Cloud computing has emerged as a paradigm to provide every networked resource as a service. The Cloud has also introduced a new way to control cloud services (mainly due to the illusion of infinite resources and its on-demand and pay-per-use nature). Here, we present this lifecycle and highlight recent research initiatives that serve as a support for appropriately engineering Cloud systems during the different stages of its lifecycle.

The notion of cloud computing is a paradigm shift from local machines and networks to virtualization technologies with services as a technical and business concept. This shift introduces major challenges when using cloud for deploying and running enterprise applications in the current Enterprise ecosystems. For companies, picking and choosing the right cloud to meet requirements is hard, and no solution is likely to provide the end-to-end specific IT services delivery and an end-to-end IT solution. Conversely cloud federation assists in providing flexibility to the customer and enables them to lower their TCO by shifting from one cloud to another while mitigating risks associated with a single cloud approach. In order to create competitive differentiation, small businesses require multiple software systems to both meet minimal data management and creative expectations. At the other end of the enterprise ecosystem spectrum, large companies rely on thousands of services in order to meet the needs of everything from simple departmental database applications to core Enterprise Resource planning and Customer Relationship Management systems on which the enterprise itself is managed. As an optimal adoption decision cannot be established for all individual cases, the authors propose to analyze three different use cases for deployment of enterprise applications such as SAP, on the cloud in order to provide some valuable pointers to navigate the emerging cloud ecosystem: rapid provisioning, elasticity and live migration of enterprise applications.

This paper discusses a business-oriented phenomenon called the Bullwhip Effect that affects the efficiency of traditional supply chains, identifying how it applies to the world of Cloud Computing. Comparisons are made between a traditional supply chain and the Cloud supply chain in order to observe how these relate with each other. In doing so, the occurrence of Virtual Machine (VM) Sprawl in Cloud data-centers is seen as a derivative of the Bullwhip Effect, such that the indicators and mitigation strategies from traditional supply chains could be applied in the context of Cloud supply chains. Indicators were derived for each of the problem areas, which can be seen as a sign of the VM Sprawl in a specific Cloud supply chain. Approaches to automation and monitoring are also considered, and a prototypical implementation is described.

Cloud Computing is offering competitive advantages to companies through flexible and, scalable access to computing resources. More and more companies are moving to cloud environments; therefore understanding the requirements for this process is both important and beneficial. The requirements for migrating from a traditional computing environment to a cloud hosting environment are discussed in this paper, considering this migration from a supply chain lifecycle perspective. The cloud supply chain is examined from a lifecycle perspective for the management of the migration project. This paper illustrates the requirements that need to be considered when adopting a cloud migration strategy and the steps to take in order to manage this process.

Chapter 4 The Enterprise Cloud Computing Paradigm Tariq Ellahi, Tariq Ellahi SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorBenoit Hudzia, Benoit Hudzia SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorHui Li, Hui Li SAP Research Karlsruhe, Vincenz-Priessnitz-Strasse, 176131 Karlsruhe, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMaik A. Lindner, Maik A. Lindner SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip Robinson, Philip Robinson SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author Tariq Ellahi, Tariq Ellahi SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorBenoit Hudzia, Benoit Hudzia SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorHui Li, Hui Li SAP Research Karlsruhe, Vincenz-Priessnitz-Strasse, 176131 Karlsruhe, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorMaik A. Lindner, Maik A. Lindner SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this authorPhilip Robinson, Philip Robinson SAP Research Belfast, BT3 9DT, Belfast, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Rajkumar Buyya, Rajkumar Buyya Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia Manjrasoft Pty Ltd., AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorJames Broberg, James Broberg Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorAndrzej Goscinski, Andrzej Goscinski School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 January 2011 https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470940105.ch4Citations: 5 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Summary This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Background Issues for Enterprise Applications on the Cloud Transition Challenges Enterprise Cloud Technology and Market Evolution Business Drivers Toward a Marketplace for Enterprise Cloud Computing The Cloud Supply Chain Summary Acknowledgments References Citing Literature Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms RelatedInformation

Cloud computing is changing the way in which companies deploy and operate ICT based services. This paradigm introduces several advantages compared with traditional data centers, such as a great degree of flexibility, pay-per-use models, and rapid resource provisioning. However, the lack of a well defined supply chain for clouds and an associated information model is limiting the adoption of these technologies. This paper introduces the Cloud Supply Chain, which enables both consuming and providing organizations to clearly determine their position within such a supply chain. The Cloud Supply Chain is the result of our experience from building systems for supply chain businesses combined with our experience of building Service Cloud infrastructures within the RESERVOIR EU research project. This paper discusses the definitions and components of such a supply chain, together with all of the requirements with regards to services and an information model, which are the most pertinent topics for accounting and billing. The underlying basis for this work is a service provisioning process chain that includes service deployment, comprehensive monitoring, accounting and billing, delivering technical as well as business information. Our work presents the first definition of a Cloud Supply Chain, providing a foundation for researchers and businesses in this area.

The Bullwhip Effect is the result of problems occurring throughout nearly any type of supply chain. Whether it is surges in internal or external defects, every participant in a supply chain need to avoid it. This paper discusses the Bullwhip phenomenon and how it applies to the world of Cloud Computing. Comparisons are made between a traditional supply chain and the Cloud supply chain in order to observe how these relate with each other. This leads to the realisation of the main problem areas within the Cloud supply chain and its main defect, the VM Sprawl. Also we derived indicators for each of the problem areas, which can be seen as a sign of the Bullwhip Effect in a specific Cloud supply chain. Automation and monitoring are also considered, and a prototypical implementation has been developed to support this.

Cloud computing is currently the new buzzword in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry. Early adopters in the market have already established quite stable and reliable offers of cloud-based services. From an economic perspective, each of these services is based on a certain business model. These models are in general used to describe the value-creating logic of organisations within a certain market, e.g., how a company or network of companies aims to make money and create consumer value with cloud offers. Thus, they should be the basis for every company's business. In this work, dynamic business models are introduced. Static, conventional models do not reflect the real world and lack substantial elements of changing market environments, whereas dynamic models express a time-variant view of the market. A key factor for success for the whole cloud-service market will be to avoid confusion about different offers, differentiators and functionality, which may occur during the (ICT-)traditional hype cycle, and could definitely blur essence and usefulness of market offers. The introduced dynamic perspective will allow pointing out the most important limitations and challenges at each hype phase that clouds have to face before becoming real, broad mainstream for enterprises.

This paper discusses the concept of Cloud Computing to achieve a complete definition of what a Cloud is, using the main characteristics typically associated with this paradigm in the literature. More than 20 definitions have been studied allowing for the extraction of a consensus definition as well as a minimum definition containing the essential characteristics. This paper pays much attention to the Grid paradigm, as it is often confused with Cloud technologies. We also describe the relationships and distinctions between the Grid and Cloud approaches.

When describing some parts of a big system they all seem so different. But combining them all together leads to the big picture. The same is true for today's technologies. When looking at all the different facets of Grid and Cloud computing no concrete picture might evolve. But trying to address all kind of issues might lead to a system which is able to manage service on demand. This paper tries to provide the big picture, of what today is called Cloud computing. It focuses on the faces, business models and handling of services in Clouds. And therefor tries to give the big picture of Cloud computing.

Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Bereich der Middleware-Technologien schaffen neue Voraussetzungen fur die Gestaltung von Anwendungssystemen. So konnen serviceorientierte Anwendungssysteme erstellt werden, die es erlauben, Teilsysteme auszulagern (Outtasking) und an externe Dienstleister zu ubertragen. Damit stellen sich neue Anforderungen an das Softwaremanagement. Um die in einer spezifischen Unternehmenssituation vorteilhafte Konstellation von Services auswahlen zu konnen, sollte ein Controlling konzipiert werden. Das Controlling stellt Methoden bereit, anhand derer die okonomischen Konsequenzen von Outtasking-Entscheidungen bewertet werden konnen. Mit diesem Beitrag wird ein Controllingsystem vorgestellt, das die Performance von Service-Portfolios aus finanzwirtschaftlicher Perspektive bemisst. 1 Serviceorientierte Anwendungssysteme In der Konzentration auf Kernkompetenzen wird fur Unternehmen eine Moglichkeit gesehen, sich erfolgreich in dynamischen Markten zu positionieren [Po96, S. 405 ff.]. Mit dem Konzept des Outsourcing wird daher die Intention verfolgt, Teilbereiche, die nicht zu den Kernkompetenzen eines Unternehmens zahlen, an Fremdanbieter auszulagern [LV92, S. 9]. Allerdings sind mit der Auslagerung von Teilen eines Anwendungssystems auch Probleme verbunden [Kr03, S. 295]. Serviceorientierte Architekturen (SOA) bieten hierzu neue Losungsansatze.

Businesses today are required to comply with a litany of legislation, regulations and standards. However, with an in- creasing utilisation of the internet for delivering products as services, challenges arise in assessing and maintaining com- pliance. We propose to discuss an architecture that attempts to leverage the dynamism of service-based infrastructures in order to process the real-time compliance state of a system.