We present studies of multinucleon transfer reactions in collisions of Ca-48 +Pb-208, Ti-50 +Pb-208, and Ar-40 +Bi-209 which lead to the population of nuclei with proton numbers greater than the target proton number. The target- like reaction products were separated in flight using the velocity filter SHELS of the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), Dubna. Our goal was to examine transfer reactions for producing new heavy and superheavy nuclei and to assess the applicability of velocity filters for their investigation. We observed and studied about 40 different nuclides, resulting from the transfer of up to eight protons from the projectile to the target and moving in forward direction relative to the beam axis. We present cross-section systematics for isotopes of elements Z = (83 - 91) measured in our experiment and compare them with available data from transfer reactions with actinide targets which lead to isotopes up to Z = 103.

This study investigates the prompt fission neutron (PFN) multiplicity distribution in the spontaneous fission (SF) of ^244 Fm. Experimental data were obtained using the complete fusion reaction ^206 Pb( ^40 Ar,2n) ^244 Fm, obtaining a mean of 3.6 ± 0.1 emitted neutrons per SF event. The symmetry of the PFN multiplicity distribution suggests no significant influence of additional fission modes, aligning with theoretical predictions that indicate the dominance of the standard fission mode. At the same time, comparison with neighboring isotopes points at a possible additional fission mode in ^246 Fm.

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,717 new measurements from 869 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 120 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.

The complete-fusion reaction 204Pb(48Ca,2n)250No was used to study two activities of 250No with distinct half-lives.A total of 1357 events were observed in the SFiNx neutron detection system.The average number of neut-rons emitted per spontaneous fission of 250No was determined to be(4.1±0.1).The unusually symmetrical shape of the prompt neutron multiplicity distribution was restored and presented for the first time.Statistical tests were per-formed to compare the prompt neutron multiplicity distributions associated with the ground state and K-isomer state decays.

The GRAND universal gas-filled separator, located at the Factory of Super-Heavy Elements in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, has been created and put into operation. The separator can be used both in experiments on α, β, and γ spectroscopy of isotopes of heavy and superheavy elements and in experiments on the chemical properties of superheavy elements as a preseparator. The results of the first experimental tests of the GRAND separator are presented. The possibility of effectively carrying out experiments both on a “physical” detection system and on a “chemical” installation has been demonstrated.

An experiment on the study of the ^246Fm spontaneous fission was conducted using the SHELS separator. The isotope was synthesized in the complete fusion reaction of ^40Ar beam ions and ^208Pb target nuclei. The neutron yields of ^246Fm spontaneous fission (ν = 3.79±0.30, σ^2_ν = 2.1) were obtained using the SFiNx detector system. The multiplicity distribution of emitted prompt neutrons was restored using the Tikhonov method of statistical regularisation (ν_r = 3.79±0.20, σ^2_ν r = 2.8). The spontaneous fission branching ratio (b_SF = 0.061±0.005) and the half-life (T_1/2 = 1.50^+0.08_-0.07 s) of the isotope were determined. The experimental data were compared with scission point model predictions. Excellent convergence was observed in the average number of neutrons per spontaneous fission process. However, the forms of the experimental and model prompt neutron multiplicity distributions differ significantly.

An experiment on the study of the $$^{246}$$ Fm spontaneous fission was conducted using the SHELS separator. The isotope was synthesized in the complete fusion reaction of $$^{40}$$ Ar beam ions and $$^{208}$$ Pb target nuclei. The neutron yields of $$^{246}$$ Fm spontaneous fission ( $${\overline{\nu }} = 3.79\pm 0.30$$ , $$\sigma ^{2}_{\nu } = 2.1$$ ) were obtained using the SFiNx detector system. The multiplicity distribution of emitted prompt neutrons was restored using the Tikhonov method of statistical regularisation ( $${\overline{\nu }}_{r} = 3.79\pm 0.20$$ , $$\sigma ^{2}_{\nu r} = 2.8$$ ). The spontaneous fission branching ratio ( $$b_{SF} = 0.061\pm 0.005$$ ) and the half-life ( $$T_{1/2} = 1.50^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$$ s) of the isotope were determined. The experimental data were compared with scission point model predictions. An agreement was observed in the average number of neutrons per spontaneous fission process. However, the forms of the experimental and model prompt neutron multiplicity distributions differ significantly.

Experimental results on pion decays obtained with the PIBETA spectrometer at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) are reviewed. For pion beta decay π+ → π0е+ν (πβ), a precision measurement of relative probability yields Г(πβ) = [1.036 ± 0.004(stat) ± 0.004(syst) ± 0.003(π+→е+ν)] × 10–8, which implies Vud = 0.9728(30) for the corresponding element of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa mixing matrix. Using a sample of 65 × 103 events, relative probability of the π+→е+νγ radiative pion decay (RPD) in the kinematic region of Eγ > 10 MeV and θeγ > 40° is measured as Bexp = 73.86(54) × 10–8. A statistical analysis of measured Ee+ and Eγ distributions for this decay yield the values FV = 0.0258(17) and FA = 0.0117(17) for the pion weak formfactors. Assuming that FV linearly depends on the е+ν invariant mass q2 as FV(q2) = FV(0)(1 + aq2), the slope parameter is extracted as а = 0.10(6). The pion polarizability and neutral-pion lifetime are estimated as αE = 2.78(10) × 10–4 fm3 and τ(π0) = (8.5 ± 1.1) × 10–17 s, respectively. The data for decays π+→ е+ ν and \({\mu ^ + } \to {e^ + }v\bar v\gamma \) have been collected and are being processed. The follow-up PEN experiment aims at reducing the uncertainty on the π+ → е+ ν relative probability by almost an order of magnitude (to 5 × 10–4).

HIGH-ENERGY COLLIDER PARAMETERS:e + e - Colliders（I）Updated in September 2013 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders（contact J.Beringer,LBNL）.The table shows parameter values as achieved by July 1,2013.Quantities are,where appropriate,r.m.s.;unless noted otherwise,energies refer to beam energy;H and V indicate horizontal and vertical directions;s.c.stands for superconducting.Parameters for the defunct SPEAR,DORIS,PETRA,PEP,TRISTAN,and VEPP-2M colliders may be found in our 1996 edition（Phys.Rev.D54,1 July 1996,Part I）.

Revised August 2013 by S.Roesler and M.Silari（CERN）.35.1.Definitions[1,2]It would be desirable if legal protection limits could be expressed in directly measurable physical quantities.However,this does not allow to quantify biological effects of the exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation.For this reason,protection limits are expressed in terms of so-called protection quantities which,although calculable,are not measurable.Protection quantities quantify the extent of exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation from both whole and partial body external irradiation and from intakes of radionuclides.In order to demonstrate compliance with dose limits,so-called operational quantities are typically used which aim at providing

Revised August 2013 by M.J.Syphers（MSU）and F.Zimmermann（CERN）.29.1.Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow.The number of events,N exp is the product of the cross section of interest,σ exp ,and the time integral

Revised September 2013 by K.A.Olive（University of Minnesota）and J.A.Peacock（University of Edinburgh）.22.1.Introduction to Standard Big-Bang Model The observed expansion of the Universe[1-3]is a natural（almost inevitable）result of any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model based on general relativity.However,by itself,the Hubble expansion does not provide sufficient evidence for what we generally refer to as the Big-Bang model of cosmology.While general relativity is in principle capable of describing the cosmology of any given distribution of matter,it is extremely fortunate that our Universe appears to be homogeneous and isotropic on large scales.Together,homogeneity and isotropy allow us to extend the Copernican Principle to the Cosmological Principle,stating that all spatial positions in the

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.

Section 10 of the 2004 edition of the Review of Particle Physics.

THE CKM QUARK-MIXING MATRIX* A. Ceccucci, 1 Z. Ligeti, 2 and Y. Sakai 3 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan April 2006 *This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or The Regents of the University of California.

Precision measurements in neutron beta decay serve to determine the coupling constants of beta decay and allow for several stringent tests of the standard model. This paper discusses the design and the expected performance of the Nab spectrometer.

This document presents the motivation, experimental method, manpower and schedule for the Nab experiment at the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline at the SNS. Thanks to its highly precise theoretical treatment within the framework of the standard model and high sensitivity to departures from the basic V −A description, neutron beta decay offers an attractive platform for searches for signals of new physics. The Nab experiment will precisely measure beta decays of the unpolarized neutron, with the goal to determine the electron–neutrino correlation with relative precision of 10−3, and the Fierz interference term, a distortion of the beta spectrum never before measured in neutron decay, with an uncertainty of ∼ 3× 10−3. These results will lead to a new precise determination of the ratio λ = GA/GV and to significant reductions in the allowed limits for both rightand left-handed scalar and tensor currents. Alternatively, the experiment will detect a nonzero signal consistent with certain realizations of supersymmetry. An optimized asymmetric magnetic and electrostatic spectrometer has been designed to achieve the required narrow momentum response function, and thus accomplish the physics goals of the experiment. Detailed breakdown of equipment cost, schedule of activities and distribution of collaborator effort are appended in separate spreadsheets. ∗Experiment Manager †Co-Spokesmen ‡On-site Manager Nab experiment at SNS/FnPB Proposal update and funding request 1. Physics motivation Neutron β decay, n → peν̄e, is one of the basic processes in nuclear physics. Its experimental study provides the most sensitive means to evaluate the ratio of axial-vector to vector coupling constants λ = GA/GV . The precise value of λ is important in many applications of the theory of weak interactions, especially in astrophysics; e.g., a star’s neutrino production is proportional to λ. More precise measurements of neutron β-decay parameters are also important in the search for new physics. Measurement of the neutron decay rate Γ, or lifetime τn = 1/Γ, allows a determination of Vud, the u-d Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix element, independent of nuclear models, because Γ is proportional to |Vud|, as seen in the leading order expression: Γ = 1 τn = fmec 4 2π3~7 ( |GV | + 3|GA| ) ∝ |GV | ( 1 + 3|λ| ) = |Vud| |gV | GF (1 + 3|λ|) , (1) where f = 1.71482(15) is a phase space factor, me is the electron mass, gV,A the vector and axial-vector weak nucleon form factors at zero momentum transfer, respectively, and GF is the fundamental Fermi weak coupling constant. While the conservation of vector current (CVC) fixes gV at unity, two unknowns, Vud and λ, remain as variables in the above expression for Γ. Hence, an independent measurement of λ is necessary in order to determine Vud from the neutron lifetime. Several neutron decay parameters can be used to measure λ; they are discussed below. Precise knowledge of Vud helps greatly in establishing the extent to which the three-generation CKM matrix is unitary. CKM unitarity, in turn, provides an independent cross-check of the presence of certain processes and particles not included in the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particles and interactions, i.e., an independent constraint on new physics. Currently, the most accurate value of the CKM matrix element Vud is obtained from measurements of 0 → 0 nuclear β-decays, the so-called superallowed Fermi transitions [1]. However, the procedure of the extraction of Vud involves calculations of radiative and nuclear structure corrections for the Fermi transition in nuclei. Despite the fact that these calculations have been done with high precision (see [2, 8] and references therein), it is impossible to verify the values of these nuclear corrections from independent experiments, and, as discussed below, questions concerning these corrections have been raised. A problem with CKM matrix unitarity at the 2−3σ level persisted for over two decades. For example, the 2002 Review of Particle Properties [3] reported values of CKM matrix elements that yield for the first row ∆ ≡ 1− |Vud| − |Vus| − |Vub| = (32± 14)× 10−4 . (2) The situation changed drastically in 2003 and 2004 when a series of experiments at Brookhaven, Fermilab and CERN reported revised values of Kl3 decay branching ratios, leading to an upward adjustment, by about 2.5σ, of the CKM matrix element Vus [4, 5, 6]. Skipping the details of this revolutionary development, we note that a revised CKM unitarity check yields [7, 1] ∆ = (1± 10)× 10−4 . (3)

The Nab collaboration will perform a precise measurement of a, the electron–neutrino correlation parameter, and b, the Fierz interference term in neutron beta decay, in the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline at the SNS, using a novel electric/magnetic field spectrometer and detector design. The experiment is aiming at the 10-3 accuracy level in Δa/a, and will provide an independent measurement of λ=GA/GV, the ratio of axial-vector to vector coupling constants of the nucleon. Nab also plans to perform the first ever measurement of b in neutron decay, which will provide an independent limit on the tensor weak coupling.

This document presents the motivation, experimental method, manpower and schedule for the Nab experiment at the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline at the SNS. Thanks to its highly precise theoretical treatment within the framework of the standard model and high sensitivity to departures from the basic V A description, neutron beta decay oers an attractive platform for searches for signals of new physics. The Nab experiment will precisely measure beta decays of the unpolarized neutron, with the goal to determine the electron-neutrino correlation with relative precision of 10 3 , and the Fierz interference term, a distortion of the beta spectrum never before measured in neutron decay, with an uncertainty of 3◊10 3 . These results will lead to a new precise determination of the ratio = GA/GV and to significant reductions in the allowed limits for both right- and left-handed scalar and tensor currents. Alterna- tively, the experiment will detect a nonzero signal consistent with certain realizations of supersymmetry. An optimized asymmetric magnetic and electrostatic spectrometer has been designed to achieve the required narrow momentum response function, and thus accomplish the physics goals of the experiment. Detailed breakdown of equip- ment cost, schedule of activities and distribution of collaborator eort are appended

We propose to carry out a search for the charge-conjugation-noninvariant decay π → 3γ at the PSI πE1 beamline using the PIBETA spectrometer. The detection of this process would be an unambiguous sign of physics beyond the Standard Model. Nonobservation of the decay would improve the experimental limit on the direct verification of charge-conjugation invariance. The objective of the experiment is to search for this decay with a sensitivity roughly two orders of magnitude higher than the most recent experiment which resulted in an upper limit for the branching-ratio of 3.1× 10. By-products of this experiment will be improved measurements of π → eeγ and π → 4γ decays. Neutral pions will be produced by stopping negative pions in a liquid hydrogen target. Photons and charged decay products will be detected with high efficiency by the PIBETA spectrometer to allow for a complete kinematic reconstruction of individual events.