A 90-day controlled feeding study was undertaken at the College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mathura, to evaluate the influence of dietary vanadium supplementation on nutrient utilisation and mineral assimilation in indigenous Hariana heifers. There were three dietary groups: control (no vanadium), T1 (2.5 ppm vanadium), and T2 (5.0 ppm vanadium), with supplementation provided via sodium metavanadate; 18 animals were evenly assigned giving six replications for each diet. During the concluding phase of the study a digestion trial was conducted to assess nutrient digestibility and mineral absorption. Statistical analysis revealed no significant variations (P > 0.05) among the groups concerning digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Likewise, intake of digestible nutrients and overall body weight gain remained unaffected by vanadium supplementation. Although numerical increases in vanadium and iron absorption were observed in the supplemented groups, these differences were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that vanadium inclusion at 2.5 and 5.0 ppm levels does not significantly alter nutrient utilisation or mineral absorption in Hariana heifers maintained under standard feeding conditions.

Minerals are essential for growth and reproduction and are involved in a large number of digestive, physiological and biosynthetic processes within the body. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) on the growth performance and nutrients utilization of calves during transition period. A total of 24 Sahiwal calves were randomly allocated into four groups (having six calves in each group) and fed for a transition period of 120 days (15 days of calf age to 135 days of calf age). Experimental calves either received a basal (devoid of supplemental Cr, Zn and Mg as control group) or supplemented with 0.15 mg Cr picolinate/kg BW0.75, 80 mg Zn/calf/day and 1.5 g Mg/calf/day. Experimental calves were monitored daily for feed intake and fortnightly for growth performance. At the end of the study, a digestion trial with 7 days collection period was conducted to study the effect of different treatments on nutrients utilization and mineral absorption. Results indicated that dietary Cr, Zn and Mg supplementation did not exert any effect on growth performance, dry matter intake (DMI), feed intake to gain ratio and apparent nutrient digestibility. However, the absorption of Cr, Zn and Mg was significantly (P<0.05) greater in its respective supplemented group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cr, Zn, or Mg in Sahiwal calves during transition period did not influence growth performance, feed intake or nutrient digestibility but selectively enhanced mineral absorption.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of urea and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE) treatmenton in-vitro digestibility and fermentation attributes of paddy straw. In this study, in vitro degradabilityof nutrients in paddy straw as an effect of treatment of urea and EFE at various levels (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0,4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 % of urea and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0 g/kg DM of EFE) weretested. For selecting the best levels of urea and EFE, test samples were incubated with strained rumenliquor and different dosages levels were studied on rumen fermentation parameters like total gas productionalong with in vitro DM and OM digestibility, ammonia nitrogen, pH and some calculated parameterssuch as partitioning factor (PF), microbial biomass production (MBP) and efficiency of microbial proteinsynthesis (EMPS) by incorporation of urea and EFE treated paddy straw. The result showed significantimprovement on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD),in vitro total gas production (IVTGP), MBP and PF at 4% and 8 g/kg DM of urea and EFE treatment levelin comparison to other levels. The optimum results were obtained at 4% and 8 g/kg DM of urea and EFEtreated paddy straw, hence a 4% and 8 g/kg DM dosage, respectively may be selected for in vivo study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of boron (B) supplementation on bone health markers, antioxidant and immune status in growing heifers. Twenty-four Hariana heifers (10 to 24 months of age) were distributed into four groups, each consisting of six animals, by a 2 × 2 factorial design. The control group (C1) received a basal diet, while the experimental groups received either normal calcium (Ca) with 200 ppm boron (T1), low calcium (30

Aims: The present study was undertaken to assess and characterise linear type traits in Hariana cattle using the linear type scoring system of the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR, 2018). Study Design: A descriptive observational study was conducted on 30 lactating Hariana cows to evaluate 18 linear type traits representing body, feet and legs, udder, and teat conformation. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, In, from March to December 2025. Methodology: Linear type traits were recorded following ICAR (2018) guidelines. Measurable traits were recorded using standard measuring instruments, whereas angularity, rear legs rear view, front teat placement, and rear teat placement were assessed visually. Each cow was evaluated three times during lactation. For measurable traits, the observed range between the minimum and maximum values was divided into nine equal intervals, and individual observations were assigned scores on a 1-9 linear scale. Average score points (ASP), standard errors, mean values, and frequency distributions were calculated to characterise trait expression. Results: The ASP values for stature, chest width, body depth, rump width, rump angle, angularity, rear legs rear view, rear legs set, and foot angle were 5.36, 5.59, 5.14, 4.39, 5.59, 5.42, 6.73, 4.86, and 5.09, respectively. The corresponding values for fore udder attachment, front teat placement, rear teat placement, teat length, udder depth, rear udder height, central ligament, rear udder width, and teat thickness were 5.29, 5.05, 5.47, 3.86, 5.48, 3.73, 4.90, 3.59, and 4.67, respectively. Most traits showed intermediate expression, while rear legs rear view tended towards parallel hind-leg alignment. Conclusion: Most linear type traits in Hariana cows showed intermediate expression, with variation among individual traits. The findings provide baseline information on Hariana cattle conformation and may support further evaluation of these traits for their potential use in selection and breed improvement programmes.

Background: Fibre is digested in the foregut of all ruminant animals by the microbes present. Digestibility of fibres of crop residues is low along with significant loss of feed energy as methane. Sulfate is reduced in the rumen by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and stimulates microbial growth with an increase in rumen microbial protein supply to the host animal. Essential oils (EOs) are among the most important plant-derived products, frequently responsible for the health-promoting qualities of various species. Both essential oils from fennel and clove exhibited pronounced and varying degree of growth inhibition against fungal and bacterial pathogens. Microbial digestion in the rumen can be improved by using these feed additives. Therefore, in the current study a combination of herbal feed additive and sulfate test in in vivo trial for their effect on nutrient utilization and performance of calves. Methods: Twenty four growing cattle calves (12 male Haryana, 8 male Sahiwal, 4 female Sahiwal calves) were distributed into four groups with six animals each in a randomized block design. Control (C) group was not supplemented with any extra things other than the present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI), T2 group was supplemented with sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI and group T3 were supplemented with diet containing herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) and sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI. The basal diet offered to experimental groups contains 40% concentrate and 60% wheat straw. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. Result: Overall body weight, DMI (kg/day), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W) were found to be similar in the treatment as well as control group. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of either herbal feed additive and/or sulfate supplementation. ADGs were similar in all groups. FCR was not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) may be used as an alternate electron acceptor and rumen modifier in high roughage-based ration as it does not have any harmful effect on growth and nutrient utilization on cattle calves.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the effects of herbal feed additives and sodium sulphate on nutrient utilization and growth performance in growing Sahiwal cattle calves. A total of twenty calves were randomly assigned to four groups: The control group (C) received no feed additives, while Group T1 was supplemented with herbal feed additives, Foeniculum vulgare seeds, and Terminalia chebula fruits, @ 1% of DMI (1:1 ratio both). Group T2 was provided with Na2SO4 at 0.5% of DMI, and Group T3 received both herbal feed additives and sodium sulfate at the same rates, respectively. The basal diet offered to experimental groups consists of 50% concentrate and 50% roughage. The experiment lasted 90 days, during which daily dry matter intake and fortnightly body weight changes were recorded. A digestion trial was conducted over six days at the end of the study to assess nutrient digestibility. The results indicated no significant differences in body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, or dry matter intake among the groups throughout the study. The initial and final body weights were similar across all groups, and the average daily gain remained consistent. Nutrient digestibility, assessed during the digestion trial, showed higher mean values for various nutrients in supplemented groups; however, these differences were not statistically significant. In conclusion, supplementing herbal feed additives and sodium sulphate did not significantly impact the calves' growth performance or nutrient digestibility.

The present study was conducted to see the effect of inorganic and nano Se supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in Hariana heifers. In present study, control group was not supplemented with any extra amount of Se other than present in the basal diet, T1 group was supplemented with inorganic Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered, while T2 group was supplemented with nano Se @ 0.3 mg/kg of DM offered. Basal diet offered to experimental groups containing 50% concentrate, 35% green jowar fodder and 15% wheat straw. DM was offered to all experimental group at about 3.5% of the body weight of animals. All groups of animals were fed with basal diet having same levels of nutrients. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. DMI (kg/day), DMI (kg/100kg BW), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75) and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) remained similar in all experimental groups. Nutrient digestibility and digestible nutrient intake were not impacted by supplementation of different levels of inorganic and nano Se supplementation to all treatment groups. Average fortnight body weight gain, ADG, metabolic body weight gain was similar in all groups. FCR and FCE were not significantly different between treatment and control group. So, it can be finally concluded that supplementation of Se either from inorganic or by nano source did not exert any adverse effect on growth performance and nutrient utilization.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of herbal feed additives and sulfate supplementation on the hematology, biochemical, antioxidant status and immune response of growing cattle calves. Twenty-four growing cattle calves (12 male Haryana, 8 male Sahiwal, 4 female Sahiwal calves) of 4 to 16 months of age were distributed into four groups with six animals each in a randomized block design. Control (C) group was fed on basal diet without any feed additive, T1 group was fed on basal diet with herbal feed additive (Fennel + Clove oleoresin; CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI), T2 group was supplemented with sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI, and group T3 was fed on basal diet with herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) and sulfate @ 0.075% of DMI. The basal diet consists of 40% concentrate and 60% wheat straw daily. Body weight and dry matter intake were recorded fortnightly. Overall body weight, DMI (kg/day), TDN intake (g/kg W0.75), and DCP intake (g/kg W0.75) were similar in the treatment as well as control group. Hematological parameters like blood hemoglobin concentration and PCV percentage were not impacted by herbal feed additive and sulfate supplementation. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol concentration were found non-significant, plasma total protein, Plasma albumin, plasma globulin and PUN concentration were also not affected (P>0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma bilirubin, plasma creatinine were found normal in range and not significantly different (P>0.05) between the groups. Total immunoglobulin level and antioxidant activity remain similar in all the groups (P>0.05). It may be concluded that supplementation of herbal feed additive (Fennel + CLO; @ 1.0% of DMI) may be used as rumen modifiers without any adverse effect in the cattle calves.

This 100-day transition phase study was started at 15 days of age and ended at 115 days of calves’ age. A total of 24 Hariana calves were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6), i.e., without supplemental chromium (Cr) as control or 0.05 mg, 0.10 mg, and 0.15 mg Cr/kg BW0.75 groups. Treatment has no effect on the average daily gain (ADG) and body condition score (BCS). The dynamics of blood biomarkers were studied at 0, 30, 60, 70, 80, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, and 100 days post-Cr supplementation. In the present study, plasma glucose, insulin, insulin: glucose ratio, and IRS-1 were used as biomarkers of insulin sensitivity while BHBA, NEFA and IGF-1 were used as biomarker of rumen development. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) with the advancement of age of calf and levels were lowest (p < 0.05) in the calves fed on a diet supplemented with highest Cr level (0.15 mg of Cr/kg BW0.75). However, insulin: glucose ratio was found to be greater (p < 0.05) in the calves receiving diet supplemented with Cr. Treatment, period and treatment × period interaction had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on plasma IRS-1 concentrations. Plasma IRS-1 concentration increased with the increase in supplementation level of Cr. A non significant effect of the treatment, period, and treatment × period interaction was observed on plasma BHBA and NEFA levels. However, a significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment, period, and treatment × period interaction on plasma IGF-1 concentrations with greater (p < 0.05) plasma IGF-1 concentration in 0.15 mg of Cr/kg BW0.75 supplemented calves. Accordingly, as the level of Cr supplementation increased, plasma Cr concentration also increased and was noticed highest in the calves supplemented with 0.15 mg of Cr/kg BW0.75. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of Cr helps in the smooth transitioning of calves from pre-ruminant to ruminant stage by improving insulin sensitivity and modulating biomarkers of rumen development.

The current study was designed to investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of organic and nano zinc on the performance of Sahiwal heifers. A total of twenty young Sahiwal heifers were randomly assigned into four groups having five animals based on body weight and age for a period of 90 days. The control group was given on a basal diet whereas, group T1 was supplemented basal diet with 40mg/kg DM Zn glycinate, group T2 was supplemented basal diet with 40mg/kg DM Zn peptide, and group T3 was supplemented with a basal diet with 20mg/kg DM nano Zn oxide. The dietary requirements of the heifers were adequately met by providing a ration consisting of concentrate, jowar (Sorghum) fodder, and wheat straw in a 50:30:20 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis.No effect on DMI, Feed conversion ratio (FCR), Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) but ADG was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the nano zinc-supplemented group. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) on blood parameters except MCHC which was significantly higher in nano zinc supplemented groups. Treatment groups showed significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma globulin, ALP, glucose and lower bilirubin, PUN whereas, no significant effect (P>0.05) was found on albumin, total protein, triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, and creatinine. No effect on plasma minerals except serum zinc level. SOD, FRAP, and total plasma immunoglobulin concentrations were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group. Finally, it may be concluded that nano Zn supplementation @20ppm and Zn pep @40ppm can be supplemented in heifer’s diet for better performance without adversely affecting nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and antioxidant status.

The present study was performed to observe the differential patterns in mineralo -physiological attributes of Sahiwal and Hariana cows during their pre-partum vaginal prolapse. During the experimental period of five months, a total of five Sahiwal and no Hariana cows were found to be suffering from pre-partum vaginal prolapse. The physiological and mineral attributes of prolapsed Sahiwal cows were compared with those of healthy Sahiwal and Hariana cows. In present study, plasma concentration of calcium and phosphorus in Sahiwal cows (6.10±0.64, 3.90±0.37 mg/dl, respectively) was found to be significantly (p<0.01) lower as compared to healthy Sahiwal (10.68± 0.64 and 7.62± 0.37mg/dl, respectively) and healthy Hariana cows (10.20± 0.64 and 7.17± 0.37mg/dl, respectively). Moreover, the plasma concentration of sodium (154.40±2.36 mEq/L) in affected Sahiwal cows was observed to be significantly (p<0.01) elevated than those in healthy Sahiwal (133.40± 2.36mEq/L) and healthy Hariana cows (135.20± 2.36 mEq/L). However, a decrease (P=0.07) in plasma concentration of sodium was only observed in affected Sahiwal cows during different stages of recovery. None of the physiological attributes were found to be affected in prolapsed cows. Thus, hypocalcaemia and hypophosphatamia during advanced stage of pregnancy in Sahiwal cows may be the tentative cause of pre partum vaginal prolapse.

Aim: To study and examine the resource use pattern, resource use efficiency and different production and marketing constraints faced by the onion growers in Haveri district of Karnataka. Study Design: A multistage random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of villages and sample respondents in the study area. Fifty farmers each from both Ranebennur and Haveri taluks were contacted using a random sampling procedure for the collection of data on the production of onion Place and Duration of Study: Primary data on onion production were collected from two major onion-producing taluks viz., Ranebennur and Haveri for the period 2022-23. Methodology: Cobb-Douglas production function and Garret ranking technique were used to analyse resource use efficiency and constraints in onion production. Results: It is that the allocative efficiency ratio exceeded unity for expenditure on plant protection chemicals (21.03) and human labour (3.60). This observation indicated an under-utilization of these resources, suggesting that enhancing their application could increase the yield. Conversely, the efficiency for seed and FYM was slightly lesser than unity and was negative for fertilizer input, suggesting the over-utilization of these resources. Under production constraints, high seed costs ranked first with a mean score of 72.5, while price fluctuation earned the highest mean score of 70.71 among marketing constraints.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nano copper (nano Cu) and nano zinc (nano Zn) supplementation on the biomarkers of immunity and antioxidant and health status attributes in young dairy calves. Twenty-four young cattle calves were randomly assigned into four groups (6 calves per group) on a body weight and age basis for a period of 120 days. The feeding regimen was the same in all the groups except that these were supplemented with 0.0 mg nano Cu and nano Zn (control), 10 mg nano Cu (nanoCu10), 32 mg nano Zn (nanoZn32), and a combination of nano Cu and nano Zn (nanoCu10 + nanoZn32) per kg dry matter (DM) basis in four respective groups. Supplementation of nano Cu along with nano Zn improves immune response which was evidenced from higher immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), total immunoglobulin (TIg), and Zn sulphate turbidity (ZST) units and lower plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cortisol in the nanoCu10 + nanoZn32 group. There was no effect of treatment on the plasma concentrations of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Antioxidant status was also better in the nanoCu10 + nanoZn32 group as evidenced by lower concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and total antioxidant status (TAS). However, treatment did not exert any effect on catalase (CAT) activity. Although the nano Cu or nano Zn supplementation, either alone or in combination, did not exert any effect on growth performance or body condition score (BCS), the frequency of diarrhoea and incidence of diarrhoea were lower, while faecal consistency score (FCS) and attitude score were better in the nanoCu10 + nanoZn32 groups. In the control group, one calf was found affected with joint illness and two calves were found affected with navel illness. During the experimental period, none of the calves in all four groups were found to be affected by pneumonia. The findings of this study revealed that dietary supplementation of nano Cu in combination with nano Zn improved the health status of young dairy calves by improving immunity and antioxidant status.

Background: The reduction in insulin sensitivity during rumen development may predispose dairy calves towards lactose intolerance, which could be the reason behind neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD). Chromium (Cr) results in a range of effects when fed to ruminants, but most studies have shown improved insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lactose intolerance, diarrhoea and antioxidant, and immune response in young Hariana calves.Methods: A total of 20 milk-fed Hariana calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments, each consisted of 10 calves: (1) a control group without supplemental Cr and (2) a 0.15 mg Cr as Cr-picolinate (CrPic)/kg BW0.75 supplemented group (Cr-0.15).Results: A more rapid glucose disappearance with unaltered insulin kinetics during intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and oral lactose tolerance test (OLTT) indicates greater insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves. Better insulin sensitivity in Cr supplemented calves was further confirmed by higher values of the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and lower (P < 0.05) values of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glucose-to-insulin ratio in Cr supplemented calves during IVGTT. Cr supplementation resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) serum cortisol concentration, whereas serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations during IVGTT did not differ among the groups. The rise in serum glucose concentrations within 2 h post lactose infusion during OLTT peaked at more than twice the basal glucose con-centration, therefore calves were not considered as lactose intolerant. Within monthly blood samples, concen-trations of serum insulin were similar among treatments, whereas the Cr supplemented group had lower (P < 0.05) serum glucose concentration and glucose-to-insulin ratio compared with the control group. No treatment differences were detected in the biomarkers of antioxidant status and immunity. Serum Cr concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in Cr supplemented calves while concentrations of other studied minerals were remained unaltered. The incidence, duration of diarrhea, and faecal score were better (P < 0.05) in calves fed on Cr supplemented diet whereas, no treatment effect was observed on average daily gain (ADG). During the study period, no calves died, and no calves were found to have pneumonia, navel or joint disease.Conclusion: Feeding a Cr-supplemented diet improved insulin sensitivity and reduced the risk of diarrhoea in milk-fed young calves, but had no or minimal effects on lactose intolerance, antioxidant status, immune response, and growth performance.

The present investigation was undertaken to access first lactation total milk yield, first lactation length, productive life, herd life and total life. Breeding information were used from the history sheet registers and herd inventory registers of Hariana cattle maintained at DUVASU farm, Mathura and Babugarh farm, Hapur. The data of productive animals with date of calving from 1966 to 2018 and date of birth from 1962 to 2013 were collected for the study. The overall averages for FLTMY, FLL, PL, HL and TL were estimated as 971.2±16.9 litres, 328.2±3.8 days, 2019.1±42.1 days, 2251.8±43.9 days and 3915.7±44.2 days, respectively. The overall least-squares mean of 961.3±24.1 litres, 331.6±5.9 days, 2285.2±64.9 days, 2489.9±69.1 days and 4219.4±70.0 days was observed respectively for the above traits. Season of calving had significant effect on first lactation length and period of calving had significant effect on first lactation total milk. Farm, period of birth and AFC age group had significant effect on PL, HL and TL of Hariana cattle. The heritability for FLTMY and FLL was moderate to high in Hariana cattle.