We applied an integrative taxonomic approach combining multilocus phylogenetics, morphoanatomical analyses, and multivariate statistics to reassess the diversity of the Trichostomum brachydontium complex in South America. Analyses of five molecular markers (ITS, atpB-rbcL, trnG, trnL-F, rps4) and 67 morphological characters revealed that specimens traditionally identified as T. brachydontium represent 11 distinct lineages, none matching the diagnostic traits of T. brachydontium sensu stricto. Accordingly, T. brachydontium is excluded from the South American flora. Ten lineages exhibit significant phenotypic differentiation supported by PCA, LDA (accuracy = 96.6%), and hierarchical clustering. Until further studies, four of them are recognized as T. antillarum, T. basilatinervium, T. hondurense and T. termitarum. Our results highlight cryptic speciation and biogeographic divergence between European and South American populations, underscoring the need for taxonomic revision. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses confirm the placement of T. involutum within the genus Trichostomum. We propose a new combination: Neotrichostomum jamaicense (Mitt.) M.J. Cano, M.T. Gallego & Omar Rodr., comb. nov. The known distribution of Trichostomum antillarum is here substantially expanded across South America, T. hondurense is newly recorded in South America, and T. termitarum is reported from Argentina for the first time.

Barbulastrum linearifolium, Husnotiella asperifolia, Leptodontium stellaticuspis, Mironia ehrenbergiana, Syntrichia ramosissima, S. robusta and Trichostomopsis challaensis are reported for the first time from Peru, and Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum is new for the Neotropics. In addition, the distribution of Leptodontium proliferum and Tortula arequipensis in this country is updated.

A new moss species, Trichostomum basilatinervium sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the Mediterranean region of Chile. Trichostomum basilatinervium is distinguished morphologically from other Trichostomum species by its imbricate leaves towards the stem base, appressed, sometimes contorted, with the apical ones incurved and crispate when dry, margins weakly denticulate or crenulate at the transitional area, lamina prolonging towards the mucro, costa broadest at base, in crosssection with 8-16 guide cells in two incomplete layers, usually with pairs of guide cells at the edges, and gymnostomous capsules. Drawings and light microscope photographs of the new species are provided, and possible confusion with other closely related taxa is discussed. Distribution of the new species is mapped.

The ongoing morphological and molecular analyses of the genus Trichostomum in South America has allowed us to study some specimens from Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay that do not match with any Pottiaceae species presently recognized in these countries. We originally identified them as Hyophila loxorhyncha, a neglected taxon known only from the type locality and a few others Brazilian localities. The phylogenetic position of this species is inferred based on the new specimens by the nuclear ITS sequences. This analysis resolves the species in the clade corresponding to the genus Trichostomum, supporting its new combination as T. loxorhynchum. We present a complete description of this species, its distribution map, and its main distinctive morphological characters. Lectotypes are also proposed for Hyophila loxorhyncha and Gymnostomum jamesonii. Trichostomum loxorhynchum is newly reported from Bolivia and Paraguay. The distribution of Tainoa subcucullata is here updated excluding South America.

Brachythecium turgidum (Hartm.) Kindb. is currently known in the Iberian Peninsula only from a few localities in the Pyrenees. In this work a new locality is reported for southern Spain (Granada, Sierra Nevada), that represents an important disjunction of the species in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. Its ecological behavior is described and some fundamental taxonomical characters for its identification are corroborated and illustrated.

This work addresses for the first time the study of the bryophyte flora in three concatenated bioclimatic belts (Meso, Supra and Oromediterranean) in the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Southern Spain). A total of 146 species have been identified, contributing six new records to the bryophyte flora of the Sierra Nevada National Park, of which Mnium stellare Hedw. and Syntrichia sinensis (Mul.Hal.) Ochyra stand out. Seven families with the highest ratio of species have been found, highlighting the Pottiaceae and Brachytheciaceae families. The total number and share of species in each belt have been evaluated, resulting in the Supramediterranean belt as having the greatest floristic richness. The ratio of species growing in the six most frequent habitats occupied by bryophytes in the area, and the number of species in each of these habitats, for each bioclimatic belt have been analyzed. Finally, the bioclimatic belts have been characterized based on the most relevant data on the bryophyte flora and the predominance of each habitat in them. The Supra and Oromediterr & aacute;nean bioclimatic belts present the most striking characteristics in terms of flora and habitats with the greatest number of species.

IntroductionDuring field studies along the northern coast of Chile, we encountered a specimen of Pseudocrossidium with a unique combination of morphological traits. Here, we present morphological and phylogenetic evidence supporting its recognition as a new species.MethodsThe morphology of the putative new taxon was analysed and compared with that of related species. Additionally, we examined available type material of all globally recognised taxa within this genus. A phylogenetic analysis using the nuclear ITS region was performed.Key results and conclusionsPseudocrossidium atacamensis is described and illustrated as a new moss species. It is readily distinguished from all congeners by its ovate-triangular to suborbicular leaves, which are appressed-imbricate when dry, with narrowly recurved margins in the upper midleaf, a costa frequently spurred near the apex, the upper and middle laminal paracostal cells with denser and more branched papillae on the dorsal surface than on the ventral, and scarcely differentiated upper and middle marginal leaf cells compared with inner ones. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS) loci confirms the placement of the new species within Pseudocrossidium and suggests a close relationship with the Chilean P. chilense, forming a clade with P. adustum and Aloinella. The new species is diagnosed, described, illustrated, mapped, and compared with similar and closely related taxa.

Introduction During exploration of the central Chilean bryophyte flora over the past 10 years, especially during the wet winter months, a species of Acaulon was collected that did not match any of the known species of the genus. Here, we present our arguments for recognising these plants as a new moss species. Methods The new taxon was compared morphologically with the species of Acaulon currently recognised. In addition, most of the type material of the taxa attributed to this genus was studied. Key results and conclusions Acaulon chilense is described and illustrated as a new moss species from Chile. It is characterised by its reddish coloration, papillose distal laminal cells, costa with homogeneous cells, strongly thickened dorsal cell walls, spores less than 30 mu m in diameter, and rhizoautoicous sexuality. The morphological similarities with closely related species are discussed. A distribution map of the new species is provided. This taxon is relatively common, appearing during the wet winter months in the Mediterranean climate areas of the lowlands of central Chile.

Barbula schensiana, endemic to China is transferred to the genus Didymodon as D. schensianus. It is shown that B. schensiana and its variety longifolia has incorrectly been considered conspecific with Didymodon vinealis and D. constrictus, respectively. Examination of other type specimens from East Asia such as Didymodon guangdongensis, Barbula altipes, Barbula nipponica and B. nipponica var. gracilis revealed that are new synonyms of D. schensianus. The range of the species is extended to Japan, Taiwan and Philippines. The species is described, lectotypified, illustrated and its distribution is mapped. Its distinction from and relationships with, similar species are discussed.

Aloina catillum is a variable moss typical of xerophytic environments in the Neotropics, characterized against other closely allied Aloina species with well-differentiated leaf border by its setae twisted to the left throughout. In order to clarify its variability and its relationships with the allied species with differentiated leaf border A. brevirostris, A. obliquifolia, and A. rigida, we performed an integrative study including sequence data from four markers (nuclear ITS, plastid atpB-rbcL, trnG, trnL-F), morphometry, and species assembling by automatic partitioning (ASAP) algorithm. Our data suggest that A. catillum consists of at least three species: A. calceolifolia (an earlier name for A. catillum), and two species described here as a new, A. bracteata sp. nov. and A. limbata sp. nov. This latter species includes the specimens previously identified as A. obliquifolia from South America. Additionally, some morphological and molecular variability was also detected in A. limbata, but was not consistent enough to be recognized taxonomically. The study supports the presence of A. brevirostris in the Neotropics and A. rigida is tentatively excluded from South America. Full descriptions of the A. catillum s.l. species and a diagnostic key to this complex in South America are provided.

Se estudia la flora briofítica del territorio más occidental de la Serranía de Ronda (Málaga, España), a través de recolecciones en 30 localidades. Un total de 169 taxones componen la diversidad briofítica encontrada, de los cuales 133 son musgos, 2 antocerotas y 34 hepáticas. Campylopus pilifer Brid., Mesoptychia turbinata (Raddi) L. Söderstr. & Váňa y Frullania teneriffae (F. Weber) Nees se citan por vez primera de la provincia de Málaga. Se confirma la existencia en Málaga de Fissidens serrulatus Brid. y se cita por segunda vez Racomitrium heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid. Brachytheciastrum collinum (Schleich. ex Müll. Hal.) Ignatov & Huttunen, citado en la provincia, se excluye de la flora del territorio, limitándose su existencia, en Andalucía, a Sierra Nevada (Granada). Se constata que un conjunto de localidades estudiadas aquí y conocidas genéricamente como La Sauceda (Cortes de la Frontera) recogen una flora briofítica excepcional en el sur de España, tanto por la rareza de sus especies en la península Ibérica, como por su corología atlántico-macaronésica.

IntroductionDuring exploration of the central Chile bryophyte flora over the past decade, particularly during the wet winter months, a new species of Weissia with persistent protonemata and immersed, cleistocarpic capsules was found. Here we describe the new species.MethodsThe new taxon was compared morphologically with the species of Weissia and Trachycarpidium currently recognised. In addition, most of the type material of the taxa attributed to these genera has been studied.Key results and conclusionsWeissia nicogarciae is described and illustrated as a new moss species from central Chile. It inhabits relict coastal sclerophyllous forests and is currently known from two single localities in the Valpara & iacute;so and Bernardo O'Higgins Regions. The new species is characterised by plants that are less than 5 mm tall and arise from a persistent protonema, cleistocarpic immersed capsules that readily detach from the mother plant, polyoicous sexuality, and oblong-lanceolate leaves with a strongly differentiated hyaline base and a robust costa with dorsal and ventral stereid bands excurrent into a stout mucro.

Samples of a species of Ditrichum collected in the mining basin of the Oraque River (Huelva, southern Spain) have been studied morphologically and compared with the closest species, such as D. lineare, D. plumbicola and D. cornubicum. The phylogenetic position of the Iberian samples inferred from ITS sequences shows that these samples are neither D. lineare nor D. plumbicola, from which they are also morphologically separated, but they are very similar to Ditrichum cornubicum, a species described growing in disused copper mine soils. Its known distribution was previously restricted to Great Britain and Ireland. The existence of D. cornubicum is tentatively proposed in the Iberian Peninsula, where it is also found in altered soils rich in heavy metals originating from mining activity.

A partir del estudio de muestras recolectadas en los últimos años y revisión de especímenes de herbario, se aportan un total de 23 novedades corológicas provinciales para España. Hyophila involuta, una especie conocida únicamente de una localidad ibérica en el valle de Baztán en Navarra, se cita aquí de cinco nuevas localidades, siendo novedad para Cantabria y País Vasco. Destaca también el hallazgo de Didymodon desertorum que es novedad para Castilla y León, Cataluña y Galicia. Se aporta, además, una nueva localidad para Scopelophila cataractae especie catalogada como vulnerable en España. From the study of specimens collected in recent years and the revision of herbarium specimens, a total of 23 provincial chorological novelties for Spain are provided. Hyophila involuta, a species known only from one Iberian locality in the valley of Baztan in Navarra, is reported here from five new localities, being novelty for the Cantabria and Basque Country. Also noteworthy is the disco very of Didymodon desertorum which is new for Castille and León, Catalonia, and Galicia. In addition, a new locality is added for Scopelophila cataractae, a species listed as vulnerable in Spain.

The mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene, also called DNA barcoding, is a useful tool that complements morphological identification of species. Since nucleotide sequences from Culicidae of Argentina are limited, it is difficult to make comparisons with data from other countries present in databases due to inconsistencies or large genetic distances that are usually observed. In this work, five species of mosquitoes suspected to be vectors of Yellow fever virus were morphologically identified, confirmed by DNA barcoding and registered to the GenBank. Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyar & Shannon) COI sequences are the first obtained from specimens collected in Argentina. This study provides new sequences of the mosquito fauna in the region, which can be used as an additional resource in the taxonomic identification of Culicidae.

Philonotis hastata (Duby) Wijk & Margad., a pantropical species, is recorded for the first time on the European continent in a subtropical Mediterranean climate zone in the province of Malaga (Spain). Based on the collected samples, the taxon is described and illustrated and some differential characters are noted. The phylogenetic position of the Iberian plants is inferred on the basis of ITS sequences since until now the phylogenetic placement of this taxon has not been dis-cussed.

Introduction. During field studies in Argentina, we collected a specimen of Aloina Kindb. that did not match any of the known species of the genus. Here we present our arguments for recognising this moss as a new species.Methods. The morphology of the new taxon was compared with that of the species of Aloina presently recognised. In addition, most of the type material of the taxa attributed to this genus in the world has been studied.Key results and conclusions. Aloina scindulosa M.J.Cano, J.A.Jiménez & M.T.Gallego is described and illustrated as a new moss species from four localities in the Monte Desert area of Argentina. It is distinct from all other members of the genus in the combination of its lingulate leaves with unbordered margins, rectangular and slightly sheathing leaf bases, leaves ending in a long, hyaline, papillose hair-point near the leaf apex, the costa scarcely differentiated, in cross-section with no stereids, and the upper and middle laminal cells and costal surface dorsally prorate in the upper midleaf. Possible confusion with other species of the genus is discussed. A key to the South American species of Aloina is provided.

Weissia balansae, a Melanesian, Australian and south-eastern Asiatic species, is reported for the first time from Africa and, accordingly, is established as a palaeotropical amphi-Indian Ocean disjunct. In addition, four species of Pottiaceae are novelties for the moss flora of the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo (Anoectangium stracheyanum, Chenia leptophylla, Hydrogonium consanguineum, Streptopogon amphidiaceus), one for Chad (Helicobarbula porphyreoneura) and one for the Republic of Guinea (Scopelophila cataractae). Four new records of Streblotrichum convolutum are provided from Tanganyika and Haut-Katanga Provinces in the Democratic Repub-lic of the Congo. Taxonomic, nomenclatural and phytogeographical comments are presented for the species concerned and global distribution maps are provided for Streptopogon amphidiaceus and Weissia balansae.