The search for natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is a central focus in sustainable poultry production. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of Sanguinarine (SA) and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS), two bioactive compounds derived from Chinese herbs, on the growth performance and immune function of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 1728 one-day-old female broilers were randomly allocated to 36 treatment groups in a 6 × 6 factorial arrangement, with factors being six levels of SA (0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.75 mg/kg) and six levels of ABPS (0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg). Over an 8-week period, growth performance indicators, including average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were monitored. Immune status was assessed through relative weights of immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen) and lymphocyte proliferation at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The results demonstrated that SA supplementation significantly improved ADG during the initial 0–2-week period, while its effects on ADFI and FCR varied across different growth stages. ABPS supplementation was most effective in reducing FCR throughout the experiment, with the optimal effect observed at 500 mg/kg. Regarding immune parameters, SA at 0.7 mg/kg yielded the highest relative immune organ weights and lymphocyte proliferation at 4 weeks, whereas 0.5 mg/kg was most effective for lymphocyte proliferation at 8 weeks. ABPS at 500 mg/kg consistently promoted immune organ development and lymphocyte proliferation. A significant synergistic interaction between SA and ABPS was identified for several key outcomes. This interaction influenced ADG and ADFI at 8 weeks of age, relative thymus weight at 4 weeks, and lymphocyte proliferation at both 4 and 8 weeks. Notably, the combination of SA at 0.5 mg/kg and ABPS at 300 mg/kg (A3B3) produced a marked enhancement in lymphocyte proliferation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SA, ABPS, or their combination can modulate growth performance and enhance immune function in yellow-feathered broilers. The effects are dose-dependent and can be synergistic, with the combination of 0.5 mg/kg SA and 300 mg/kg ABPS showing particular promise for boosting cell-mediated immunity. These findings support the potential of SA and ABPS as beneficial natural feed additives for antibiotic-free poultry production.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii garners interest for its contributions to gut microecological balance, diarrheal prevention and treatment, immune modulation, growth promotion, and meat quality enhancement in livestock. However, its impact on the gut microbiota and liver metabolism in weaned piglets is less documented. This study involved 80 Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire weaned piglets aged 28 days, randomized into two groups with four replicates each and ten piglets per replicate. Over a 28-day period, the piglets were fed either a basal diet (control group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.1% Lactobacillus delbrueckii microcapsules (≥1.0 × 1010 CFU/g) (Lactobacillus delbrueckii group). The principal findings are as follows: During the initial phase of the experiment, supplementation with Lactobacillus delbrueckii increased the levels of L-phenylalanine and L-lysine in the liver while reducing the L-alanine levels, thereby enhancing the aminoacyl–tRNA synthesis pathway in weaned piglets. In the later phase, Lactobacillus delbrueckii supplementation boosted the liver arachidonic acid content, strengthening the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in the piglets. The gut microbiota and their metabolites likely play a role in regulating these processes. These results indicate that, compared to the control group, Lactobacillus delbrueckii reduced weaning stress-induced liver damage and metabolic disorders, increased liver glycogen content, and enhanced liver antioxidant function by improving the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. Consequently, the liver functioned more healthily.

Bran is a by-product primarily derived from the milling of grains, notably wheat and rice. It is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals yet often remains underutilized in its raw form. This raw material is abundant and readily available, offering significant potential for value-added applications. In its unprocessed state, bran boasts a complex chemical composition that includes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, it also contains antinutritional components such as phytic acid and enzyme inhibitors, which may limit its nutritional efficacy. Through further processing or storage, these components can be transformed to enhance their antioxidant properties and overall nutritional value. Bran is used in both animal feed and human food applications, though its use is often hindered by its high fiber content and antinutritional factors. To maximize its utility, innovative processing techniques are required to improve its digestibility and nutrient availability. Fermentation presents a viable method for enhancing the nutritional profile of bran. This process typically employs microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down complex compounds, thereby increasing the bioavailability of nutrients. After fermentation, bran exhibits improved chemical composition and nutritional value. The process reduces antinutritional components while enriching the bran with beneficial compounds like amino acids and probiotics. Utilizing fermented bran in animal feed offers numerous advantages, including enhanced digestive health, improved nutrient absorption, and augmented disease resistance. It serves as a sustainable feed alternative that supports livestock growth while aligning with ecological goals. The processing of bran through fermentation not only maximizes its nutritional potential but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing waste. Future research should focus on optimizing fermentation techniques and exploring novel applications in both feed and food industries to fully realize the benefits of this versatile by-product.

Biological feed is a feed product developed through bioengineering technologies such as fermentation engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering, and genetic engineering. It possesses functional characteristics of high nutritional value and good palatability that can improve feed utilization, replace antibiotics, enhance the health level of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of livestock products, and promote a better breeding environment. A comprehensive review is provided on the types of biological feed, their mechanism of action, fermenting strains, fermenting raw material resources, and their current status in animal production to facilitate in-depth research and development of applications.

研究旨在对崇仁麻鸡和余干乌骨鸡的产蛋性能、蛋品质、抗氧化能力和卵泡发育水平进行比较,为地方品种的育种和改良提供基础数据.试验选用240日龄体况良好的崇仁麻鸡和余干乌骨鸡各120只,各自分为6组,每组20只.饲喂相同的基础日粮,试验期为56d.在试验第28和56天对鸡只进行翅静脉采血,用于抗氧化能力和生殖激素的检测,试验结束时收集后3 d鸡蛋用于蛋品质检测,采集卵巢用于卵泡发育相关激素受体的检测.结果显示:①崇仁麻鸡的体重和平均日采食量显著高于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05).②崇仁麻鸡的蛋黄颜色和蛋壳黄度显著高于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05),但其蛋壳亮度显著低于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05).③崇仁麻鸡的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)在试验第56天时显著高于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05),崇仁麻鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量在试验第28天时显著低于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05),而在试验第56天时高于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05).④在试验第28天时,崇仁麻鸡的雌二醇(E2)含量显著低于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05),在试验第56天时,崇仁麻鸡促黄体素(LH)含量显著高于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05).⑤崇仁麻鸡的卵巢促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH1)的含量显著低于余干乌骨鸡(P＜0.05).结果表明,崇仁麻鸡在蛋品质和抗氧化性能上优势较为突出,余干乌骨鸡在料蛋比、生殖激素和卵泡发育相关激素受体表达上更具有优势.

Microorganisms are closely related to the body’s physiological activities and growth and development of the body, and participate in many physiological metabolic activities. Analysis of the structure and source of early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans and rodents shows that early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of mammals have solid maternal characteristics, and maternal microbes play an essential role in the formation of progeny intestinal flora. The placental microbiome, maternal microbiome and breast milk microbiome are currently hot topics in the field of life science. This paper discusses the vertical transmission and endogenous sources of the mother-to-piglet microbiome through these three pathways, aiming to provide a new research idea for intervention in the intestinal microbiome in young piglets.

The current study aimed to investigate the solid-state fermentation process of Quercus liaotungensis (QL) by Bacillus subtilis (BS). The parameters included the inoculation amount, the soybean meal addition amount, the fermentation temperature and the ratio of material to water. The optimal process was determined based on the nutritional value, tannin content and DPPH clearance of QL after fermentation. The results showed that: (1) The parameters of the optimal process included inoculating 106 BS per gram of QL, then adding 10% soybean meal, the ratio of material to the water of 100:80, and temperature at 33 °C for 72 h. (2) In the optimum fermentation conditions, the crude fiber content, and the ether extract content of QL decreased by 66.94% and 66.96%, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the crude protein content and the ash content increased by 65.81% and 4.63%, respectively, after fermentation (p < 0.05). Additionally, the tannin content decreased by 62.77% (p < 0.05), and the DPPH scavenging rate decreased by 45.45% (p < 0.05) after fermentation, respectively. In summary, the QL significantly improved the nutritional value after the solid-state fermentation with BS.

试验旨在测定浓缩脱酚棉籽蛋白(CDCP)、2种酶解豆粕[50％酸溶蛋白(SP-50)、20％酸溶蛋白(SP-20)]和肠膜蛋白(DPS)饲喂生长猪消化能、代谢能和氨基酸回肠末端消化率.试验1:选用36头初始体重为(26.67±1.48)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交去势公猪,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪.各组分别饲喂玉米基础饲粮以及CDCP、2种酶解豆粕、DPS和鱼粉(FM)饲粮,采用全收粪法测定消化能和代谢能.试验2:选用12头初始体重为(15.5±0.45)kg安装T型瘘管的"杜×长×大"三元杂交去势公猪,随机分成6组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头猪.各组分别饲喂无氮饲粮以及CDCP、2种酶解豆粕、DPS和FM饲粮,采用指示剂法计算氨基酸的表观回肠末端消化率(AID)和标准回肠末端消化率(SID).结果表明:CDCP和SP-50的总能和粗蛋白质含量高于DPS;SP-20的总能高于DPS,低于FM,粗蛋白质含量低于DPS和FM.SP-50的总氨基酸AID显著高于CDCP、SP-20、DPS和FM(P<0.05),CDCP、SP-20和FM的总氨基酸AID显著高于DPS(P<0.05).CDCP、SP-50、SP-20和FM的总氨基酸SID显著高于DPS(P<0.05).由此可见,2种酶解豆粕(SP-50、SP-20)和CDCP的氨基酸AID和SID与FM相近.单就氨基酸的SID而言,SP-50、SP-20和CDCP可以作为潜在的蛋白质原料替代品应用于生长猪饲粮.

The current study aimed to investigate the evolution of gut microbiota and its influencing factors for NXP in youth. The results showed that Shannon index increased from d 21 to d 28 whereas the ACE index increased from d 21 until d 60. Firmicutes, mainly Lactobacillus dominated on d 21. The Bacteroides and Spirochetes showed highest relative abundance on d 28. Fiber-degrading bacteria, mainly Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Oscillospiraceae_UCG−002, dominated the microbial communities at d 28 and d 35. The microbial communities at d 60 and d 75 contained more Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter and Oscillospiraceae_UCG−005 than other ages, which had significantly positive correlations with acetate and total SCFAs concentration. In conclusion, the evolution of gut microbiota was mainly adapted to the change of dietary factors during NXP growth. The response of fiber-degrading bacteria at different stages may help NXP better adapt to plant-derived feeds.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary fiber intake and piglet health. Multiparous sows were randomly assigned to two groups and fed diets without inulin (control group, n = 20) or 1.6% inulin (1.6IN group, n = 20). The results indicate that 1.6IN prevented the prolonged farrowing duration of sows (P < 0.05) and shortened the average piglet birth interval (P < 0.1). In addition, 1.6IN decreased the percentage of the piglet born weak and the percentage of the piglet with hyperthermia after birth (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the 1.6IN group had a lower concentration of urea nitrogen in the colostrum, and also prevented diarrhea, increased litter gain, survival rate, and average daily gain for suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 1.6IN decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Streptococcus; increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Desulfovibrio, Paludibacter, CF231, and Prevotella. Overall, this study showed that maternal fiber nutrition during pregnancy regulated the health of offspring, and the response of the maternal intestinal microbes played an important role in intervening in the phenotype of sows and neonatal piglets.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在于评定4个品种饲料稻糙米（两优早17、中早39、陆两优996、湘早籼44）生长猪的代谢能（DE）、消化能（ME）、氨基酸表观回肠消化率（AID）和氨基酸标准回肠消化率（SID）。试验1:生长猪有效能评定。试验选取日龄、体重[（25.86±4.81） kg]相近的杜×长×大去势公猪10头,单独饲养在代谢笼内,按体重分为2个区块,每个区块5头猪。采用5×3尤登方设计,以玉米型饲粮为基础饲粮,试验饲粮采用全替代法以不同品种饲料稻糙米替代基础饲粮中的玉米。试验期共30 d。试验2:生长猪氨基酸消化率评定。试验选取日龄、体重[（20.04±3.74） kg]相近、回肠末端装有简单T型瘘管的杜×长×大去势公猪12头,按体重分为2个区块,每个区块6头猪。采用6×3尤登方设计,以玉米型饲粮为基础饲粮,试验饲粮以不同品种饲料稻糙米作为唯一氨基酸来源,并设置无氮饲粮用于测定氨基酸内源损失。试验期共21 d。结果显示:1)玉米以及4个品种饲料稻糙米之间总能表观消化率无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）;两优早17、中早39、陆两优996、湘早籼44饲料稻糙米的生长猪消化能分别为14.45、14.42、 14.13、14.16 MJ/kg,代谢能分别为13.83、 13.87、 13.46、 13.49 MJ/kg,与玉米的生长猪消化能14.49 MJ/kg和代谢能13.81 MJ/kg均无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）。2)4个品种饲料稻糙米中异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸在生长猪上的AID均显著高于玉米（P&lt;0.05）,异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸在生长猪上的SID均于显著高于玉米（P&lt;0.05）。综上所述,从有效能和氨基酸消化率上看,4个品种饲料稻糙米（两优早17、中早39、陆两优996、湘早籼44）均具有替代玉米作为生长猪能量饲料原料的潜力。</span>

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在通过消化代谢试验和回肠末端食糜采集试验对4种不同来源醋糟（江苏镇江香醋、山西老陈醋、四川阆中保宁醋和甘肃酒泉黑醋）在生长猪上的有效能值和氨基酸消化率进行评价,为其在猪生产中应用提供数据参考和科学依据。试验1选取10头80日龄且体重[（21.90±2.56） kg]相近的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交阉公猪,按照不完全拉丁方设计随机分成5组,共进行3期试验（每期试验预试期7 d,正试期3 d,试验期共30 d）,每组共6个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂玉米型基础饲粮,试验组分别以15%的4种醋糟等比例替代基础饲粮中的玉米。采用全收粪法测定4种醋糟生长猪消化能和代谢能。试验2选取12头80日龄且体重[（20.10±2.74） kg]相近的健康"杜×长×大"三元杂交阉公猪进行回肠末端简单T型瘘管安装,按照不完全拉丁方设计随机分为6组,共进行3期试验（每期试验预试期8 d,正试期2 d,试验期共30 d）,每组共6个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别以4种醋糟中的蛋白质作为饲粮氨基酸的唯一来源,无氮饲粮被用来计算基础内源性氨基酸的损失。正试期收集回肠食糜用于测定氨基酸的表观回肠消化率（AID）和标准回肠消化率（SID）。结果表明:1)以干物质为基础,江苏镇江香醋醋糟、山西老陈醋醋糟、四川阆中保宁醋醋糟、甘肃酒泉黑醋醋糟在生长猪上的消化能和代谢能分别为11.63和10.89 MJ/kg、11.70和10.90 MJ/kg、12.33和11.42 MJ/kg以及11.92和11.11 MJ/kg,且均显著低于对照组（P&lt;0.05）,4种醋糟之间有效能值差异不显著（P&gt;0.05）。2)4种不同来源醋糟饲粮粗蛋白质和总氨基酸AID和SID显著低于对照组饲粮（P&lt;0.05）,而甘肃酒泉黑醋醋糟在4种醋糟中的粗蛋白质和氨基酸消化率较高。综上所述,4种不同来源醋糟在生长猪上的有效能值和回肠末端氨基酸消化率有较大差异,其中甘肃酒泉黑醋醋糟粗蛋白质和氨基酸消化率较高。</span>

母猪的生产性能受很多因素的影响,其中日粮矿物质水平是其主要影响因素之一.钙在调控母猪的生产性能方面发挥着重要的作用.机体钙吸收的方式有3种,即主动转运、被动转运和囊泡运输,激素或者其他影响钙吸收的因素大多是通过调控钙吸收方式进而影响日粮钙的利用率.母猪对日粮钙的利用率直接影响其生产性能的发挥,一方面,适当的日粮钙水平可以促进母猪发挥最大的生产潜能,提高养殖效益;另一方面,当日粮钙水平不足或者钙利用率低时,首先,母猪的生产性能潜力不能充分发挥,如产仔数或活仔数低,仔猪的生长速度慢.其次,母猪由于钙利用不足而导致骨骼疾病的发生,尤其是妊娠后期和哺乳期的母猪,最终使其淘汰率居高不下,这一系列的因素最终导致养殖业的生产效益大幅度降低.近年来,国内外学者针对影响母猪对日粮钙利用率的因素进行了大量的研究,并取得了很大的进展,例如,钙的饲喂时间、日粮钙磷比、维生素、激素和消化道pH均影响母猪对日粮钙的吸收利用.因此,研究母猪钙吸收特征及其影响因素对提高母猪生产性能具有重要的实践意义.作者简述了机体钙吸收的作用机制,同时介绍了影响母猪钙吸收的主要因素,旨在为母猪日粮钙的饲喂提供理论依据.

试验旨在研究低蛋白质(CP)水平并平衡4种必需氨基酸的日粮对育肥猪生长性能、胴体肉品质和血浆游离氨基酸的影响.试验选用体重为70 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交健康育肥猪30头,随机分3组,每组10个重复,每重复1头猪.试验分为育肥前期(1～24 d)和育肥后期(25～52 d)2个阶段,对照组2个阶段CP水平均为16%,在育肥前期2个试验组CP水平分别为14.0 %和12.0 %,育肥后期2个试验组CP水平分别为12.0 %和10.0 %.结果表明:与对照组相比,育肥前期低蛋白试验组猪的生长性能无显著差异, CP水平为12%增重成本最低(6.62元/kg);在育肥后期,CP水平为10%、12%猪日增重较对照组显著降低、耗料增重比显著升高,CP水平为10%增重成本最低(7.52元/kg);饲喂低蛋白日粮对猪胴体肉品质无显著影响;CP水平为12%育肥猪血浆游离氨基酸中组氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸较对照组显著降低,其余各组间无显著差异.综上所述,日粮蛋白质水平降低至14%和12%对育肥猪生长性能和胴体品质无显著影响,能有效降低饲料成本.