Introduction (contexte de la recherche) Citrus Limon, cultivé en CI, utilisé pour traiter les maladies respiratoires et cutanées [1]. Peu d’études s’intéressent à l’activité antifongique de ses extraits contre les moisissures allergisantes telle A.fumigatus, polluant biologique du milieu intérieur [2] Objectif Déterminer l’activité antifongique de citrus limon sur cette moisissure, phytomedicament de surfaces polluées, couplée aux mesures correctives mécaniques dans des pays sans spécialistes en décontamination. Méthodes Étude sur 17 patients du registre de l’IPCI, allergiques aux moisissures ou acariens avec des taux d’IgE variant de 0,70–3,49 IU/mL (2,0–2,9 RAST) et 3 patients allergiques avec crises répétitives sur prescription médicales. Réalisation de visites à domicile, mesures (hygrométrie, température, prélèvements d’air et surfaces) sous la supervision de la conseillère en environnement intérieur. Utilisation de préparations d’extraits aqueux Eaq), hydro-étanolique Eheth), éthanolique (Eeth)et d’extraits d’huiles essentielles (HE) zestes de citrus limon. Souche de A.fumigatus isolée d’environnement intérieur contaminé et incubée sur gélose Sabouraud durant 48h à 27°C. Mesure de l’activité antifongique (CMI) des extraits et de HE sur A.fumigatus par double dilution sur milieu Gélosé Sabouraud Chloramphénicol. Résultats Contamination majoritaire : Aspergillus (i) à 50 % étude pilote et (ii) à 100 %, 2e groupe. Hygrométrie élevée ; qualité de l’air de 800 à 1200ppm. Sensibilité des extraits obtenus : HE (CMI 1,56±0,00μg/ml)>Eeth (CMI 50±0,00mg/mL)>Eheth (CMI 100±0,00mg/mL)>Eaq (CMI>100mg/mL). A.fumigatus plus sensible à l’HE (CMI 1,56±0,00μg/mL) moins sensible à Eaq (CMI>100mg/mL) Conclusions L’activité antifongique marquée de l’HE de Citrus limon utilisée comme phytomédicament à usage externe sur A.fumigatus afin d’éviter sa diffusion avec des consignes pour aérosols en intérieur (expérimentation sur acariens en cours)

This study was conducted in Côte d’Ivoire to determine the respective prevalence of Candida species and to study their susceptibility profile to antifungal agents to identify the emergence of resistance.This retrospective study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 at the Institute Pasteur of Côte d’Ivoire on patients with fungal disease. The yeasts isolated and identified in Côte d’Ivoire were subcultured on a chromogenic medium and identified with MALDI-TOF-MS. Sensitivity tests were performed using the CLSI method and evaluated by the M27. In total, 227 Candida spp. were isolated from 1941 patients. Most of the samples were vaginal swabs (120/228). Using the conventional method, C. albicans was prevalent (52.6%). There were mixtures of 2 to 4 species in 36.8% of the samples. Thus MALDI-TOF-MS identified in 315 isolates 13 distinct species, C. tropicalis was prevalent at 35.2%, and the species in both C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complexes were differentiated. This study highlights the hurdle of correct yeast identification in developing countries. The transition from conventional to modern MALDI-TOF based identification of these life-threatening opportunistic pathogens is mandatory and should be emphasised as a public health priority.

Contexte Dans le cadre de la recherche active et quotidienne des maladies à potentiels épidémiques, tout cas de fièvre associée à une hémorragie fait l'objet d'une notification et d'un prélèvement pour confirmation. L'objectif était d'investiguer des cas contact d'un cas humain de virus lassa dans le district sanitaire de Bangolo Méthodes Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective allant du 3 au 8 janvier 2019 dans le village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo. Elle a consisté en la recherche active de cas contact d'un cas confirmé de Lassa, en la capture et dissection des souris, en la recherche des facteurs de risques environnementaux avec la mise en place de moyens de prévention et de lutte antirabique. Résultats Volet humain : au total deux cas suspects ont été notifiés. L'un dans les archives de l'HG de Duékoué et l'autre dans la communauté. Volet environnemental l'hygiène environnementale dans le village de Béoué est favorable au développement du virus Lassa. Volet animal 28 petits mammifères dont 27 (96,42 %) rongeurs du genre (Mastomys et Rattus) et un soricomorpha (3,58 %). Discussion/Conclusion L'investigation réalisée par l’équipe multidisciplinaire a montré le risque probable de fièvre de Lassa dans village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo. Déclaration de liens d'intérêts Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de liens d'intérêts.

Dans le cadre de la recherche active et quotidienne des maladies à potentiels épidémiques, tout cas de fièvre associée à une hémorragie fait l'objet d'une notification et d'un prélèvement pour confirmation. L'objectif était d'investiguer des cas contact d'un cas humain de virus lassa dans le district sanitaire de Bangolo Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective allant du 3 au 8 janvier 2019 dans le village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo. Elle a consisté en la recherche active de cas contact d'un cas confirmé de Lassa, en la capture et dissection des souris, en la recherche des facteurs de risques environnementaux avec la mise en place de moyens de prévention et de lutte antirabique. Volet humain : au total deux cas suspects ont été notifiés. L'un dans les archives de l'HG de Duékoué et l'autre dans la communauté. l'hygiène environnementale dans le village de Béoué est favorable au développement du virus Lassa. 28 petits mammifères dont 27 (96,42 %) rongeurs du genre (Mastomys et Rattus) et un soricomorpha (3,58 %). L'investigation réalisée par l’équipe multidisciplinaire a montré le risque probable de fièvre de Lassa dans village de Béoué du district sanitaire de Bangolo. Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de liens d'intérêts.

Background: The present work is part of the exploration of new antiviral molecules to combat antimicrobial resistance. In purpose, this study determined the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of extracts from three Ivorian medicinal plants; Gliricidia sepium, Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopica against poliovirus 1, a non-enveloped RNA virus. Methodology: Aqueous extract of the three plants, which were identified at the herbarium of National Floristic Center Abidjan, was done using a previously described method. The precipitation or staining technique was used to highlight the chemical groups in the three extracts while the polyphenol content of each extract was assessed by the colorimetric method. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity tests were performed in 96-well plates. Cytotoxicity of each extract on L20B (a genetically engineered mouse cell line) was determined by observation of the cell line carpet. Antiviral activity of three extracts against poliovirus type I was determined after 72 hours using an assay that measures inhibition of the cytopathic effect on cell culture. Results: The three plant extracts contain polyterpenes, sterols and polyphenols, flavonoids, catechetical tannins, saponosides and quinones but none of the extract contains gallic tannins. With the exception of O. gratissimum, alkaloids were found in extracts from the two other plants, and extract of G. sepium was richer in polyphenol than the other two extracts. The cell carpet of L20B after 72 hours contact period with three extracts remained intact at concentrations ranging from 2 to 1000 μg/ml. The aqueous extract of G. sepium showed higher antiviral activity on poliovirus 1 (74.569%) at 2µg/ml than the extracts of O. gratissimum (45.6112%) and X. aethiopica (44.5247%) after 72 hours of incubation. Conclusion: The extract of G. sepium showed potent antiviral activity against poliovirus 1 than that of O. gratissimum and X. aethiopica. This was justified by its higher polyphenol content than the two extracts.

Introduction. - Indoor moulds can be responsible for respiratory pathologies in at-risk subjects (allergy...). The objective is to characterise the moulds in an indoor environment to prevent the risks of exposure. Methodology. - This is a descriptive study of 432 samples (Air, Surface and Dust) taken from two sites in Abidjan, Ivory Coast from February to July 2019. Results. - The samples allowed the isolation of 120 species on site A and 1190 species on site B. The species recorded are Aspergillus 39.39%, Penicillium 16.80%, Fusarium 8.55%, Curvularia 1.45%, Rhizomucor 1.22%, Mucor 1.15%, Aureobasidium 0.15%, Scytalidium 0.08% and other species 31.22% with colonisation rates of 720 CFU/24 hours for air sampling, 21.10(7) CFU/dm(2) for surface sampling and 4.10(6) CFU/dm(2) for dust sampling. Conclusion. - This study will have made it possible to catalogue the moulds isolated on (02) sites in Abidjan, which together with the list of moulds from other studies in Cote d'Ivoire can be used as a local reference tool for health surveillance. (C) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Les moisissures intérieures peuvent être responsables de pathologies respiratoires chez les sujets à risque (allergie…). L’objectif est de caractériser les moisissures d’un environnement intérieur afin de prévenir les risques d’exposition. Il s’agit d’une étude descriptive, portant sur 432 prélèvements (Air, Surface et Poussière) sur deux sites à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire de février à juillet 2019. Les prélèvements ont permis d’isoler, 120 espèces sur le site A et 1190 espèces sur le site B. Les espèces recensées sont : Aspergillus 39,39 %, Penicillium 16,80 %, Fusarium 8,55 %, Curvularia 1,45 %, Rhizomucor 1,22 %, Mucor 1,15 %, Aureobasidium 0,15 %, Scytalidium 0,08 % et autres espèces 31,22 % avec des taux de colonisation de : 720 UFC/24 Heures pour les prélèvements d’air, 21,107 UFC/dm2 pour les prélèvements de surfaces et 4,106 UFC/dm2 pour les prélèvements de poussières. Cette étude aura permis de cataloguer les moisissures isolées sur (02) sites à Abidjan qui associées à la liste de moisissures issus d’autres études en Côte d’Ivoire pourront servir d’outil de référence locale pour la surveillance sanitaire. Indoor moulds can be responsible for respiratory pathologies in at-risk subjects (allergy…). The objective is to characterise the moulds in an indoor environment to prevent the risks of exposure. This is a descriptive study of 432 samples (Air, Surface and Dust) taken from two sites in Abidjan, Ivory Coast from February to July 2019. The samples allowed the isolation of 120 species on site A and 1190 species on site B. The species recorded are Aspergillus 39.39%, Penicillium 16.80%, Fusarium 8.55%, Curvularia 1.45%, Rhizomucor 1.22%, Mucor 1.15%, Aureobasidium 0.15%, Scytalidium 0.08% and other species 31.22% with colonisation rates of 720 CFU/24 hours for air sampling, 21.107 CFU/dm2 for surface sampling and 4.106 CFU/dm2 for dust sampling. This study will have made it possible to catalogue the moulds isolated on (02) sites in Abidjan, which together with the list of moulds from other studies in Côte d’Ivoire can be used as a local reference tool for health surveillance.

ContextDengue fever represents a public health problem. Côte d'Ivoire has experienced recurrent epidemics of dengue fever over the past three decades.GoalDescribe the dengue epidemic that occurred in Côte d'Ivoire in 2019.MethodThis is a retrospective study, going from January to December 2019, on all cases meeting the case definition of dengue having been collected and sent to the reference laboratory Pacteur Institut of Côte d'Ivoire (IPCI).ResultsA total of 3265 new suspected cases were declared, including 291 confirmed cases with the DEN 1, 3 serotypes which were represented.All health districts in Abidjan have reported suspected and confirmed cases, and Cocody-Bingerville was the epicenter of the epidemic. The epidemic began during the dry season (S 9) with major outbreaks during the rainy season (S 29). All suspected suspected cases were sampled and sent to the reference laboratory (IPCI) for confirmation. And 25% of the cases were children from 1 to 14 years old with a sex ratio of two women to one man. The mono-specific batches formed for viral research have confirmed the presence of Aedes aegypti in the majority of cases present in used tires and abandoned vehicles. With a statistically significant link between the presence of these deposits and the reservoir.ConclusionThe dengue epidemic that occurred in Côte d'Ivoire in 2019 concerned the DEN type serotype (1 and 3) and the number of cases increased during the rainy season and sporadic cases during the dry season and the Aedes aegypti was represented in the majority of cases.

Infection due to multi-resistant bacteria is a public health concern. Unfortunately, the prospect of developing new antibiotics seem not to be on the horizon. Faced with this impasse, medicinal plants could be an alternative for the development of new molecules. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of H. madagascariensis extracts on β-lactamases. Extraction of bioactive compounds from trunk barks and leaves of the plant was done in an ethanol-water mixture (70:30). Anti-β-lactamase activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry after the removal of tannins and a phytochemical screening was used to identify the groups of compounds. Concentrations inhibiting 50% of enzyme activity were 0.005±0.001 mg/mL (CTX-M-15), 0.01±0.001 mg/mL (P99) and 0.027±0.009 mg/mL (NDM-1) for bark extracts and 0.704 mg/mL for leaves extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids in bark extracts. The ethanolic extracts of the trunk bark exert a good inhibitory activity on CTX-M-15, P99 and NDM-1 β-lactamases and this activity could be attributed to the presence of the flavonoids. Further studies by bio-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extracts of the bark could yield fractions with high inhibitory potential of β-lactamases.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of mutations in 23S rRNA gene, conferring resistance to clarithromycin of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Place and Duration: Between August 2015 and February 2016, gastric biopsies were collected from adult patients in endoscopy room in Gastroenterology Department of Hospital and University Center of Cocody (Abidjan), then stored. From October to December 2016, laboratory tests were performed in Bacteriology-Virology department, molecular biology platform of Institute Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, and sequencing platform at Eurofins (Cochin, France). Methodology: Helicobacter pylori DNA was extracted directly from stored gastric biopsies. Detection of 23S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin was done through conventional PCR and was quantified using a NanoDrop® spectrophotometer, Lite (Thermo Fischer Scientific, USA), followed by sequencing from Eurofins, MWG / operon (Cochin, France). The reference strains used for sequence comparison were selected from NCBI's Genbank's database with the accession number U27270.1. Results: A new unreported T> C substitution was identified at 100% (3/3) at position 2616 (T2616C) compared to the reference strain. Conclusion: The presence of a constant mutation, not yet described in 23S rRNA gene does require monitoring when the frequency of this mutation is probably responsible for future generations of mutant clones.

Tieghemella heckelii (Sapotaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Africa, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire for treating various diseases including infections. Identification of prospective antibacterial compounds from stem bark of this plant as a result of its medicinal virtue, led to screening activity against methicillin resistant bacteria.

Objective: To determine the frequency of extended-spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) and other antibioticsresistant bacteria in urinary tract isolates.Study Design: prospective and experimental study.Methodology: Place and duration of study :YalgadoOuedraogo University Hospital Center, Charles De Gaulle Pediatric Hospital Center, Saint Camille Hospital and National Public Health Laboratory, Ouagadougou, from November 2014 to October 2015.AllEnterobacteriaceaestrains isolated from urinary samples of patients were identifiedusing API 20E chemical gallery (BioMerieux, France). All strains were subjected to an array of 14 antibiotics to study their drug susceptibility by using Kirby- Baeurdisk diffusion method. Detection of ESBL was carried out by double disk diffusion technique. Statistical analysis was performed by Microsoft Excel and Anova one-way GrapPad Prism version 5.01. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine significance. A p˂ 0.05was considered to be statistically significant.Results: A total of 324 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were identified during the study period, including211(65%) E. coli, 75 (23%)Klebsiella spp., 18 (6%) Enterobacter spp., 11 (3%)Proteus spp., 5 (2%) Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. 3 (1%).All the clinical isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Resistance to amikacinwas 14% (45/324); gentamicin 54% (175/324); tobramycin 58% (187/324); nalidixic acid 72% (234/324),ciprofloxacin 63% (204/324) and to cotrimoxazole 83% (269/324).The overall rate of the EBSL producing strains was 35% (114/324). Their susceptibility to antibiotics was (imipenem,amikacin, cefoxitin and fosfomycin) 100% (114/114), 93% (106/114), 74% (84/114) and 84% (96/114) respectively. ESBL positivity within individual organism group was highest inEscherichia coli 64% (73/324) followed byKlebsiellaspp. 28% (32/324), Enterobacterspp. 3% (4/324), Proteus spp. and Citrobacterspp. 2% (2/324).Conclusion: The results showeda high frequency of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae, especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaspp. The data points to theneed of routine detection and surveillance of ESBL producing bacteria in Burkina Faso.Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Enterobacteriaceae, Urine, Burkina Faso

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of selection of amoxicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the digestive microbiota of piglets during oral and intramuscular administration of amoxicillin.Methodology and Results: Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae was carried out on MacConkey agar with and without amoxicillin. E. coli isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test. The percentages of amoxicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae before treatment were between 10-13% for the three groups of piglets. After starting treatment of amoxicillin, from day 1 to day 4, the percentages of resistant Enterobacteriaceae were between 54 to 81% for the intramuscular treated groups and 58 to 87% for those treated orally. In the control group, percentage was 11%. During days of treatments, the percentage of amoxicillin-resistant E. coli strains to the associated antibiotics evolved during the treatments. In the control piglets, the percentages of E. coli resistant antibiotics did not increase.Conclusion and application of findings: Administration of oral amoxicillin resulted in a greater selection of resistant enterobacteria in the digestive microbiota of piglets than those induced by the intramuscular route. Escherichia coli, an important strain in animal and human pathology, was the target of detection in this selection of these resistant enterobacteria. They constitute a public health risk due to the transfer of resistance genes from pathogenic bacteria of porcine origin to the human digestive flora via the food chain. The results obtained from this study are part of a bacterial resistance monitoring policy that will prevent pig farmers from Côte d’Ivoire, the majority user of these antibiotics.Keywords: Piglets, Enterobacteriaceae, Amoxicillin, Resistance, Digestive microbiota

The Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and the Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) are Poxviruses involved in viruses skin lesions in humans. OPV infects many vertebrates and MCV mainly infects humans. A diagnostic confusion is often observed between the clinical lesions due to the different Poxviruses firstly and secondly with other viruses like the virus of the chickenpox. In Côte d'Ivoire, the diagnosis of MCV remains essentially clinical and that of OPV is non-existent despite the risk of circulation of the virus. This study aims to implementthe molecular detection of the OPV and the MVC in Côte d'Ivoire. Material and method: Cowpoxvirus DNA and 21 DNA extracts from suspicious cutaneous lesions of the MCV were analyzed by conventional PCR. The consensus primers (EACP1, EACP2) designed from the surface hemagglutin gene were used for the detection of the OPVs and the primers (MCV1, MCV2) targeting the K fragment of the MCV were used for the MCV’s detection . A growing dilution series of the Cowpoxvirus DNA and the MCV allowed the study of the method’s sensitivity used. The DNAs of S.aureus, M. ulcerans, VZV, HSV, the Measles virus and Varicella virus were used for the specificity tests. Results: The detection of the OPV from the Cowpoxvirus viral strain was positive with a positivity threshold at 10-1 dilution. That of the MCV DNA from the suspected MCV's lesion was positive with a positivity threshold of up to 10 -6 dilution. No non-specific amplification was observed with the DNAs of the other pathogens responsible for lesions Cutaneous. The clinical diagnosis of the MCV was confirmed by PCR in 18 out of the 21 patients, ie 85.71%. On the 3 patients with a negative MCV PCR, 2 were positive for the OPV PCR , reflecting the risk of confusion between clinical lesions due to Poxviruses.Keyvords: Molecular diagnostic, Poxviruses, West Africa

antibiotic-resistance in Enterococcus isolates related to erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. ABSTRACT Background: Enterococcus spp., belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria, are Gram-positive ubiquitous commensals of the intestines of human beings as well as warm-blooded animals. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from lettuce and irrigation water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: A total of 72 samples, including leaves of lettuce (n=36) and irrigation water (n=36) were randomly collected from three different agricultural sites located in Abidjan city, Côte d'Ivoire. After microbial analysis and identification of Enterococcus spp. by culturing and biochemical methods, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed by statistical processing software R (R 3.0 for Windows). Results: E. faecalis was recognized as the most prevalent strain which was found in 27 out of 36 (75%) lettuce as well as 29 out of 36 (80.5%) irrigation water samples. The mean Enterococcus load of lettuces and irrigation water samples were 2.3±0.7 and 3.6±2 log Colony Forming Unit per g lettuce, respectively. Among 45 studied enterococci isolates, the most antibiotic-resistance rates were related to erythromycin (54%) and also co-trimoxazole (49%). Conclusion: There is a considerable public health concern regarding raw consumption of lettuce cultivated in Abidjan city which can cause gastroenteritis diseases in consumers.