The purpose of this work is to examine the heat transfer enhancement in the flow of hybrid nanofluids through a stretching curved surface. The flow behaviour of hybrid nanofluids is influenced by the synergistic effects of porous medium, quadratic thermal radiation, Darcy-Forchheimer drag, non-uniform heat generation/absorption, temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and velocity slip condition. The hybrid nanofluids for the present model are composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as nanoparticles, and ethylene glycol-water (C2H6O2-H2O) and kerosene oil (KO) as base fluids. The Legendre wavelet collocation method (LWCM) is implemented to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations. From the outcomes, it is observed that with escalating radiation factor, the heat transfer rate of kerosene oil-based hybrid nanofluid is better than that of C2H6O2-H2O-based hybrid nanofluid. It is seen that on increasing the volume fraction of SWCNT-MWCNT in C2H6O2-H2O from 1 % to 10%, the heat transfer enhancement is from 74.1 % to 82.77%, while in the case of kerosene oil, it increased from 83.57 % to 92.68 %. Overall, heat transfer performance is better using kerosene oil as a base fluid. The incorporation of quadratic radiation and non-uniform heat sources simulates real-world scenarios like solar thermal energy harvesting, where radiation intensity and internal heating vary spatially. This work is applicable for optimizing heat transfer in fuel-based thermal management systems such as engines and turbines.

This paper aims to implement an area efficient 2-parallel FIR digital filter. Xilinx 14.2 is used for synthesis and simulation. Parallel filters are designed by using VHDL. Comparison among primary 2–parallel FIR digital filter and area efficient 2-parallel FIR digital filter has been done. Since adders are less weight in term of silicon area, compare to multipliers. Therefore multipliers are replaced with adders for reducing area and speed of the filter. 2-parallel FIR filter is used in digital signal processing (DSP) application.

Recent interest in advanced nanofluids led to AA7072-AA7075 alloy nanoparticles' incorporation in EG-H2O base fluids. These hybrids offer enhanced thermal conductivity. Coupled with the Cattaneo-Christov (C-C) model, which elucidates transient thermal behavior, this approach promises improved heat transfer efficiency, which is vital for diverse engineering applications. These include enhanced heat transfer in cooling systems, manufacturing processes, solar thermal systems, enhanced oil recovery, aerospace technologies, and renewable energy systems. This research presents a semi-analytical method for investigating the heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid over an inclined porous stretched sheet under the influence of a magnetic field, non-linear radiation, linear and exponential heat source/sink with convective heating, and slip conditions. For assessing the thermal propagation time, the Cattaneo-Christov model is used. The Legendre wavelet collocation technique (LWCT) is also used, which employs an operational matrix of integration (OMI) and is capable of producing more accurate findings than other approaches. The hybrid nanofluid is made up of nanoparticles AA7072 and AA7075, as well as ethylene glycol and water (50%-50%) as the base fluid. The heat transfer enhancement is determined to be 19.46% when the volume fraction is increased from 2% to 10%. It is also clear that the thermal relaxation parameter reduces the thermal profile, whereas linear and exponential heat sources improve it. It is also noted that the velocity profile for the horizontal sheet decreases with volume fraction but increases for the vertical sheet.

Microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) belong to one of the most prominent methods of passive cooling of microelectronics. In this work, a circular microchannel-based MCHS was installed over a microelectronic mimicking heated surface, which was subjected to 50 to 125 kW/m2, and the convective cooling of MCHS was studied using nanofluids of copper (Cu) and carbon nanotube (CNT) [both at 0.05 wt

This investigation is an approach to setup an analytical solution of steady plane allied MHD fluid flow having infinite electrical conductivity in a rotating frame through porous media by Martin’s method. The governing non-linearequations of the fluid flow are transformed into a new form called Martin’s form by employing differential geometry where the curvilinear co-ordinates (Φ, Ψ) in the plane of flow shows that, the co-ordinate lines Ψ are the streamlines of flow and the co-ordinate lines Φ are arbitrary constants. Exact solution is obtained and velocity,vorticity, current density magnetic field and pressure distribution are found out. Also, the diagrams have been plotted to sketch the streamline patterns and to study variation of pressure function with angular velocity.

This study presents a comprehensive numerical and statistical analysis of the flow, heat/mass transfer management of Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluid over a bidirectional Darcy-Forchheimer stretching sheet. The external effects of MHD, Joule heating, thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, Brownian motion, thermal diffusion and chemical reaction are taken into account. It is presumed that the thermal conductivity of fluid varies linearly with temperature. The non-linear coupled P.D.Es are converted into nonlinear coupled O.D.Es using similarity transformation. These equations are solved using MATLAB by implementing four-stage Lobatto IIIa formula and the outcomes of numerous flow parameters are presented graphically. In addition to numerical investigations, a comprehensive statistical analysis is performed using R-software to evaluate the sensitivity of key input parameters towards variable thermal conductivity. The values of local wall friction, local wall heat flux, and wall mass flux for various parameters are tabulated. The study reveals that the heat transmission is significant for dilatant fluids (156.8%) when compared to the pseudoplastic fluids (113.8%). Enriching the values of the Brownian motion parameter suppresses the molecular diffusion while a contrary nature is observed for the thermal diffusion parameter. Further, the mass transfer coefficient shows a very strong negative correlation with variable thermal conductivity parameter for Shear thinning fluids, whereas for Newtonian and Shear thickening fluids it shows a very strong positive correlation.

Recent advancements in nanofluid technology have emphasized the potential of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) to significantly enhance thermal and hydrodynamic properties. The implementation of a wavy sinusoidal cylinder is proposed as a novel approach to optimize heat transfer in a variety of engineering applications. This study focuses on analysing the flow and thermal behaviour of TiO2-Al2O3-MoS2/Kerosene oil a THNF around a circular cylinder with a sinusoidal radius, demonstrating enhanced heat conduction capabilities compared to conventional hybrid nanofluids. The governing equations, formulated as partial differential equations, are solved using the bvp4c solver. The study reveals that the shape of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in heat transfer efficiency. Specifically, when the solid volume fraction increases from 1% to 3%, brick-shaped particles exhibit the lowest heat transfer enhancement of 25.80%, while blade-shaped particles achieve the highest enhancement of 68.24%. Additionally, the heat transfer coefficient improves from 1.5% to 1.8% across different nanoparticle shapes under varying dissipation parameters. Similar trends are observed in the reduction of drag force with changes in the velocity slip parameter. These findings underscore the significant impact of nanoparticle shape and volume fraction on the thermal performance of THNFs, offering valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in engineering applications.

An attempt has been made to study the Darcy–Forchheimer three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic motion of water-based nanotubes of carbon via bidirectional stretchable surface in the existence of radiation of thermal, nonuniform source of heat and Ohmic heating. Darcy's law of porous medium is usually modified by Forchheimer law. The relevant system of highly nonlinear partial differencial equations (PDEs) is transformed into a set of nonlinear coupled ordinary differencial equations (ODEs). The transformed ODEs are handled by the use of fourth-fifth order method of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg and shooting scheme. Numerical data for Nusselt numbers and coefficient of skin friction are illustrated by tables, while outcomes of the temperature are depicted by figures for different values of parameters and discussed in detail. The results show that the temperature as well as rate of heat boost with augmenting variations of nonlinear thermal radiation. The rate of heat transfer for SWCNTs-water fluid is greater than the MWCNTs-water fluid.

This study's main objective is to analyze the nonlinear convective flow behavior (velocity and temperature profiles) of a Casson hybrid nanofluid (HNF) moving close to a wedge and cone embedded in a porous media. A uniformly strong magnetic field is incorporated to the surface of the object, and the Cattaneo-Christov model is used to account the time lag factor in the heating process. When formulating the energy equation in a model, various factors are considered, including dissipation, nonuniform heat source/sink, thermal radiation, and the influence of heating caused by a magnetic field (referred to as Ohmic heating). The bvp4c solver is used to solve the governing equations. Graphs are incorporated to describe the behavior of the relevant factors, and it is demonstrated that when porosity and the magnetic parameter increase, the temperature profile rises in both heat source and sink instances. Also, thermal relaxation and the wall temperature parameter negatively correlate with temperature field. Additionally, the wedge has a superior temperature profile while acting as a heat sink than the cone does when acting as a heat source. This study also revealed that the rate of heat transfer is higher for increasing value of thermal Grashof number and suction parameter for both (cone and wedge) in both the case. On boosting the strength of magnetic parameter and thermal relaxation parameter the value of local skin friction coefficient dwindles.

The current research is concerned with unsteady boundary lamina flow in a porous material adjacent to a stretching-sheet, as well as a related heat transfer problem. The controlling PDEs and ODEs boundary layer for flow and for temperature by distribution were reduced using the similarity transformation method. These equations are solved numerically. MATLAB was used to conduct a numerical analysis of the influence of several Key parameters on rate distribution, distribution of temperature, pore, and friction of the skin, and rate of heat transformation on the Stretch sheet.

The unsteady flow of fluids is crucial for real-world applications, efficiency and performance optimisation in various sectors, such as engineering, environmental impact research and developing technologies. Shape of nanoparticles in hybrid nanofluids is important for optimising energy applications and customising the performance of the nanofluid as it has effect on heat transport, material characteristics and stability. Considering the importance of unsteady flow and the shape factor of the nanoparticles, the present study aims to explore the solution of the unsteady flow problem of hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface embedded within the porous medium. This study deals with the shape factor analysis by considering four shapes: brick, lamina, platelet and blade. The Legendre wavelet collocation technique is implemented to obtain the solution of the problem. It is revealed by creating a pie chart that the thermal conductivity is found to be maximum for lamina-shaped nanoparticles (i.e., 32 _2 from 1 to 10

The theme of this research is to attain the numerical solution of magnetized GP-MoS2/C2H6O2-H2O unsteady flow over a stretching surface, using Legendre Wavelet Collocation Technique (LWCT). The authors incorporate Legendre wavelet basis functions and its operational matrix of integration (OMI) in LWCT, which gives precise solutions for non-linear ODEs using MATLAB software. In this study, the conventional fluid is the combination of water (H2O) and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2). The ratio of volume fraction of existing nanoparticles, i.e. graphene (GP) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is taken as 8% respectively. The impact of temperature dependent viscosity (TDV), magnetic field, suction and porosity and viscous dissipation on temperature, velocity, skin friction and heat transfer rate is incorporated. To validate the code, both tabular and graphical comparisons are presented with previous works. The results declare that the rate of heat transfer (HT) of GP-MoS2/C2H6O2-H2O is continuously augmented with rise in TDV and the Hartree pressure gradient. Moreover, the velocity outlines of GP-MoS2/C2H6O2-H2O hybrid nanofluid constantly reduces with increase in TDV, magnetic field and porosity parameter values.

This study presents a comprehensive numerical computation of heat-mass transfer characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-water suspension flow over a porous stretching sheet with an inclined magnetic field. The governing equations for fluid flow characteristics are formulated using the Sisko fluid model to capture the Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior of the nanotube-water mixture. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear dimensionless coupled ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These equations are solved using MATLAB by implementing the four-stage Lobatto IIIa formula. The comprehensive set of computations is performed to explore the influence of pertinent parameters, including Sisko fluid parameters, concentration of nanotubes, stretching sheet velocity, and porous medium characteristics on the flow, heat, and mass transfer profiles. From the graphs and statistical analysis, it is clear that the volume fraction of SWCNT and MWCNTs are strongly correlated. The investigation reveals that increasing the inclination angle affects the fluid velocity. The variation in all flow features is negligible for volume fractions of CNTs between 0% and 10% but a significant effect is observed only beyond 10%. Higher volume fractions of CNTs result in enhanced local heat transfer coefficient. This can be attributed due to the outstanding heat transfer capabilities of CNTs owing to their high thermal conductivity. However, Shear thickening fluids exhibit high heat transfer phenomena when compared to shear-thinning and Newtonian fluids. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization of CNT-based nanofluids for efficient heat and mass transfer applications in electronics cooling, heat exchangers, and solar energy systems, offering opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and device performance.

This study investigates the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a MoS 2 nanoparticle suspension in ethylene glycol over a porous stretching sheet. MoS 2 nanoparticles are known for their exceptional thermal and chemical stability which makes it convenient for enhancing the energy and mass transport properties of base fluids. Ethylene glycol, a common coolant in various industrial applications is utilized as the suspending medium due to its superior heat transfer properties. The effects of variable thermal conductivity, variable mass diffusivity, thermal radiation and thermophoresis which are crucial parameters in affecting the transport phenomena of nanofluids are taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations representing the conservation of momentum, energy, and concentration are reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. R software and MATLAB-bvp5c are used to compute the solutions. The impact of key parameters, including the nanoparticle volume fraction, magnetic field, Prandtl number, and thermophoresis parameter on the flow, heat and mass transfer rates is systematically examined. The study reveals that the presence of MoS 2 nanoparticles curbs the friction between the fluid and the solid boundary. Moreover, the variable thermal conductivity controls the rate of heat transfer and variable mass diffusivity regulates the rate of mass transfer. The numerical and statistical results computed are mutually justified via tables. The results obtained from this investigation provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of systems involving nanofluid-based heat and mass transfer processes, such as solar collectors, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers. Furthermore, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of stretching sheet systems, such as in manufacturing processes involving continuous casting or polymer film production. The incorporation of MoS 2 -C 2 H 6 O 2 nanofluids can potentially optimize temperature distribution and fluid dynamics.

Carbon nanotubes have a broad spectrum of applications in thermal management, enhanced cooling, lubricants, sensors and detections, environmental remediation, biomedical, and drug delivery. Motivated by its industrial applications, this work analyses the effects of nonuniform heat source/sink and quadratic thermal radiation on the thermal characteristics of hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet using the Legendre wavelet collocation technique (LWCT). The base fluid is found to be composed of ethylene glycol and water in the ratio of 30:70, and the nanoparticles are taken as single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in the ratio of 2% each. The thermal conductivity models, namely Xue, modified Maxwell and Hamilton-Crosser, are compared for heat transfer enhancement. From the results up to 5% volume fraction, the Xue model shows the maximum rate of heat transfer enhancement, while the above 5% Hamilton-Crosser model shows the maximum rate of heat transfer enhancement. The temperature profiles of existing hybrid nanofluid are increased with a heat source, radiation and variable thermal conductivity. Moreover, the graphs describing the local Nusselt number display the heat transfer rate depreciation with an increase in variable thermal conductivity and radiation parameters.

The unsteady flow of fluids is crucial for real-world applications, efficiency and performance optimisation in various sectors, such as engineering, environmental impact research and developing technologies. Shape of nanoparticles in hybrid nanofluids is important for optimising energy applications and customising the performance of the nanofluid as it has effect on heat transport, material characteristics and stability. Considering the importance of unsteady flow and the shape factor of the nanoparticles, the present study aims to explore the solution of the unsteady flow problem of hybrid nanofluid over a stretching surface embedded within the porous medium. This study deals with the shape factor analysis by considering four shapes: brick, lamina, platelet and blade. The Legend rewavelet collocation technique is implemented to obtain the solution of the problem. It is revealed by creating a pie chart that the thermal conductivity is found to be maximum for lamina-shaped nanoparticles (i.e., 32%) while it is minimum for brick-shaped nanoparticles (i.e., 20%). The rate of heat transfer enhancement is also presented by the waterfall graph. The graph disclosed that on increasing the volume fraction of TiO(2)from 1 to 10%, the rate of heat transfer is enhanced by 39.63%. The velocity profiles are inversely related to the temperature-dependent viscosity and velocity slip parameter.

The present work investigates use of Water and Water-based nanofluid as coolant intended to utilize them for cooling a microelectronic system with multiple processors, aka multi-chip module (MCM). The said system is not uncommon and can pose significant issues in thermal management as the thermal design is often complicated by their dense packing. Hence, in this work a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) is designed of dimensions 40 mm × 30 mm × 3 mm to be used as the cooling system of three superheated substrates operating at various heat fluxes ranging from 20 to 50 W/cm2, mimicking high performance microprocessor chips. The overall MCM is engraved at the back of MCHS and a novel design of microchannel, encompassing the heated area while minimizing the total length of microchannel, is proposed. Three coolants are tested—Water, Water + Al2O3 (Alumina) and Water + CNT (Carbon Nanotube), all at volume fraction of 3

The theme of this study is to investigate the impact of radiation with Thompson and Troian boundary slip on CNT-Fe 3 O 4 /kerosene oil (KO) hybrid nanofluid flow across a porous exponentially stretching sheet. The viscosity is considered to be temperature-dependent using Reynolds viscosity model. A comparative analysis is done for SWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 /KO and MWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 /KO. Methodology: The nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are remodeled into non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using suitable similarity transformation. To solve the non-dimensional equations, the Legendre wavelet collocation technique (LWCT) is applied. The code is validated numerically as well as graphically with previous works and found to be in good agreement with them. Findings: It has been observed that thermal profiles are enhanced with the rise in radiation and heat generation. Additionally, in comparison, the velocity profile of MWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 /KO is found superior to SWCNT-Fe 3 O 4 /KO. It is observed that heat transfer (HT) rate is enhanced by 30.11% on elevating the volume fraction of Fe 3 O 4 from 1% to 10% and is represented by a scatter plot.

A true random number generator (TRNG) based on a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) is a type of hardware-based random number generator that uses the principles of both LFSR and an ADPLL to generate random numbers. We extend an approach that uses on-chip jitter and metastability state in this study. 15-bit LFSR with ADPLL-based TRNG (15-LAT) architecture is created with the help of ring oscillators, flip-flops, ADPLL, 15-bit LFSR, and other physical devices that generate various sources of entropy. When compared to other existing TRNG designs, we established that our novel design lower the complexity as well as decreased the power usage (0.072W) due to the use of minimum FPGA hardware resources. This architecture offers better performance over conventional TRNGs and opens up possibilities to design a more efficient, low-power producing highly reliable TRNG. The architecture was tested on an Artrix-7 FPGAs evaluation board with positive results. A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is used to record the resulting pattern and FFT pattern of the corresponding wave. We provide the results of statistical analyses performed on the output bit sequence generated by our design using the MATLAB tool. The NIST SP 800-22 assessment demonstrates that the output TRNG bitstreams are unpredictable and stochastic, suggesting that the suggested architecture is better suited for cryptographic applications.