Zinc oxide (ZnO), with a wurtzite crystal structure and wide direct band gap, is a suitable candidate for various electronic applications. In the current study, ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized using Calotropis gigantea (crown flower) fresh leaves extract, using a facile sonication method XRD results confirmed the formation of pure ZnO at low agitation while at higher agitation epsilon-Zn (OH)(2) peaks appeared. The crystallite size decreased from similar to 94 nm (10 min) to similar to 86 nm (50 min) and could be attributed to the presence of epsilon-Zn(OH)(2). At higher agitation time ZnO started to orient parallel to the c-axis as confirmed by texture coefficient values. SEM images showed a change in morphology from agglomerated nanoflowers to flake-like nanostructures with an average size of similar to 76 nm. The presence of Zn-O stretching was indicated by the FTIR spectrum at 622 cm(-1), 550 cm(-1,) and 498 cm(-1) bands. The photoactivity of the optimized sample synthesized at an agitation time of 50 min results in degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) up to similar to 97%. The regression coefficient (R-2) and rate constant (k) were found to be 0.98209 and 0.07186 min(-1) demonstrating effective charge transfer and radical generating methods. According to reported studies, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange is primarily driven by reactive species such as superoxide anion radicals and photogenerated holes. The electrochemical characterisation using cyclic voltammetry (CV) test validates the supercapacitive properties of all synthesised materials. The sample synthesised using 50 min ultrasonication demonstrates a specific capacitance of 327 F/g.

Dye pollution in water sources presents a considerable risk to environmental and public health, requiring efficient cleanup solutions. Nanomaterial-based technologies have become viable ways to get rid of dye pollution because they are more selective, efficient, and long-lasting than older methods. This research investigates the synthesis of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) nano ellipses reinforced with cucumber seeds via a rapid and economical sol-gel technique. Cucumber seeds are used to stabilize, reduce, and capping material. The effect of cucumber seed powder (ranging from 0.1 g to 0.5 g) on the phase stabilization and morphological characteristics of the resulting ZrO2 nanostructures was systematically investigated using various analytical techniques (X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL), UV-Vis, Raman). Notably, the use of cucumber seed powder facilitated the stabilization of the t-ZrO2 phase without any subsequent heat treatment confirmed by XRD and RAMAN. Synthesized t-ZrO2 employed for photocatalytic and electrochemical capabilities against crystal violet degradation and supercapacitor electrode applications. Field emission (FE)-SEM shows the formation of ZrO2 nano ellipses (100-150 nm diameter, 200 nm length). The nano ellipses synthesized at 0.5 g demonstrated superior performance, achieving 92% degradation of Crystal Violet under UV irradiation and exhibiting a high specific capacitance of 21.17 F/g (at 3 mVs-1), highlighting the potential of this sustainable synthesis route for high-performance applications.

The present investigation reports the facile biosynthesis of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) nanoflakes utilizing brinjal (Solanum melongena) seed extract as a bio-reductant and morphology-directing agent in a sol-gel fabrication process. The biogenic synthesis approach demonstrates significant enhancement in both photocatalytic and supercapacitor performance through controlled nanostructure formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the crystalline phase purity of the synthesized hematite nanostructures. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy reveals characteristic emission bands at 343 nm, 410 nm, and 670 nm, corresponding to electronic transitions within the hematite bandgap structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) reveals the formation of well-defined nanoflakes with lateral dimensions ranging from 100 to 200 nm, providing optimal surface area for enhanced photocatalytic activity. The specific surface area is determined to be around 21.886 m(2)/g using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique. Photocatalytic degradation studies demonstrate negligible methyl orange (MO) degradation (similar to 1.72 %) in the absence of catalyst, while the optimized alpha-Fe2O3 nanoflakes achieve remarkable 92 % degradation efficiency under UV irradiation at a catalyst loading of 0.60 g/L. The degradation kinetics follow pseudo-first-order behavior with high correlation coefficient (R-2 = 0.9393) and rate constant (k = 0.0406 min(-1)), indicating efficient charge transfer and radical generation mechanisms. The studies on several scavengers indicated that superoxide anion radicals and holes significantly contributed to the degradation of MO. Electrochemical characterization through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) measurements confirms the supercapacitive behavior of all synthesized samples. The sample synthesized with 0.5 g brinjal seed additive exhibits superior specific capacitance of 202.59 F/g.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) nanostructures were hydrothermally synthesized using different EDTA concentrations and without surfactant. The orthorhombic (pucherite) 2D nanosheets were formed without surfactant. EDTA addition yielded more crystalline octagonal nanorods. The addition of EDTA tuned the band gap, which increased from 2.36 eV (without surfactant) to 2.42 eV (with 0.8 g EDTA). Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye showed 80 % degradation for nanosheets and 92 % for nanorods with 0.8 g EDTA. This study demonstrates that controlling synthesis parameters, like surfactant addition, enables the formation of pucherite BiVO4 polymorphs with enhanced properties for wastewater treatment applications.

Energy and environmental challenges are driving researchers to explore cost-effective and eco-friendly nanomaterial fabrication methods. In this study, Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma (AMP) was used to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles at varying molar concentrations of ferrous sulfate (0.5 M, 1 M, and 1.5 M) under a 15 kV discharge voltage for 90 min. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of mixed cubic and hexagonal phases of magnetite and hematite nanoparticles. The particle size, calculated using the Debye–Scherrer formula, ranged from 9 to 11 nm, depending on the precursor concentration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed spherical nanoparticles at 0.5 M, while agglomeration occurred at 1.5 M. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of iron and oxygen in the synthesized nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and UV spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption bands of iron oxide. The impact of the particle size and lattice strain on the optical properties of the nanoparticles was also studied. Smaller nanoparticles exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (627) and a strong charge–discharge performance in a 3 M KOH solution, with a high energy density (67.72) and power density (2227). As photocatalysts, the nanoparticles demonstrated a 97.5% and 96.8% degradation efficiency against methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), respectively, with high rate constants. These results surpass previous reports. The enhanced electrochemical performance and photocatalytic activity are attributed to the high-quality iron oxide nanoparticles, showing an excellent cyclic stability, making them promising for supercapacitors and environmental remediation.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are celebrated for their exceptional mechanical properties, including high hardness, low friction and excellent wear resistance, making them indispensable in industrial applications. This study explores the influence of applied voltage on the structural evolution and properties of DLC films deposited on stainless steel 316L using micro-plasma at atmospheric pressure. Ethanol, in an argon environment, served as the carbon precursor, and five samples were processed for 5 min under varying voltage potentials ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 kV. The results reveal a clear correlation between increasing voltage and enhanced DLC deposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the emergence of crystalline structures at higher voltages while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlighted the gradual transformation of DLC from an amorphous to a crystalline phase. Samples processed at 4.0-4.5 kV exhibited well-defined crystal growth along the peripheries. Mechanical characterization demonstrated a remarkable increase in hardness, exceeding 50 GPa at 4.5 kV, accompanied by a significant improvement in electrical conductivity as resistivity decreased consistently with voltage. These findings demonstrate that higher deposition voltages significantly enhance the structural and functional attributes of DLC coatings, unlocking new possibilities for their application in demanding industrial and biomedical environments.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are emerging as promising multifunctional agents for agriculture and environmental remediation. Here, we report the laboratory-scale synthesis of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-stabilized CuO NPs via a co-precipitation method, optimising NaOH concentrations to adjust particle characteristics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a crystalline monoclinic structure, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed well-dispersed, spherical nanoparticles ranging from 27 to 95 ± 5 nm. SDS stabilization effectively prevented agglomeration and enhanced nanoparticle dispersibility. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed optical band gaps ranging from 4.16 to 4.52 eV, values higher than typical bulk CuO likely due to nanoscale effects and SDS interactions. The nanoparticles demonstrated approximately 62.2

The current study focused on the synthesis of eggshell reinforced zirconia (ZrO2) nanostructures in the tetragonal phase utilizing a proficient and cost-effective microwave-assisted, sol-gel method. The photocatalytic and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared nanostructures were explored toward the degradation of methylene blue and as electrode material in supercapacitors. The stabilized tetragonal phase of zirconia was achieved without any post-heating treatment through the application of eggshell powder as stabilizing agent which also served as a reducing and capping agent. The influence of eggshell content and microwave power on zirconia stabilization and the quality of resulting nanostructures was investigated in the power range of 100-1000 W with a step size 200 W. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL), UV-visible Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, were performed to analyze the phase, structure and morphology of synthesized ZrO2 nanostructures. The results have revealed the formation of different sizes of ZrO2 nanorods ranging from 100 to 150 nm in diameter, while the length of rods >1 mu m were observed. The zirconia nanorods synthesized at high microwave power of 900 W have demonstrated effective photocatalytic properties, which demonstrated 95 % degradation of methylene blue under UV light irradiation. When applied as electrode material, the same sample of ZrO2 nanorods (900 W) has shown the highest specific capacitance of 10.7881 F/g at a constant scan rate of 3 mVs-1, the largest discharging time of similar to 130 s at a current density of 2.2 A/g.

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized in the presence of almond oil at various molar ratios of zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide, including 0.5:1, 0.75:1, 1:1, 1.25:1, and 1.5:1, to obtain pH values of 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7, respectively. The XRD results revealed that ZnO NPs exhibit a hexagonal structure, with high crystallinity. SEM results showed that dense and large sized ZnO NPs were formed at pH 11, and relatively small (~30–40 nm) NPs were obtained at pH 9. The size distribution can be explained in terms of the presence of OH− ions at different pH levels. However, the larger size of the NPs at pH 7 compared to those at pH 8–11 were due to the coalescence of NPs suitable for antioxidant/antibacterial activities. ZnO NPs demonstrated a high degradation efficiency (~93%) in 90 min, with a high rate constant for Methyl Orange (MO), which is better than the previously reported rate. The larger sized almond oil capped ZnO NPs also showed excellent radical scavenging activity (94%) and are proven to be good carriers to resist Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria.

The present study demonstrates the synthesis of phase pure hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) using collagen protein and calcium carbonate extracted from eggshell membranes and eggshells, respectively, as organic additives. To test the influence of organic additives on the quality of the resulting NPs, the amount of eggshell powder was varied between 1 to 5 g in aqueous iron nitrate solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and RAMAN analysis confirmed the formation of hematite NPs without any impurities. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of polyphenolic constituents on the surface of the resulting NPs as stabilizers, which may potentially be responsible for the observed antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, the stable phase and the presence of low defects divulged the high hardness value (~983 HV) and fracture toughness (8.59 MPa m1/2), which can be exploited for bone implantation. The FE-SEM results demonstrate the formation of spherical particles, which are well-separated NPs. The results of a biodegradation study which was carried out in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) revealed that the as-prepared NPs retained their hardness even after 72 h of soaking. These prepared NPs showed 95% radical scavenging activity (RSA) and were good carriers against S. aureus bacteria. Moreover, the SEM images of the mineralization of iron oxide NPs confirmed the formation of new bone. After 5 weeks, all pores were filled, and the minerals were deposited on the surfaces of the scaffolds.

In this current study, collagen protein extracted from eggshell membrane and calcium carbonate (a main component of eggshell) are used as additive to enhance the stability and hardness of the zirconia crystals. Five different samples are prepared by adding membrane containing eggshell content as, 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g and 5 g in aqueous zirconium oxychloride sol. Phase purity is confirmed by XRD and FTIR. Phase pure and dense particles divulges the high hardness (⠁1389 HV) and fracture toughness (12.89 MPa m1/2). FESEM analysis illustrates the formation of dense, well separated, non-agglomerated and spherical nanoparticles at 5 g of eggshell content. Eggshell works as a surfactant and stabilizer for formation of phase pure tetragonal spherical nanoparticles. Biodegradation study of optimized tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2 )in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) presents that minor change in weight and hardness after 72 h of immersion. Antioxidant study shows the 96% of radical scavenging activity (RSA). In vitro bio-mineralization study shows the formation of new bone after 5 weeks. After 5 weeks all pores were filled and minerals were deposited on the surface of the scaffolds. SEM images confirms that eggshell-zirconia composite form new bone. So eggshell addition results in formation of phase pure t-ZrO2 nanoparticles with

Abstract In view of ecobenign nature of green synthesis, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoflakes are synthesized via a green route. Three different vegetables (spinach, broccoli and pumpkin) extracts were used for the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoflakes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirm the formation of face centered cubic Fe3O4, while SEM analysis revealed the formation of nanoflakes. FTIR also confirm the Fe–O bands at 478 and 590 (cm−1) and the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was observed at 280 nm. The magnetic properties were also investigated and Fe3O4 prepared using spinach extract shows relatively low saturation magnetization (Ms) of ∼66 emu/g as compared to pumpkin (105 emu/g) and broccoli (130 emu/g) with ∼25Oe coercivity value. The antibacterial activity of Fe3O4 nanoflakes was studied against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a highly promising antibacterial activity was observed. Results revealed that the Fe3O4 nanoflakes prepared via a green route could have potential applications in biomedical field.

Urolithiasis is one of most common renal disorders, characterized by the formation of kidney stones (renal calculi) through the crystallization process within the urinary system. The frequently observed renal calculi are calcium oxalate renal calculi and treatment is done by shock wave method or lithotripsy which is harmful for other cells of the internal system. The objective of this work was to evaluate in vitro diagnosis of calcium oxalate kidney stones in the aqueous solution of Bryophyllum pinnatum. The B. pinnatum powder was mixed in apple cider vinegar and lemon juice separately to make solution 1 and 2 respectively. Apple cider vinegar and lemon juice were used as solvents due to their acidic and body compatible nature. Two surgically removed stones was dipped in solution 1 and 2. After two weeks, kidney stone of weight 2.7 g is completely dissolved in solution 2 while a considerable weight reduction of other kidney stone has been observed in solution 1. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results show the presence of two strong absorption peaks at 610 and 912 (cm-1) in both solutions after dissolution of urinary stones are related to calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD). Raman spectra further confirm the dissolution of COD in solution having Raman shifts at 504 and 910 (cm-1). Cluster formation and aggregation of particles has been observed in scanning electron microscopy images. This in vitro study proves that a mixture of Bryophyllum pinnatum powder and lemon juice is a best remedy to remove kidney stones.

In the present investigation, ZnO nanoflakes was prepared via sonochemical synthesis route. Effect of ultrasonic treatment time was studied based on structural, morphological and optical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the formation of wurtzite hexagonal crystalline structure of ZnO nanoflakes. Ultrasonic treatments affected the crystallite size and the density of dislocation, which is due to increased nucleation and growth rates of nanoflakes. The samples synthesized at 40–50 min ultrasonic treatment showed a strong absorption band at 605 and 650 (cm−1) versus other treatments, which is an indication of 2D nanostructure (nanoflakes). FE-SEM analysis further confirms the formation of 2D nanostructures of the ZnO. The composition and purity was confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, which displays the occurrence of Zn and O elements in the sample. Photocatalytic activity (PCA) of ZnO nanoflakes was studied for methyl orange (MO) dye degradation under UV light exposure and up to 93.13 % dye degradation is achieved within 90 min. Effect of various parameters (dye concentration, mass of photocatalytic material) and kinetic study was also performed. Results revealed that the ultrasonic treatment affected the optical and photocatalytic properties of the of ZnO nanoflakes, which could be employed for the remediation of dyes in textile effluents.

Rapid increase in population and development in industry causes many problems such as microbial contaminations and chronic diseases such as diabetes. Materials synthesized at nanoscale are novel antidiabetic and antimicrobial agents. ZnO nanoparticles with macropores characteristics are synthesized by green methods. Turmeric, clove buds and green tea extracts are used as additives. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles and crystallinity was quit high in case of green tea extract. Sample synthesized with clove shows relatively higher crystallite size (10.64) which is pertaining to variation in Zn2+ and OH− ions. The nanoparticles are more or less spherical in nature, macropores and clustered together revealed by SEM images. Macroporosity of the sample was further confirmed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm. The deep absorption band at 605 cm−1 in FTIR spectra attributed the wurtzite-type ZnO. The major dominating sharp peak was detected at 437 cm−1 in Raman spectra which is a feature of the wurtzite hexagonal phase ZnO. UV–Vis spectra showed red shift from wavelength 362 to 375 nm with different plant extracts. Impedance analysis showed a high dielectric constant and low tangent loss in case of green tea extract. ZnO synthesized using green tea exhibited 95

Green vegetables are used in our daily life and are essential part of our daily food. Green vegetables provide us different vitamins, chlorophyll, and nutrients which make them strong candidate against different diseases and bacterial infection. The efficacy of these green vegetables becomes higher when added in body compatible compounds e.g., iron oxide. In this research article iron oxide (magnetite, Fe3O4) nanoflakes are synthesized using green synthesis method. Iron nitrate was used as precursor which is mixed in De-ionized water. Three different green vegetables (Spinach, Broccoli and Pumpkin) dried powder was added in aqueous solution of iron nitrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirm the formation of phase pure Fe3O4 specifically in case of spinach. Spinach, pumpkin, and broccoli powder act as reducing agent and do not form any secondary phase of iron oxide. Retvield refined patterns of Spinach, Broccoli and Pumpkin reveals the perfect matching with standard data. Crystallite size of magnetite nanoflakes is in the range of 47–59 nm. The value lattice parameters are increased with the decrease in crystallite size for different plant extracts. Relatively higher x-ray density has been observed in case of spinach extract which proves the large area and dense growth of nanoflakes as observed in SEM images. FTIR analysis shows the formation of two bands at 478 and 590cm-1 are corresponding to Fe-O stretching of bulk Fe3O4. FTIR spectrum of spinach powder shows a band at446cm−1 which is typical for Fe–O. Presence of Fe-O bond in spinach reveals that spinach extract strengthen the Fe3O4 phase as observed in XRD data.UV-Vis spectra exhibit a strong absorption peak at 280nm due to the absorption along with scattering of light by Fe3O4. Magnetization − hysteresis (MH) curve of the sample acquired at room temperature. Fe3O4 with spinach extract possesses relatively low saturation magnetization (Ms)~ 66emu/g as compared to pumpkin (105emu/g) and broccoli (130emu/g) additives with negligible coercivity (~25Oe), which is the characteristic of superparamagnetic materials. SEM images are representing the formation of plentiful nanoflakes. The size of Fe3O4 nanoflakes is multi-dispersed, ranging from tens hundreds to few hundred of nanometers (300 nm) and length is greater than 5μm. Nanoflakes obtained here are larger than in length with E. Coli bacteria that improves the adhesion of E. coli to its surface. Antibacterial study shows that these synthesized Fe3O4 nanoflakes are highly effective against E. Coli bacteria and produce 32mm zone of inhibition.

The hydrothermal approach was adopted for the fabrication of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofibers. The effect of hydrothermal reaction time (1–20 h) was studied on the basis of dielectric, structural, morphological and optical properties. The techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) were employed for the characterization of ZnO nanofibers (NFs) formation. In XRD studies, reflection planes (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0) and (1 0 3) are well matched with wurtzite ZnO hexagonal structure. The presence of ZnO NFs at 20 h of reaction time can be attributed that intensity along (0 0 2) plane becomes stronger or preferential growth on 1D. Structural defects were calculated by employing the dislocation density. The grain size of ZnO NFs was in 18.4–29.7 nm range. The absorption peak at 605 cm−1 (at higher reaction temperature) confirms the formation of 1D nanostructure. SEM analysis reveals the ZnO NFs formation at higher hydrothermal reaction time and EDS confirms the purity of ZnO samples (77.67% of Zn and 22.33% of O). The optical properties found to be also affected as a function of hydrothermal reaction time. Findings revealed that the ZnO can be fabricated by hydrothermal treatment to enhance the dielectric, structural and optical properties for photocatalytic application.

Biogenic routes for the synthesis of nanoparticles are environmentally friendly, nontoxic, biocompatible, and cost-effective compared to traditional synthesis methods. In this study, cobalt ferrite was synthesized using Zingiber officinale and Elettaria cardamom Seed extracts. Effect of copper contents (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9) on the plant extracted Cux(Co1−xFe2O4) was investigated by XRD, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis., PL, FE-SEM, FTIR and photocatalytic activity. XRD results revealed that nanoparticles exhibit a cubical spinel structure with an average diameter of 7–45 nm, calculated by the Debye Scherer formula. The value of the lattice parameter decreased from 8.36 Å to 8.08 Å with substitution of copper, which can be attributed to mismatch of ionic radii of Cu2+ (0.73 Å) and Co2+ (0.74 Å) ions. SEM analysis showed that nanoparticles exhibit a spherical shape (~13 nm diameter) for undoped samples and low Cu concentration, while they changed to a hexagonal structure at higher Cu concentration (x = 0.9) with a diameter ~46 nm and a decreased degree of agglomeration. FE-SEM further confirmed the nanoparticles’ size and shape. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of cobalt, iron, and oxygen without contamination. The optical absorption spectra of UV-vis and PL showed red-shift, which can be accredited to larger crystalline sizes of nanoparticles. FTIR spectra showed two main bands at 410 and 605 cm−1, indicating the presence of intrinsic vibrations of the octahedral and tetrahedral complexes, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of Co0.4Cu0.6 Fe2O4 nanoparticles was investigated using methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes under visible light irradiation. The degradation rate (93.39% and 83.15%), regression correlation coefficient (0.9868 and 0.9737) and rate constant (0.04286 and 0.03203 rate·min−1) were calculated for MB and MO, respectively. Mechanisms for the formation and photocatalytic activity of Cu-substituted plant-extracted cobalt ferrite were discussed. The Co0.4Cu0.6 Fe2O4 nanoferrite was found to be an efficient photocatalyst, and can be exploited for wastewater treatment applications for MB/MO elimination.

The purpose of current work of is to organize stabilized tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) nano-particles with microwave abetted sol-gel technique. To increase the stability and shrink the crystal size, both microwave (MW) and gelatin components are used as structure guiding methods. Gelatin was used with the aim of bone implantations, as raw materials used in gelatin production are cattle bones. It contains purified collagen protein (a main protein that in the extracellular matrix found in the body's various connective tissues) that also helps in implantations and repairing. Moreover, MW heating provides a uniform heating and control of microstructures. Zirconium oxychloride was used as precursor of zirconium Effect of gelatin contents (1g, 2g, 3g, 4g and 5g) was observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis attributes the presence of phase pure t-ZrO2 at low gelatin content 3g with crystallite size ∼6.68296 nm. Formation of phase pure t-ZrO2 without post heat treatment is due to sufficient amount of gelatin to coat the zirconia crystals. Relatively higher x-ray density has been observed in case of phase pure t-ZrO2 at 5g of gelatin content. Value of the hardness is increasing from 1263 to 1443 HV with gelatin content due to phase strengthening. Raman shift presents characteristic peak at 148 cm-1 of tetragonal zirconia. Phase fraction calculated from Raman spectra is in good agreement with XRD data. At 3g of gelatin content porous structure has been observed in scanning electron microscope images. This porosity decreases with gelatin content and the distribution of particles is more uniform, and dispersion is better. The porosity of the samples decreases and reaching a minimum value at 5g of gelatin content, at which the sample was the densest. The size of nanoparticles is in the range of 500-600 nm. Optimized t-ZrO2 is soaked in stimulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 weeks. Slight variation in weight and hardness has been observed even after 24 weeks of soaking.

BiFeO3 nanostructures (BFO) have gained enormous consideration owning to the novel size-dependent properties and outstanding multi-ferroic properties at room temperature. In the past few years, research has been carried out to study and characterize BFO and doped BFO structures on various substrates. In this work BFO, Lanthanum doped BFO, Yttrium doped BFO are fabricated on AAO template. The resultant films show the successful incorporation of BFO, La BFO and Y BFO in nano-porous AAO template. The particle size as well as band-gap shows a decrease due to the addition of BFO, La BFO and Y BFO in nano-porous AAO template.