We aimed to assess the decline in renal function in patients with chronic postoperative hypoparathyroidism. We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study including patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism lasting ≥ 3 years. We evaluated the changes in serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before surgery and at the last visit. Changes were evaluated in absolute value (ΔeGFR = eGFR at last visit – eGFR before thyroidectomy) and corrected for time (ΔeGFR/yr = ΔeGFR / time in years). We included 236 patients with hypoparathyroidism (85.6

PurposeThe identification of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism who are adequately (AC) or not adequately controlled (NAC) has clinical interest, since poor disease control is related to complications and mortality. We aimed to assess the prevalence of NAC patients in a cohort of subjects with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism.MethodsWe performed a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study including patients from 16 Spanish hospitals with chronic hypoparathyroidism lasting ≥3 years. We analyzed disease control including biochemical profile and clinical wellness. For biochemical assessment we considered three criteria: criterion 1, normal serum calcium, phosphorus and calcium x phosphorus product; criterion 2, the above plus estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2; and criterion 3, the above plus normal 24-hour urinary calcium excretion. A patient was considered AC if he or she met the biochemical criteria and was clinically well.ResultsWe included 337 patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism (84.3% women, median age 45[36-56] years, median time of follow-up 8.9[6.0-13.0] years). The proportions of NAC patients with criteria 1, 2 and 3 were, respectively, 45.9%, 49.2% and 63.1%. Patients who had dyslipidemia at the time of diagnosis presented a significantly higher risk of NAC disease (criterion 3; OR 7.05[1.44-34.45]; P=0.016). NAC patients (criterion 2) had a higher proportion of subjects with incident chronic kidney disease and eye disorders, and NAC patients (criterion 3) had a higher proportion of incident chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis and dyslipidemia than AC patients.ConclusionThe present study shows a strikingly high prevalence of NAC patients in the clinical practice of Spanish endocrinologists. Results suggest that NAC disease might be associated with some prevalent and incident comorbidities.

PurposePopulation-based and registry studies have shown that chronic hypoparathyroidism is accompanied by long-term complications. We aimed to evaluate the risk of incident comorbidity among patients with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism in real-life clinical practice in Spain.MethodsWe performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study including patients with chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism lasting ≥3 years with at least a follow-up visit between January 1, 2022 and September 15, 2023 (group H). The prevalence and incidence of chronic complications including chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, central nervous system disease, mental health disorders, eye disorders, bone mineral density alterations, fracture and cancer were evaluated. Patient data were compared with a group of patients who did not develop hypoparathyroidism, matched by gender, age, and follow-up time after thyroidectomy (group NH).ResultsWe included 337 patients in group H (median [IQR] age, 45 [36-56] years; median time of follow-up, 8.9 [6.0-13.0] years; women, 84.3%) and 669 in group NH (median age, 47 [37-55] years; median time of follow-up, 8.0 [5.3-12.0] years; women, 84.9%). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of comorbidities at the time of thyroidectomy between both groups. In multivariable adjusted analysis, patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism had significantly higher risk of incident chronic kidney disease (OR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.72-6.91; P<0.001), nephrolithiasis (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.55-7.22; P=0.002), and cardiovascular disease (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.14-3.60; P=0.016), compared with patients without hypoparathyroidism. On the contrary, the risk of fracture was decreased in patients with hypoparathyroidism (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.01-0.70; P=0.021).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that, in the clinical practice of Spanish endocrinologists, a significant increase in the risk of chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular disease, as well as a reduction in the risk of fractures is detected. These results are of interest for the development of new clinical guidelines and monitoring protocols for patients with hypoparathyroidism.

Summary Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ECS) is a rare disease associated with significant comorbidity. Among the causes of Cushing's syndrome, adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing extrapituitary tumours are rarely reported. This low frequency makes it difficult for the physician to acquire experience in its management. In this report, we aimed to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and treatment modalities of 12 patients with ECS treated in a single tertiarycentre over a 17-year period. Although they can appear in different locations through the neuroendocrine system, lung tumours are the most frequently reported, as it occurs in our series. They can show different levels of aggressiveness and mild to severe clinical course. Therefore, distinguishing Cushing's disease can be challenging and sometimes requires more specific techniques such as invasive tests or no conventional imaging. Treatment includes controlling both hypercortisolism and neoplastic disease, and multidisciplinary management is recommended. Learning points Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) accounts for 15% of endogenous Cushing's syndromes. Its infrequency implies that both diagnosis and treatment can be a challenge for clinicians without experience in its management. The most common location is the lung. Although older series reported small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) as the main ECS-producing tumour, currently most cases are attributed to lung carcinoids. Low-grade tumours (lung carcinoids) present themselves with a more subtle and gradual hypercortisolism, and clinically this can be difficult to differentiate from hypercortisolism due to CD. In contrast, high-grade tumours (SCLC) show severe hypercortisolism with rapid evolution. The diagnostic approach is complex especially when the tumour is not previously known and the clinical presentation is subtle. Functional tests are mandatory in these cases, and nuclear medicine imaging can help when conventional imaging tests fail to identify the tumour. ECS treatment includes a wide variety of modalities oriented to treat both the excess of cortisol and the tumour itself. The tumour prognosis depends fundamentally on the type of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumour. Expert and multidisciplinary team is essential for successfully treating these complex and ill patients.

This review focuses on patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) associated with multiple primary malignant neoplasm (MPMN) treated by multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) as systemic treatment for advanced disease. Despite the increasing frequency of MPMNs (many at an advanced stage) and the usefulness of MKIs for multiple metastatic cancers, published data on the management of MPMN and MKI therapies in this scenario are scarce. There are infrequent descriptions of patients with advanced MPMN treated with MKIs, but only a few have described advanced DTC. The management of MPMNs, including DTC and its particular circumstances, is reviewed, focusing on the evidence for MKI therapies. Some considerations for MPMN patients with advanced DTC are discussed, with the intention of helping physicians make decisions in these challenging situations and improving treatment and patient outcomes.

Los nódulos tiroideos (NT) son una patología prevalente que puede generar morbilidad, en cuyo caso el tratamiento tradicional suele ser cirugía. Analizar la eficacia del tratamiento con ablación por radiofrecuencia (ARF) como alternativa terapéutica en el control combinado clínico, morfológico y funcional de los NT predominantemente sólidos, benignos y clínicamente relevantes en pacientes no subsidiarios de cirugía. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de serie de casos, para valorar la eficacia y seguridad del uso de ARF. A los pacientes seleccionados se les realizó una evaluación clínica, ecográfica y bioquímica previa al procedimiento; en los meses 1, 3, 6 y 12 tras el mismo y luego cada 6-12 meses según criterio médico. Se realizaron un total de 100 ARF, en 83 pacientes, con 85 NT de ≥ 2,5 cm con un volumen inicial (VI) de 21,48 ± 15,89 mL. Tras una media de 1,17 sesiones de ARF por NT, el volumen disminuyó progresiva y significativamente (p < 0,01 para todos los tiempos frente al valor inicial), con una tasa de reducción de volumen (TRV) respecto al VI de 54,43 ± 19,56% al mes de seguimiento, 67,69 ± 17% a los tres meses, 70,38 ± 15,46% a los seis meses, 70,67 ± 17,27% a los 12 meses y 70,24 ± 17,7% en el último seguimiento. El 88% de los pacientes seguidos > seis meses alcanzó el objetivo combinado de tasa de reducción de volumen de más de 50% del VI, normofunción tiroidea y ausencia de clínica, y en todos estos se mantuvo hasta la fecha final de seguimiento. En nueve de las 100 ARF realizadas se reportaron complicaciones agudas (en su mayoría leves y todas transitorias). Estos hallazgos validan en nuestro medio la eficacia y seguridad de la ARF en NT predominantemente sólidos de gran tamaño y añaden información no descrita para posicionarla más favorablemente como alternativa terapéutica. Thyroid nodules (TN) are a prevalent pathology that can generate morbidity, in which case the traditional treatment is usually surgery. To analyse the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment as a therapeutic alternative in the combined clinical, morphological, and functional control of predominantly solid, benign and clinically relevant TNs in patients not subsidiary to surgery. A descriptive, retrospective, case series study was carried out to assess the efficacy and safety of the use of RFA. According to medical criteria, the selected patients underwent a clinical, ultrasound, and biochemical assessment prior to the procedure and then after the procedure at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and then every 6-12 months according to medical criteria. A total of 100 RFA were performed on 83 patients with 85 TNs of ≥2.5 cm with an initial volume (IV) of 21.48 ±15.89 mL. After a mean of 1.17 RFA sessions per TN, the volume decreased progressively and significantly (p< 0.01 for all times compared to the initial value), with a mean volume reduction rate (VRR) in relation to the IV of 54.43 ± 19.56% at 1-month follow-up; 67.69 ± 17% at 3 months; 70.38 ± 15.46% at 6 months; 70.67 ± 17.27% at 12 months and 70.24 ± 17.7% at the last follow-up. 88% of the patients followed up >6 months achieved the combined objective of a volume reduction rate of more than 50% of the VI, thyroid normal function and absence of clinic; and in all of these, it was maintained until the final follow-up date. Acute complications (mostly mild and all transient) were reported in 9 of the 100 RFA performed. Our findings validate in our setting the efficacy and safety of RFA in predominantly large and solid TNs, and add undescribed information to position the technique more favourably as a therapeutic alternative.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules (TN) are a prevalent pathology that can generate morbidity, in which case the traditional treatment is usually surgery. Objective: To analyse the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment as a therapeutic alternative in the combined clinical, morphological, and functional control of predominantly solid, benign and clinically relevant TNs in patients not subsidiary to surgery. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective, case series study was carried out to assess the efficacy and safety of the use of RFA. According to medical criteria, the selected patients underwent a clinical, ultrasound, and biochemical assessment prior to the procedure and then after the procedure at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and then every 6---12 months according to medical criteria. Results: A total of 100 RFA were performed on 83 patients with 85 TNs of =2.5 cm with an initial volume (IV) of 21.48 +/- 15.89 ml. After a mean of 1.17 RFA sessions per TN, the volume decreased progressively and significantly (p < 0.01 for all times compared to the initial value), with a mean volume reduction rate (VRR) in relation to the IV of 54.43 +/- 19.56% at 1-month follow-up; 67.69 +/- 17% at 3 months; 70.38 +/- 15.46% at 6 months; 70.67 +/- 17.27% at 12 months and 70.24 +/- 17.7% at the last follow-up. 88% of the patients followed up >6 months achieved the combined objective of a volume reduction rate of more than 50% of the VI, thyroid normal function and absence of clinic; and in all of these, it was maintained until the final follow-up date. Acute complications (mostly mild and all transient) were reported in 9 of the 100 RFA performed. Conclusion: Our findings validate in our setting the efficacy and safety of RFA in predominantlylarge and solid TNs, and add undescribed information to position the technique more favourablyas a therapeutic alternative. (c) 2022 SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier Espa(similar to)na, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

ABSTRACTEctopic differentiated thyroid carcinoma represents less than 1% of all thyroid carcinoma cases, which usually arises along the cervical midline, and (delving into literature) there are scarce reports of such entity in nuclear medicine imaging studies. We present a rare case of a confirmed synchronous, orthotopic, and heterotopic (in lateral ectopic thyroid tissue) differentiated thyroid carcinoma in a patient who was previously misdiagnosed as having a cervical paraganglioma, based on compatible clinical, analytical, and imagenological (both structural and functional) findings.

Background:Up to 30% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) will develop advanced-stage disease (aDTC) with reduced overall survival (OS). Objective:The aim of this study is to characterize initial diagnosis of aDTC, its therapeutic management, and prognosis in Spain and Portugal. Methods:A multicentre, longitudinal, retrospective study of adult patients diagnosed with aDTC in the Iberian Peninsula was conducted between January 2007 and December 2012. Analyses of baseline characteristics and results of initial treatments, relapse- or progression-free survival ((RP)FS) from first DTC diagnosis, OS, and prognostic factors impacting the evolution of advanced disease were evaluated. Results:Two hundred and thirteen patients (median age: 63 years; 57% female) were eligible from 23 hospitals. Advanced disease presented at first diagnosis (de novo aDTC) included 54% of patients, while 46% had relapsed from early disease (recurrent/progressive eDTC). At initial stage, most patients received surgery (98%) and/or radioiodine (RAI) (89%), with no differences seen between median OS (95% CI) (10.4 (7.3-15.3) years) and median disease-specific-survival (95% CI) (11.1 (8.7-16.2) years; log-rank test P = 0.4737). Age at diagnosis being <55 years was associated with a lower risk of death (Wald chi-square (Wc-s) P < 0.0001), while a poor response to RAI to a higher risk of death ((Wc-s) P < 0.05). In the eDTC cohort, median (RP)FS (95% CI) was of 1.7 (1.0-2.0) years after RAI, with R0/R1 surgeries being the only common significant favourable factor for longer (RP)FS and time to aDTC ((Wc-s) P < 0.05). Conclusion:Identification of early treatment-dependent prognostic factors for an unfavourable course of advanced disease is possible. An intensified therapeutic attitude may reverse this trend and should be considered in poor-performing patients. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

The clinical characteristics of patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism who recover parathyroid function more than 12 months after surgery have not been studied. We aimed to evaluate whether the intensity of replacement therapy with calcium and calcitriol is related to the late recovery of parathyroid function. We compared the demographic, surgical, pathological, and analytical features of two groups of patients: cases, i.e., late recovery patients (those who recover parathyroid function>1 year after thyroidectomy, n=40), and controls, i.e., patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism (n=260). Replacement therapy with calcium and calcitriol was evaluated at discharge of surgery, 3-6 months, 12 months, and last visit. No significant differences were found in clinical, surgical, pathological, or analytical characteristics between cases and controls. The proportion of cases who required treatment with calcium plus calcitriol at 12 months was significantly lower than that found in controls (p<0.001). Furthermore, daily calcium and calcitriol doses in controls were significantly higher than those in cases at 3-6 months (p=0.014 and p=0.004, respectively) and at 12 months (p<0.001 and p=0.043, respectively). In several models of logistic regression analysis therapy with calcium and calcitriol at 12 months was negatively related to late recovery of parathyroid function. Although delayed recuperation of parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy is uncommon (13%), follow-up beyond 12 months is necessary in patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism, especially in those whose needs of treatment with Ca and calcitriol are reducing over time.

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

We aimed to study the predictive factors for recovery of parathyroid function in hypoparathyroid patients after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. We designed a retrospective, multicentre and nation-wide analysis of patients with total thyroidectomy who were seen in twenty endocrinology departments from January to March 2018. We selected patients with histologically proven thyroid cancer and retrieved information related to surgical procedure and thyroid cancer features. Survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to study the relationship between these variables and the recovery of parathyroid function. From 685 patients with hypoparathyroidism at discharge of surgery, 495 (72.3%) recovered parathyroid function over time. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that this recovery was significantly related to the presence of specialized surgical team (P < 0.001), identification of parathyroid glands at surgery (P < 0.001), papillary histopathology (P = 0.040), and higher levels of postoperative calcium (Ca) (P < 0.001) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P < 0.001). Subjects with gross extrathyroidal extension (P = 0.040), lymph node metastases (P = 0.004), and surgical re-intervention after initial surgery (P = 0.024) exhibited a significant risk of persistence of hypoparathyroidism. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the significant and independent factors for recovery of parathyroid function were postoperative concentrations of Ca (P = 0.038) and PTH (P = 0.049). The presence of lymph node metastases was a negative predictor of recuperation of parathyroid function (P = 0.042) in this analysis. In patients with thyroid cancer, recovery of parathyroid function after total thyroidectomy was directly related to postoperative Ca and PTH concentrations, and inversely related to lymph node metastases. Estudiar los factores predictivos de la recuperación de la función paratiroidea en pacientes hipoparatiroideos después de tiroidectomía total por cáncer de tiroides. Se diseñó un estudio nacional, retrospectivo y multicéntrico de pacientes con tiroidectomía total, que fueron seguidos en 20 servicios de endocrinología desde enero a marzo de 2018. Se seleccionaron pacientes con demostración histológica de cáncer de tiroides y datos sobre el procedimiento quirúrgico y las características tumorales. Se emplearon el análisis de supervivencia y el análisis de regresión de Cox para analizar las relaciones entre estas variables y la recuperación de la función paratiroidea. De un total de 685 pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo tras cirugía, 495 (72,3%) recuperaron la función paratiroidea a lo largo del tiempo. El análisis de Kaplan-Meier mostró que esta recuperación estaba significativamente relacionada con la presencia de equipo quirúrgico especializado (p < 0,001), identificación de las glándulas paratiroideas en la cirugía (p < 0,001), histología papilar (p = 0,040) y mayores concentraciones postoperatorias de calcio (Ca) (p < 0,001) y parathormona (p < 0,001). Los pacientes con extensión extratiroidea macroscópica (p = 0,040), metástasis ganglionares (p = 0,004) y reintervención tras cirugía inicial (p = 0,024) mostraron un riesgo significativo de persistencia del hipoparatiroidismo. El análisis de regresión multivariante de Cox mostró que los factores significativos e independientes para la recuperación de la función paratiroidea fueron las concentraciones postoperatorias de Ca (p = 0,038) y parathormona (p = 0,049). La presencia de metástasis ganglionares fue un predictor negativo de la recuperación de la función paratiroidea (p = 0,042) en este análisis. En pacientes con cáncer de tiroides, la recuperación de la función paratiroidea tras la tiroidectomía total se relacionó de forma directa con las concentraciones postoperatorias de Ca y parathormona, e inversamente con las metástasis ganglionares linfáticas.

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Background Recent guidelines for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism emphasize the need for long-term disease control, avoiding symptoms and hypocalcaemia. Our aim has been to analyze the prevalence of poor disease control in a national cohort of patients with hypoparathyroidism, as well as to evaluate predictive variables of inadequate disease control. Methods From a nation-wide observational study including a cohort of 1792 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, we selected 260 subjects [207 women and 53 men, aged (mean ± SD) 47.2±14.8 years] diagnosed with permanent hypoparathyroidism. In every patient demographic data and details on surgical procedure, histopathology, calcium (Ca) metabolism, and therapy with Ca and calcitriol were retrospectively collected. A patient was considered not adequately controlled (NAC) if presented symptoms of hypocalcemia or biochemical data showing low serum Ca levels or high urinary Ca excretion. Results Two hundred and twenty-one (85.0%) patients were adequately controlled (AC) and 39 (15.0%) were NAC. Comparison between AC and NAC patients did not show any significant difference in demographic, surgical, and pathological features. Rate of hospitalization during follow-up was significantly higher among NAC patients in comparison with AC patients (35.9% vs. 10.9%, P<0.001). Dose of oral Ca and calcitriol were also significantly higher in NAC subjects. In a subgroup of 129 patients with serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels available, we found that NAC patients exhibited significantly lower postoperative PTH concentrations than AC patients [median (interquartile range) 3 (1.9-7.8) vs. 6.9 (3.0-11) pg/mL; P=0.009]. Conclusions In a nation-wide cohort of 260 subjects with definitive hypoparathyroidism, 15% of them had poor disease control. These patients required higher doses of oral Ca and calcitriol, had higher rate of hospitalization during follow-up and showed lower PTH concentrations in the postoperative period.

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Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units.

La ecografía se ha convertido en un instrumento imprescindible en la asistencia a los pacientes con enfermedades tiroideas. La detección de los nódulos tiroideos se ha incrementado con el uso generalizado de la misma, siendo la herramienta principal para su detección, orientación diagnóstica, seguimiento y, en ocasiones, también terapéutica.