ABSTRACT A clean, well‐organized and comprehensive dataset developed in accordance with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable), provides a solid foundation for a new research initiative and supports open science. In this context, also legacy, deep boreholes data represent a valuable and unrepeatable source of geological and geophysical information to recover. This article presents the digitalization of legacy well documentation originally available only as scanned images, resulting in a dataset of 30 files, derived by an accurate digitalization workflow carried out on exploration boreholes documentation. The latter was collected across the offshore area between Pesaro‐Fano in the Adriatic Sea, a region that has experienced significant seismic activity, including the 9 November 2022 Mw 5.5 Fano‐Pesaro earthquake sequence. Such data were originally gathered as scanned images extracted from vintage raster files (PDF format), publicly available on the Italian ViDEPI Project website (www.videpi.com). Despite their findability and accessibility are straightforward, their interoperability and reusability are severely limited, due to variable image quality, non‐editable contents and obsolete stratigraphic nomenclature. Such wells are named from northwest to southeast as follows: Boheme 01, Tamara 01, Pesaro Mare 03, Pesaro Mare 04, Malachite 01, Cornelia 01 and Elga 01. The digitalization was carried out at high fidelity with respect to the original data, reassessing the relevant well stratigraphy by taking into account all the handwritten comments found inside the original images. Only minor reinterpretations based on lithology, depositional environment and age, were made. Some local formation names were updated, aligned and thus correlated with modern and officially recognized regional stratigraphic units. The digitalization also includes spontaneous potential, resistivity and sonic logs of the Tamara 01 and Boheme 01 wells. Such digitized data were successively stored in open and standard formats (CSV and LAS). Nowadays, these datasets are freely accessible and carry substantial significance as a foundation of earthquake studies, for enhancing geological and geophysical models, depicting the stratigraphic, structural and geophysical characteristics of the study area. Notable potential use includes, among others, seismotectonic studies, gas and CO2 storage, basinal analysis, stratigraphic and paleogeographic investigations within the region. Digitizing such legacy data reduces the risk of data loss, improves modernization and accessibility, supports interoperability and collaboration. It also enables easier quality control and facilitates future reuse, especially when integrated with other data sources such as seismic surveys, production data and reservoir models.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely recognized for its ability to collect high-resolution datasets. For this reason, this method is applied across various fields, including Cultural Heritage, where the conservation and preservation of historical buildings are essential for multiple purposes. Nevertheless, the complexity of internal structures and the lack of a priori information on masonry walls can make the interpretation of processed data particularly challenging. In such cases, numerical modelling serves as a valuable tool to qualitatively validate hypothesis. In this study, numerical modelling was employed to support the early-stage evaluation of GPR profiles collected at the historical Castellina Museum (Norcia) which was damaged by strong earthquakes occurred during 2016-2017 in Central Italy.

In regions characterized by high seismic hazard, historical masonry buildings are periodically shaked and damaged by strong earthquakes. Their conservation represents one of the major challenges for scientific research and society, especially when resilient heritages have high artistic and cultural values. After destructive instrumental and historical earthquakes, such historic constructions were subjected to restorations and changes of their original configuration.The evaluation of masonry mechanical for the analysis of static and dynamic behaviour of historic structures is conventionally done using invasive methods. However, also the application of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques (e.g. geomatic and geophysical ones) is progressively growing, to reduce the amount of invasive interventions. GPR is one of the non-invasive techniques providing high-resolution images, also used for masonry wall diagnostics.We carried out a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey at the Castellina Museum in Norcia, an historical bounding located in the city centre, damaged by the long-lasting seismic sequence occurred in 2016-2017 (mainshock Mw=6.5). We aimed to obtain non-destructive information on the internal structure of a masonry wall located at the ground floor, being the facade of a formerly existing (later incorporated) edifice, named Palazzo del Podestà. Based on the results of preliminary Sonic tests (ST) surveys, investigating the homogeneity degree of the masonry, possible voids, cracks and degraded areas, we collected several Common Offset GPR profiles, using 1 GHz and 1.5 GHz antennas. The results clearly show the backside of the walls, as well as their heterogenous internal structure. GPR mapping also show a very variable signature across different wall sectors, showing a significant amplitude decay of the main reflections due to an increase of the electrical conductivity, possibly linked to moisture changes or degraded sectors. Further geophysical investigations and chemical analysis will be achieved to shed light on these hypotheses and to assess the state of conservation of the masonry, for a proper design of subsequent remediation interventions.This project is founded by the Università degli Studi di Perugia (Finanziamento di Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo Anno 2021, P.I. Prof.ssa Carla Falluomini, WP 2-4). The authors thanks the Municipality of Norcia for their kind support and collaboration).

Studying the subsurface geology in offshore areas is a complex task, as it is impossible or very challenging directly accessing any eventual outcrops at the study site. The integration of key seismic reflection and borehole data is therefore fundamental, even if only available as legacy data on paper hard copy and/or characterized by an apparent low quality. However, such data are often the only ones available, and can still provide a high amount of detailed information for building a reliable geological model to be compared with and discussed about the seismicity distribution in active areas. In this work, legacy seismic reflection profiles calibrated with boreholes are used to propose a new geological model of the frontal part of the Northern Apennines area struck by the 2022 Fano-Pesaro Mw 5.5 earthquake sequence (Adriatic Sea, Italy). The legacy seismic data were digitized and converted to SEG-Y format, and a basic post-stack filtering was applied to enhance data quality. The observed tectonic structures originate from multiple d & eacute;collements located at different depths and show a strong relationship between the faulting depth and the wavelength of the anticlines. Two structures, namely the Pesaro and the Cornelia anticlines, are interpreted as being related to deep-seated thrusts, showing an en-echelon arrangement and thin-skinned deformation. A smaller wavelength structure, namely the Tamara antiform, is interpreted to be associated with shallow-seated imbricated fore-verging thrusts in the forelimb of the Pesaro anticline. We highlight the importance of constructing a well-constrained geological model by integrating legacy geological and geophysical data, aimed at studying offshore seismotectonic settings.

This research combines non-invasive technologies with engineering analysis to assess the internal structure and elasticity of historical masonry walls of the Castellina Museum in Norcia (Italy), recently damaged by 2016 earthquake. The study focuses on using sonic tests (ST) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) to investigate the texture and uniformity of the masonry, aiming to identify cracks, voids, and damaged zones. ST uses elastic waves propagation measuring speed through the wall at various points, thus deriving a map of the mechanical properties’ variation. GPR uses electromagnetic waves reflections to image the internal structure of the wall and detect anomalies. The results of this integrated approach allowed to examine the degradation of the masonry analysed.

In this paper, the combined use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) is illustrated to highlight multiple advantages arising from the integration of these two distinct Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques in the investigation of a historical wall. In particular, thanks to the TLS point cloud, a precise evaluation of the medium’s thickness, as well as its irregularities, was carried out. Based on this accurate geometrical constraint, a first-order velocity model, to be used for a time-to-depth conversion and for a post-stack GPR data migration, was computed. Moreover, a joint visualization of both datasets (GPR and TLS) was achieved in a novel tridimensional workspace. This solution provided a more straightforward and efficient way of testing the reliability of the combined results, proving the efficiency of the proposed method in the estimation of a velocity model, especially in comparison to conventional GPR methods. This demonstrates how the integration of different remote sensing methodologies can yield a more solid interpretation, taking into account the uncertainties related to the geometrical irregularities of the external wall’s surface and the inner structure generating complex GPR signatures.

Over the past three decades, remote sensing techniques, particularly Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR), have been used to investigate ground deformation phenomena accurately. The DInSAR method is extensively adopted for reconstructing the deformation pattern induced by earthquakes and for discerning the seismogenic fault, particularly in cases where field evidence are not comprehensive.This study focuses on the application of DInSAR method to the 2016 Mw 6.5 mainshock occurred in the Apennines, central Italy. The earthquake produced a complex surface rupture distribution in a wide area which was meticulously examined by field geologists for a long time after the seismic sequence.Here, we present detailed maps of the surface deformation pattern produced by the M. Vettore Fault System (VFS) during the October 2016 earthquakes, derived from ALOS-2 SAR data via DInSAR technique. On these maps, we trace a set of cross-sections to analyse the coseismic vertical displacement, essential to identify both surface fault ruptures and off-fault deformations. At a local scale, several coseismic ruptures are identified in agreement with previous field observations. On a larger scale, the VFS hanging-wall displays a long-wavelength upward-convex curvature, less evident toward the south and interrupted by the presence of an antithetic NE-dipping fault. The quantitative comparison between DInSAR- and field-derived vertical displacement highlights the reliability of the approach for constraining ruptures with vertical displacement up to 50-60 cm. The rapid detection of deformation patterns using DInSAR provides crucial information on activated fault segments, their distribution, and interaction shortly after seismic events. The proposed workflow, applicable globally with satellite SAR data, can support geological field surveys during seismic crises and offer rapid insights into surface ruptures essential for emergency management in not easily accessible areas.

We present a Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis (PFDHA) for a strategic dam located in the Upper Tiber Valley (Northern Apennines of Italy) claimed to be sited on a supposed capable fault (Montedoglio fault). We verify the seismic capability of the Montedoglio fault through detailed geological and geophysical analyses. We find no evidence for considering the Montedoglio fault as an active and capable structure, the fault being constituted by a system of discontinuous parallel faults, apparently inactive since more than 56 +/- 3 ka, and likely unable to nucleate strong surface rupturing earthquakes. Since the dam lies on the hanging wall of the closest major active fault of the area (Anghiari normal fault, similar to 1.5 km away), we investigate the likelihood of having distributed faulting at the dam's site in case of a strong surface-rupturing earthquake occurring on the Anghiari fault. We apply a probabilistic approach to obtain hazard curves of exceedance of vertical displacement at the dam's site for different rupture scenarios. We show that the mean hazard curve is always below an annual frequency of exceedance of 1 x 10(-5), corresponding to displacement values below 1 cm over 100,000 years of return period. The study highlights several weaknesses and uncertainties in using PFDHA with state-of-the-art models, suggesting the need for improvements to enhance their applicability in earthquake engineering geology practice.

The current generation of rovers exploring Mars for traces of life feature tools for subsurface sampling capabilities. This addition to the sampling capabilities of the martian rovers is crucial for the search for life. In fact, in the subsurface life is more likely to be protected from the harsh radiation environment present on the surface. The sampling of subsurface materials started with the analysis of the first millimeters of unweathered rocks being pulverized or abraded (NASA/MSL), evolved with the extraction of small cores from the first 10 centimeters (NASA/Mars2020), and will continue with the exploratory drilling of ESA's ExoMars 2022 which is capable of reaching 2 meters of depth. The proper planning and interpretation of measurements below the topographic surface require a model of the subsurface. Geological models are digital representations of subsurface structures generated by the sequence in time of processes putting in place different rocks and terrains. Geologic cross-sections are an example of bi-dimensional modeling that extends observations taken at the surface. Modern geologic models are commonly developed in three dimensions and used for terrestrial resource exploration, seismic analyses, and hydrologic simulations. The key to a good geologic model is the integration of measurements taken by different instruments. For ExoMars 2022, observations at the surface will be extended at depth by the spectrometer Ma_MISS which will read the mineralogical composition down to two meters, and the radar WISDOM which will collect geophysical images of the terrain down to ten meters or more. In this work, we explore different methods to generate geological models of the subsurface of areas at Oxia Planum and a selection of analog outcrops at different scales.

In March 2021, a compressional earthquake sequence (mainshock Mw 5.2) occurred in the Central Adriatic Sea, offshore Croatia. The struck area is characterized by a complex tectonic settings due to due interaction between tectonic and halokinetic structures. Former studies in this region, mostly based on geophysical and seismological data, do not provide a comprehensive description of the geological complexities of the area, caused by the presence of different types of active structures. Following the interpretation and depth conversion of a set of seismic reflection profiles, we present a kinematic restoration to obtain the shortening rates for the last 6 Myr. We highlight the presence of three main types of active structures: i) shallow thrusts and related folds deforming the seafloor, ii) deep thrusts promoting large-scale deformation, iii) halokinetic structures deforming, at least, the Messinian. We highlight how the structural setting of the area is more complex than previously interpreted, with a possible decoupling of shallow and deep structures and an interaction between tectonic and halokinetic structures. This work opens new perspectives about the role of halokinetic processes in active seismogenic areas.

This paper sheds light on the structural architecture and tectonic evolution of the Campania-Lucania segment of the Southern Apennines orogen through an integrated analysis of mostly unpublished and partly published (CROP-04 line) seismic reflection profiles, exploratory well logs and geologic-structural relations among the lithostratigraphic units of this region. The pre-orogenic Mesozoic-Neogene carbonate platform, margin-slope and basinal units that compose the upper orogenic level (Apennines fold and thrust belt) were detached from their basement during Miocene thrusting and form a heterogenous multilayer that was thrust above the Apulian foreland platform. The Apulian Platform itself was involved in Pliocene thick-skinned thrusting that controlled the style and localization of Quaternary transtension and extension. The velocity data from sonic logs, the well stratigraphy, and the seismic reflection facies were integrated through an accurate well-to-seismic tie, allowing the building of a specific velocity model for the time-to-depth conversion. We identified different seismic units with distinctive reflections attributes, which were assigned to the lithostratigraphic units logged in the wells. Our analysis documents the stratigraphic-structural arrangement of the thin-skinned thrusts sheets (Liguride Basin, Apennine Platform and Lagonegro-Molise Basin units) that form the Apennines fold and thrust belt. These units show strong lateral thickness changes because of both the original depositional environments and the noncoaxial deformation stages. In contrast, the underlying Apulian Platform is characterized by a regional anticlinorium (-30-50 km wavelength) that, based on our new reconstruction, extends further west than hitherto known. The anticlinorium exhibits shorter-wavelength (<10 km) anticlines limited by N- to NE-verging thrust ramps, whose high dip (-45 degrees) suggests they root in the crystalline basement. Our work provides a sound link between surface and subsurface structural setting and an improvement of the geometry of the Apulian Platform, with important implications for structural and seismotectonic models of the region.

A multidisciplinary approach including archaeological, geophysical, and geological/geomorphological surveys provided pieces of evidence that allowed us to identify the Sibari fault zone (SFZ) in Northern Calabria (Italy). The SFZ runs in a - NE -SW direction for a length of -18 km from the Ionian coastline to Terranova da Sibari and has an oblique normal -dextral kinematics. The envelope of the SFZ is derived from several direct and indirect evidence resulting in subparallel and locally en -echelon fault traces over a maximum 500 m -wide band, running at different elevations across hills and flat lands. The SFZ was active since at least the Middle -Upper Pleistocene, producing faulting of alluvial deposits, marine terraces, drainage incisions, and the archaeological structures of Sybaris. Given the fault length and assuming a seismogenic behavior, the SFZ is a primary earthquake source possibly producing moderate to large earthquakes (M >= 6). We calculated the average slip rates along the SFZ based on the ages and on the accumulated displacements of offset streams and marine terraces. The estimates are of 0.05-0.18 mm/yr and 0.41-0.70 mm/yr for vertical and dextral slip, respectively. Based on both the measured (min. 30 cm) and the expected value (av. 40 cm) of lateral slip per event, we infer an average recurrence for surface faulting events on the SFZ of about 700-1000 yrs. The most recent surface faulting earthquake occurred on the fault is dated 1300-1100 yrs. ago, highlighting that the elapsed time approaches the estimated average recurrence. Considering these findings, the newly recognized SFZ should be included among the faults that contain a potential seismic hazard in this poorly known portion of the Ionian sector of northern Calabria.

In the last three decades, remote sensing techniques, such as Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR), have been exploited for investigating, with high accuracy, ground displacement phenomena. Large seismic events can trigger deformations at the surface, which are controlled by the active faults and the intercepted lithologies. In 2016-2017, a long earthquake sequence struck the Apennines in central Italy, producing impressive surface ruptures attributed to the 24 August Mw 6.0 and 30 October Mw 6.5 mainshocks. These ruptures were investigated and mapped by field geologists soon after the earthquakes, and during the following years also by remote sensing data. We present detailed maps of the surface deformation pattern produced by the M. Vettore Fault System (VFS) during the October 2016 earthquakes. The DInSAR analysis has been retrieved from ALOS-2 SAR data, via the Parallel Small BAseline Subsets (P-SBAS) algorithm. At the local scale, we identify a large number of surface ruptures, most of which already observed in the field. At the large scale, we trace a set of five geological cross-sections to inspect a possible link between the coseismic vertical displacement, the lithology distribution and the tectonic structures of the area (i.e., thrusts, normal faults). On these sections, we also project the seismicity distribution recorded during October 2016. The integration of such datasets allows the recognition of an important geological control in the overall distribution of the deformation, which shows maximum values in correspondence of the carbonatic multilayer and minimum values within the clastic succession. The distribution of seismicity allows also us to distinguish seismogenic by aseismic slip associated with fault ruptures. Along the sections, we observe a typical long-wavelength convex curvature of the subsiding block, not directly recognizable in the field. In the area of maximum subsidence, this curvature is interrupted by an anthitetic fault at which is not associated with any seismicity. In addition, we observe that further deformation is localized at the footwall of the VFS, corresponding to the hangingwall block of an important thrust fault, where shallow seismicity was also recorded. Here, we observe that the coseismic deformation tends to decrease toward the outcropping thrust. In the south sector, instead, we do not observe a control of regional thrusts acting as a barrier to the deformation. The results of this work demonstrate that the integration of surface geology, remote sensing data and seismicity, can lead to a better understanding of the influence of geological structures on the distribution of the surface deformation associated with earthquakes.

Fault displacement can be a source of hazard for critical infrastructures located in the nearby of a capable fault. This issue is usually addressed with zonation and avoidance strategies, but sometime the facilities have not this option. An alternative approach to assess likelihood of exceeding a certain level of displacement for pre-existing infrastructures is the Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis. Different empirical approaches have been proposed since the early 2000s to assess the probability of occurrence and the probability of exceedance of certain values of displacement, for both Primary and Distributed faulting, starting from the fault parameters. We propose the methodological approach used to gain the needed parameters and the results of the PFDHA applied to the Anghiari Fault, a poorly constrained NE-dipping segmented normal fault located in the Upper Tiber Valley (Italy) and belonging to the well-known Altotiberina low-angle normal fault system.In order to constrain the fault geometry and to select sites suitable for paleoseismologic trenching we performed geological survey, morphotectonic analysis and geophysical investigations. To assess the capability of the fault and its rate of activity we carried out a paleoseimic campaign, investigating several segments of the Anghiari fault. To obtain a multiscale evaluation of the fault slip rate, we collected samples to date paleosurfaces displaced by the fault with the cosmogenic nuclides methodology. At the end we performed the PFDHA obtaining curves and maps of hazard for both primary and distributed faulting, managing the uncertainties through various rupture scenario involving different fault segment.

Reflection seismic is the best active geophysical method to constrain the geometry and kinematics of faults at depth. In some specific areas, seismic profiles derived from industry or from past research programs can be nowadays still used in seismotectonic studies to link the surface faults traces with hypocentral earthquake sources. Deep reflection seismic profiles such as the ones recorded in the framework of the Italian “CROP” aimed shed light on the deep subsurface structures, despite the high levels of random noise hampering the seismic interpretation. Also the CROP-04 “Agropoli-Barletta”, seismic transect acquired from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic Sea across the Southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt and the foreland system, is strongly affected by random noise. Various geological interpretations based on this data are available in literature, as this seismic profile crosses important active faults such as the Irpinia fault, which produced the destructive 1980 Mw 6.9 earthquake. Aiming to improve the data quality, by reducing the noise, to perform a structural interpretation of its shallower sector, we applied a dedicated workflow encompassing pre-conditioning filters, selected seismic attributes and co-rendered views. Following this workflow we have considerably enhanced the reflection patterns and the overall data interpretability, unveil a dense and complex sets of normal faults, thus imaging tectonic structures which were invisible in the original CROP-04. In addition, the master faults mapped at surface well matches the seismic signature. The reprocessed profile displays also clear low-angle W-dipping thrusts and deep regional features, contributing to better understanding the complex subsurface geology of the Southern Apennines. Our advances interpretation strategy is able to efficiently revive deep legacy data like the CROP, which are unique and nowadays hardly to repeat. New important insights across seismically active areas worldwide can be obtained reproposing this workflow in other contexts, extending to depth the surface evidences of outcropping faults as well as revealing unknown structures to survey with targeted fieldwork mapping.

The NE‐dipping Anghiari normal fault, bounding to the west the Sansepolcro basin in the Upper Tiber Valley (northern Apennines), is thought to be a synthetic splay of the Altotiberina low‐angle normal fault (LANF), an active ENE‐dipping extensional detachment whose seismogenic behavior is debated. In order to assess the Anghiari fault capability to break the surface during strong earthquakes and be the source of historical earthquakes, we acquired high resolution topographic data, performed field survey and geophysical investigations (Seismic reflection, Ground Penetrating Radar, Electrical Resistivity Tomography) and dug three paleoseismological trenches across different fault sections of the Anghiari fault. The acquired data reveal for the first time the Late Pleistocene to historical activity of the Anghiari fault, constraining the age of seven paleo‐earthquakes over the last 25 ka, the youngest of which is comparable with one of the poorly constrained historical earthquakes of the Sansepolcro basin. The yielded slip rate is >0.2 mm/yr averaged over the last 25 ka and the recurrence interval is about 2,500–3,200 years. An analysis of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility performed in one of the paleoseismological trenches revealed an extensional stress field, continuously acting during the sedimentation of the entire trenched stratigraphy. Our results confirm the ability of the Anghiari fault to generate surface faulting earthquakes. In addition, if the Anghiari fault does sole at depth into the Altotiberina low‐angle normal fault, this LANF could also be seismogenic and generate M > 6.

Legacy seismic reflection data constitute infrastructure of tremendous value for basic research. This is especially relevant in seismically hazardous areas, as such datasets can significantly contribute to the seismotectonic characterization of the region. The quality of the data and the resulting image can be effectively improved by using modern tools, such as pre-conditioning techniques and seismic attributes. The latter are extensively used by the hydrocarbon exploration industry, but are still only poorly applied to the study of active faults. Pre-conditioning filters are effective in removing random noise, which hampers the detection of subtle geologic structures (i.e., normal faults). In this study, a workflow including pre-conditioning and extraction of seismic attributes is used to improve the quality of the CROP-04 deep seismic reflection profile. CROP-04 was acquired in the 1980s across the Southern Apennines mountain range, one of the most hazardous seismically active regions in Italy. The results show the capacity of this method to extract, from low-resolution legacy data, subtle seismic fabrics that correspond to a dense network of fault sets. These seismic signatures and the enhanced discontinuities disrupting the reflections, which were invisible in the original data, correlate well with the main regional normal faults outcropping at the surface. Moreover, the data reveal higher structural complexity, due to many secondary synthetic and antithetic structures, knowledge of which is useful in modeling of the local and regional distribution of the deformation and potentially in guiding future field mapping of active faults. This proposed approach and workflow can be extended to seismotectonic studies of other high-hazard regions worldwide, where seismic reflection data are available.

Geophysical surveys are a noninvasive reliable tool to improve geological models without requiring extensive in situ borehole campaigns. The usage of seismic refraction tomography (SRT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and borehole data for calibrating is very appropriate to define landslide body geometries; however, it is still only used occasionally. We present here the case of a Spanish Pyrenees slow-moving landslide, where ERT, SRT and lithological log data were integrated to obtain a geological three-dimensional model. The high contrasts of P-wave velocity and electrical resistivity values of the upper materials (colluvial debris and clayey siltstone) provided accurate information on the geometry of the materials involved in the landslide body, as well as the sliding surface. Geophysical prospecting allowed us to identify the critical sliding surface over a large area and at a reduced cost and, therefore, gives the geophysical method an advantage over borehole data. The three-dimensional model was used to carry out stability analyses of a landslide in 2D and 3D, which, coherently with previous studies, reveal that the lower part is more unstable than the upper units.

We test a seismic nonstationary Gabor deconvolution (GD) algorithm on synthetic and experimental ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to evaluate how well this algorithm increases vertical resolution and removes attenuation effects from GPR data. Our field data set has been collected across a seismogenic fault in Central Italy, detecting this tectonic structure several years before the 2016–2017 seismic sequence which struck the region and produced coseismic ruptures along the same fault trace. We find that GPR mixed-phase data respond very well to the application of GD in comparison with the conventional and more standard Wiener-spiking deconvolution workflows. We observe a clear increase of the coherence and sharpness of reflection events as well as of hyperbolic diffractions in the fault zone. Gabor-processed GPR data significantly increase the GPR potential to image active Quaternary faults, therefore contributing to the definition of seismotectonic context and to seismic hazard assessment of a study region. We propose the use of the GD to increase interpretability of GPR profiles not only for the identification of tectonic structures but also to achieve high-quality images of the near surface in many GPR applications.

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