Approximately 65% of the organizations in the United States have fallen victim to a successful phishing attack. Many organizations offer anti-phishing training to their employees to defend against phishing attacks. The purpose of this study is to examine factors impacting the effectiveness of anti-phishing training and study the relationship between personality traits and phishing susceptibility. Participants filled out pre- and post-training surveys that included questions on identifying phishing and legitimate URLs and questions to determine DISC (Dominant, Influence, Steadiness, and Conscientiousness) personality traits. An analysis of the survey data shows that the participants' average accuracy in detecting phishing URLs increased 8% (t = 2.144, p-value = 0.0374) and their confidence in their answer choices increased 6% (t = 2.032, p-value = 0.0464) from pre-training to post-training surveys. Before and after training, participants with the Influence personality trait had the lowest susceptibility while both Dominant and Steadiness personalities had the highest susceptibility before and after training respectively.

Distracted driving is a major safety concern. This paper explores the role personality traits and self-reported cognitive failures play in the propensity towards distracted driving behavior (DDB) among young adults in the United States. Two independent time-separated studies (study 1 with 522 participants; study 2 with 314 participants) confirm the role of cognitive failures as a mediator between specific personality traits and DDB propensity among young adult drivers. The results of this study suggest drivers’ personality traits such as extraversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism have a direct impact on DDB propensity. In addition, there is evidence that cognitive failure mediates the relationship between these three personality traits and DDB propensity. Lastly, based on the results, agreeableness moderates the relationship between cognitive failure and DDB propensity. Together, these findings suggest that personality traits should be considered in conjunction with driver’s cognitive failure in explaining DDB propensity. Future research using a combination of self-reported, naturalistic and simulation studies may provide additional insight into the relationships between personality traits, cognitive failures, and the propensity towards DDB.

The term ‘multimodal’ typically refers to the combination of two or more sensory modalities; however, through the advancement of technology, modality variations within specific sensory systems are being discovered and compared in regards to physiological perception and response. The ongoing evaluation of air vs bone conduction auditory perception modalities is one such comparison. Despite an increased awareness of the potential benefits of utilizing bone conduction pathways, a complete understanding of the human auditory system, more specifically, the relationship between air conducted and bone conducted sound remains a critical deficiency hindering the development of advanced multimodal auditory displays. Conduction equivalency ratios (CERs), which were defined as the difference in sound intensity levels (in dB) between equally loud signals transmitted in air conduction (AC) (sound field) and bone conduction (BC) modes provided a link between these two modes of hearing by determining the relationship between spectral content of AC and BC sound. The current report aims to describe, in depth, the establishment of such CERs at three BC transducer contact locations on a listener’s head over a range of audible frequencies presented over three signal intensities within a controlled free-field listening environment. Results indicated the AC–BC relationship is not unique and depends on sound intensity, frequency, and BC transducer location. In addition, in terms of head sensitivity, results support similar findings which indicate that the Mastoid and Condyle locations can be considered interchangeable in terms of their frequency-related sensitivity while the Forehead was found to be considerably less sensitive compared to the other locations.

Our senses not only connect us to the world around us but also protect us from harm. On any given day, we are involved in numerous activities and communication tasks but we are also exposed to a wide range of potential dangers. Whether it be hazardous toxins, slippery roads, or reckless acts that place us in such situations, our senses allow us to perceive threats in advance and provide us the opportunity to defend ourselves. However, technological advances created to make our lives better have frequently become double-edged swords limiting the effectiveness of our sensory shield by absorbing our attention and distracting us from receiving environmental warnings. Such situations recently became more prevalent and dangerous due to the wide-spread use of computers and digital technology in all aspects of our lives. For example, the use of smartphones with cellular, texting and media player capabilities, and portable computers with related visual and audio contents frequently detract us from hearing surrounding activities, which becomes especially dangerous in outdoor and hostile environments. However, in such situations, the utilization of active or open-ear wearable interfaces, such as bone conduction systems, can enable users to attend to streams of technology-based communication and/or entertainment (e.g., directions, phone conversations, music) without compromising their ability to sense the natural world and all of its salient beauty and danger. This chapter provides an introduction to auditory wearable devices, with a specific focus on bone conduction hearing and bone conduction head-mounted devices, while discussing auditory wearable device applications in outdoor environments in the context of human-computer interactions.

The proliferation of cell phones and the growing culture of constant connectivity has introduced a plethora of new challenges for mobile citizens. One of the major challenges transportation professionals desire to address involves the use of cell phones to text while driving, especially for less experienced drivers. In this study, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in conjunction with psycho-social factors is utilized to explore the intention to text while driving among young drivers. The results of a survey administered to 524 drivers suggest that the TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) along with the perceived disadvantages of abstention and age of the driver explain a significant amount of variance in the intention to send text messages while driving (adjusted R-2 = 0.71).

Newspapers, broadcast agencies, and social media outlets frequently feature stories about higher education administrators who are terminated, forced to resign, or otherwise removed from their posts. While the events are based in reality, many across the nation, especially the public, faculty and students, might develop a very negative view of what it means to be a leader in higher education administration. Yet, higher education administration could be one of the most rewarding and growth-contributing careers for many. This panel consists of faculty from various universities who made the selfless choice to serve in challenging administrative roles. They will share their experiences; good, bad, and in-between. Discussions will include lessons learned and how to prepare for these positions, with applications to those with academic experience and those who may come from government or industry occupations that afford a degree skills and knowledge transfer to academia. Information will be provided about work-life balance as well.

Texting while driving has emerged as a significant threat to citizen safety. In this study, we utilize general deterrence theory (GDT), protection motivation theory and personality traits to evaluate texting while driving (TWD) compliance intentions among teenage drivers. This paper presents the results of our pilot study. We administered an online survey to 105 teenage and young adult drivers. The potential implications for research and practice and policy are discussed.

This study was designed to identify key components that affect teenagers’ intent to text while driving by developing and administering a survey to identify psychological profiles of teenagers who are more or less likely to comply with TWD laws. Such profiles may be used to create unique TWD law compliance training protocols designed to address specific teenager characteristics. The method included the administration of a 108-item Likert-scale survey to young drivers age 15 through 21. The survey consisted of a set of demographic questions; a Big Five personality assessment; and items to assess attitudes, norms, and perceptions associated with TWD. The results of the regression analysis performed on the data indicate the following factors potentially impact teenager TWD behavior: perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and TWD concealment attitude.

Insiders represent a major threat to the security of an organization’s information resources. Previous research has explored the role of dispositional and situational factors in promoting compliant behavior, but these factors have not been studied together. In this study, we use a scenario-based factorial survey approach to identify key dispositional and situational factors that lead to information security policy violation intentions. We obtained 317 observations from a diverse sample of insiders. The results of a general linear mixed model indicate that dispositional factors (particularly two personality meta-traits, Stability and Plasticity) serve as moderators of the relationships between perceptions derived from situational factors and intentions to violate information security policy. This study represents the first information security study to identify the existence of these two meta-traits and their influence on information security policy violation intentions. More importantly, this study provides new knowledge of how insiders translate perceptions into intentions based on their unique personality trait mix.

Texting while driving (TWD) is a growing problem among teenage drivers. Researchers at the Cohen Children’s Medical Center in New Hyde Park, NY have found that the number of teenager deaths caused by texting and driving has exceeded the number of teenager deaths resulting from drunk driving. In order to help improve this statistic, it is necessary that we determine which methods are most effective at deterring TWD behaviors for this age group. This objective of this study was to identify key components that affect teenager TWD law compliance by developing and administering a survey in order to identify TWD law compliance profiles of teenagers. Such profiles may be used to create unique TWD law compliance training protocols designed to meet the unique needs of specific teenager profiles. In this study, we investigated the role of dispositional factors such as the “Big Five” personality types and situational factors such as threats, sanctions, self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost which may be associated with teenagers’ motivation to adopt safety behaviors and to comply with texting while driving regulations. The method included the administration of a 93-item Likert-scale survey online to drivers age 15 through 21. The survey consisted of a set of demographic questions, a Big Five personality assessment, and items adopted from Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and General Deterrence Theory (GDT). The results of the study indicate that elements of each of the three theories (i.e., Big Five, PMT, and GDT) have an impact on teenager texting while driving behavior.

Objective: This study assessed listeners' ability to localize spatially differentiated virtual audio signals delivered by bone conduction (BC) vibrators and circumaural air conduction (AC) headphones.Background: Although the skull offers little intracranial sound wave attenuation, previous studies have demonstrated listeners' ability to localize auditory signals delivered by a pair of BC vibrators coupled to the mandibular condyle bones. The current study extended this research to other BC vibrator locations on the skull.Method: Each participant listened to virtual audio signals originating from 16 different horizontal locations using circumaural headphones or BC vibrators placed in front of, above, or behind the listener's ears. The listener's task was to indicate the signal's perceived direction of origin.Results: Localization accuracy with the BC front and BC top positions was comparable to that with the headphones, but responses for the BC back position were less accurate than both the headphones and BC front position.Conclusion: This study supports the conclusion of previous studies that listeners can localize virtual 3D signals equally well using AC and BC transducers. Based on these results, it is apparent that BC devices could be substituted for AC headphones with little to no localization performance degradation.Application: BC headphones can be used when spatial auditory information needs to be delivered without occluding the ears. Although vibrator placement in front of the ears appears optimal from the localization standpoint, the top or back position may be acceptable from an operational standpoint or if the BC system is integrated into headgear.

Texting while driving (TWD) is a growing problem among drivers in the United States. This project utilizes protection motivation theory and general deterrence theory to identify key components of teenager TWD law compliance. We conduct an extensive review of the literature, develop a TWD law compliance survey, administer the survey to teenage drivers, and identify the impact of personality traits on TWD law compliance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Objective: In this study, the impact of including a bone conduction transducer in a three-channel spatialized communication system was investigated. Background: Several military and security forces situations require concurrent listening to three or more radio channels. In such radio systems, spatial separation between three concurrent radio channels can be achieved by delivering separate signals to the left and right earphone independently and both earphones simultaneously. This method appears to be effective; however, the use of bone conduction as one channel may provide both operational and performance benefits. Method: Three three-channel communication systems were used to collect speech intelligibility data from 18 listeners (System 1, three loudspeakers; System 2, stereo headphones; System 3, stereo headphones and a bone conduction vibrator). Each channel presented signals perceived to originate from separate locations. Volunteers listened to three sets of competing sentences and identified a number, color, and object spoken in the target sentence. Each listener participated in three trials (one per system). Each trial consisted of 48 competing sentence sets. Results: Systems 2 and 3 were more intelligible than System 1. Systems 2 and 3 were overall equally intelligible; however, the intelligibility of all three channels was significantly more balanced in System 3. Conclusion: Replacing an air conduction transducer with a bone conduction transducer in a multichannel audio device can provide a more effective and balanced simultaneous monitoring auditory environment. Application: These results have important design and implementation implications for spatial auditory communication equipment.

Technological advancements have had a monumental impact on business processes in diverse environments. This study investigates the role of trust and bias on technology acceptance in the medical environment via a two-phase study. In phase one, we assess the impact of user experience on levels of human-machine trust and bias towards automated decision aids (ADAs). In phase two, we explore the impact of human-machine trust and bias towards automation on actual ADA usage. The results indicate that experienced nurses have higher levels of trust and positive bias towards automation; yet, novice nurses are more likely to accept information from an ADA.

The parcel delivery industry (PDI) is a very labor intensive industry, from the drivers of the pickup and delivery vans, to the unloaders, sorters, and loaders in the transshipment terminals. The labor efficiency is a key performance measure in the PDI. In this study, the focus is on developing a framework for improving labor efficiencies in a parcel transshipment terminal. The objective is to minimize the time required to transfer parcels from inbound trailers to outbound trailers. This paper is an exploratory study to developing a framework for a solution approach to solve large-scale parcel hub scheduling problems (PHSP). A binary integer programming (BIP) model is proposed along with a branch and bound (BaB) algorithm with lower and upper bounds. The computational study shows that the BaB algorithm is able to generate solutions for small-size problems. The proposed BIP model sets the ground work for developing solution approaches to much larger size problems.

Speech signals can be converted into electrical audio signals using either conventional air conduction (AC) microphone or a contact bone conduction (BC) microphone. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the location of a BC microphone on the intensity and frequency spectrum of the recorded speech. Twelve locations, 11 on the talker's head and 1 on the collar bone, were investigated. The speech sounds were three vowels (/u/, /a/, /i/) and two consonants (/m/, /∫/). The sounds were produced by 12 talkers. Each sound was recorded simultaneously with two BC microphones and an AC microphone. Analyzed spectral data showed that the BC recordings made at the forehead of the talker were the most similar to the AC recordings, whereas the collar bone recordings were most different. Comparison of the spectral data with speech intelligibility data collected in another study revealed a strong negative relationship between BC speech intelligibility and the degree of deviation of the BC speech spectrum from the AC spectrum. In addition, the head locations that resulted in the highest speech intelligibility were associated with the lowest output signals among all tested locations. Implications of these findings for BC communication are discussed.

In medical environments, it is imperative that patients' needs be assessed quickly and accurately to expedite patient care and flow through the system. One way to accelerate this process is to utilise automated decision aids (ADAs). To increase the rate of ADA acceptance, managers and information system (IS) developers must understand the elements that influence adoption. The purpose of this study is to evaluate factors that impact the adoption of a decision support system in a specific domain - nursing. This study investigates the role that personality plays in nursing information technology acceptance. We conducted an experiment with novice and experienced nurses to assess the role of personality on positive bias toward ADA utilisation. The results of the Myers-Briggs type indicator indicate that there is a significant difference in ADA bias for judging and perceiving personalities. Implications for research and practice are discussed.