Supplementary Figure 2 from Estrogen Suppresses MLK3-Mediated Apoptosis Sensitivity in ER+ Breast Cancer Cells

Supplementary Figure 1 from Estrogen Suppresses MLK3-Mediated Apoptosis Sensitivity in ER+ Breast Cancer Cells

Supplementary Figure 3 from Estrogen Suppresses MLK3-Mediated Apoptosis Sensitivity in ER+ Breast Cancer Cells

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-4 from Estrogen Suppresses MLK3-Mediated Apoptosis Sensitivity in ER+ Breast Cancer Cells

Supplementary Figure 4 from Estrogen Suppresses MLK3-Mediated Apoptosis Sensitivity in ER+ Breast Cancer Cells

This chapter discusses in detail the special melting technologies adopted for worldwide commercial scale manufacture of aerospace metals and alloys. Some case studies have been included to illustrate the role of these melting technologies in the production of premium-quality products for critical aerospace applications.

Stainless steels, by virtue of their diversity in chemistry, microstructure and properties, find widespread applications ranging from domestic appliances to high technology sectors such as space, aeronautics, power, chemical and ordnance. Midhani has been at the forefront of material development over the past few decades and has produced several stainless steels, tailor made for specific critical applications. Subtle variations in chemistry or processing methodology have been exercised to achieve the desired microstructure and properties. In this context, influence of minor addition of austenitic stabilizing element on structure and properties on conventional ferritic stainless steel SS430 was studied. The chemistry modification changed the structure to dual phase, austenite ferrite structure, that responded to heat treatment by transformation of austenite to martensite. This dual phase structure after tempering enhanced the strength and toughness by 25% and 60% respectively. In the case of 13-8 Mo PH stainless steel, a modified two stage solution treatment and ageing resulted in enhancement of toughness by over 100% as compared to conventional single stage solution treatment and the improvement was attributable to refinement in martensitic sub-structure due to thermal cycling. With respect to SS 440C, a high carbon stainless steel, the performance is closely related distribution of primary carbide. Bearing directly manufactured from forged stock produced from ingot do not perform satisfactorily in view of massive primary carbides present in the form of stringers / bands. This problem was addressed by subjecting the forged stock to further working in the transverse orientation by ring rolling which brought about finer primary carbides. The present paper highlights some of the challenges and the modifications brought about to meet the specific needs.

Recently nontoxic natural compounds are getting immense importance for the prevention of diseases of different etiology. Natural product provitamin A "carotenoids", largely α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin, are typical constituents of orange/red/yellow colored fruits and green vegetables. Different in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that carotenoids possess the capacity to scavenge DNA damaging free radicals, suppress angiogenesis, inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Epidemiological reports of case-control studies, nested case-control studies, and cohort studies support significant association between dietary intake and circulating levels of carotenoids and reduction in cancer risk/carcinoma of various organs. However, randomized trials regarding β-carotene supplementation, alone or in combination with other supplements, have not always well corroborated with this. Of seven trials, one observed a significant benefit on cancer mortality, four reported no significant benefit or harm, while the remaining two trials found an unexpected, but significant increase in lung cancer incidence. This review discusses implications and significance of carotenoids in the field of cancer risk and prevention.

The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of dietary fish oil and corn oil on carcinogen-induced DNA damage, cell proliferation and angiogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5 mg/0.2 ml corn oil/100 g body weight) by a tail vein injection. Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5 ml/day/rat) by oral gavage. DNA Damage, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA-LI) and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) of the mammary tissue were included in this study. Tissue levels of both 8-hydroxy-2′deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of DNA damage and DNA repair enzyme (PARP-1) were significantly reduced (P = 0.00000006) in the fish oil-treated group, and increased (P = 0.00000006) in the corn oil-treated group when compared to carcinogen counterpart. Furthermore, PCNA-LI, VEGF expressions and the MVD values were lower in fish oil-treated group (P = 0.000078; P = 0.000032; P = 0.000000005 respectively) and higher (P = 0.000027; P = 0.00004; P = 0.0000000003 respectively) in corn oil-treated group when compared to carcinogen control. Our results indicate that fish oil protects against carcinogen-induced DNA damage, cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

Substantial evidences suggest that lipoxygenase-catalyzed products have a strong influence on the development and progression of human cancers. The dietary phytochemical resveratrol has become a focus of intense research owing to its roles in cancer prevention. A single tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was given at a dose of 0.5mg/0.2 ml oil emulsion/100g body weight at 50 days of age of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with resveratrol from 2 weeks before DMBA injection (5 weeks of animal age) and continued to 24 weeks of the experimentation at a dose of 100 μg/rat in the diet. We observed that resveratrol acts as a potent 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor obtained from natural sources. Our result indicated that resveratrol is a strong antioxidant in reducing lipid peroxidation and preventing DNA damage. It significantly decreased the extent of DNA strand break, inhibited abnormal cell proliferation as evidenced by BrdU labeling index and also induced apoptosis in carcinogen-challenged rat mammary tissue. Increased TGF-β1 expression in resveratrol treated rats is thought to be one of the factors inducing apoptosis to suppress DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis.

The anti-cancer activity of vanadium and fish oil has been shown in a large number of studies. This study was undertaken to analyze the combined effect of vanadium and fish oil on 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The whole experiment was divided into three parts: (1) DNA strand breaks study, (2) morphological analysis, and (3) histological and immunohistochemical study. Rats were treated with DMBA (0.5 mg/0.2 ml corn oil/100 g body weight) by a tail vein injection. Rats received vanadium (w/v) as ammonium monovanadate at a concentration of 0.5 ppm (4.27 µmol/L) in the drinking water and given ad libitum and/or fish oil (0.5 ml/day/rat) by oral gavage. Histology, morphology, DNA strand breaks, cell proliferation, and apoptosis of the mammary tissue were assessed in this study. Treatment with vanadium or fish oil alone significantly reduced the DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors, tumor multiplicity, and cell proliferation but the maximum protection effect was found in the group that received both vanadium and fish oil and the combination treatment offered an additive effect (P < 0.05). Furthermore, vanadium and fish oil significantly increased the TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (P < 0.05) but the increase was maximal with combination treatment and had an additive effect. These results affirm the benefits of administration of vanadium and fish oil in the prevention of rat mammary carcinogenesis which was associated with reduced DNA strand breaks, palpable mammary tumors and cell proliferation and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells.