTA+zinc groups by .09%, respectively compared with control group. Zinc group h a d a t t a i n ed t h e h i g h est mea t (P<0.05) o f h i g h p ri ced cu t s than EDTA, EDTA+zinc and control groups. Results revealed that the differences among groups in best ribs components were insignificant. Th e ca rca sses o f ( T 1 ) a n d ( T 3 ) g ro u p s record ed h ig her b o neless mea t p ercen tag e; ( T 1 ) g roup w a s h ig h er fo r co effi ci en t o f mea t ra t i o .The differences among treated groups in chemical composition and physical traits of L. dorsi muscle (9-10-11 th rib) were significant in fat%, ash%, and pH value and non -significant for protein%, tenderness, and water holding capacity.Ri b eye a rea w a s h ig her ( P<0.0 5) i n ca lves fed zi n c co mp a red w i t h t h e o t h er g ro u p s .The increasing rib-eye areas in calves fed zinc may be explained by the greater carcass weights in the zinc treated group relative to the other groups.