Background Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) of liver tumors exposes medical staff to radiation. Comparative data between three microspheres, 90Y-resin, 90Y-glass, and 166Ho-poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), is lacking. Purpose To evaluate radiation exposure among medical staff in a real-world setting and provide reliable data for involved occupations and microspheres. Materials and Methods This prospective consecutive single-tertiary care center study included individuals undergoing TARE between February 2024 and February 2025. Radiation exposure of five radiopharmacists, seven interventional radiologists, five medical physics experts, five nuclear medicine physicians, eight radiologic technologists, and six nurses was monitored using multimodal dosimetric surveillance. Skin surface doses on hands, body doses on the chest, maximum procedural dose rates, and exposure times were measured per step. Comparisons between microspheres were conducted using analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference tests. Pearson correlation coefficients for body doses, exposure times, and therapeutic radioactivity were determined. Results A total of 53 participants (mean age, 64 years ± 11; 42 male) underwent 60 TARE procedures (20 per microsphere type). Radiation exposure was generally low, with body and hand doses under 5 and under 350 µSv, respectively, per procedure. 166Ho-PLLA generated the highest body doses (maximum, 17 µSv) due to direct gamma radiation and higher therapeutic radioactivity. 90Y-resin generated the highest hand doses due to procedural handling (maximum, 309 µSv). Interventional radiologists received the highest body (mean, 2.5-4.5 µSv) and hand (mean, 146-309 µSv) doses per procedure among all occupations because of additional angiography. Maximum dose rate (adjusted to 1 GBq therapeutic radioactivity) was 1157 µSv/h during portioning of 90Y-resin by radiopharmacists. Results show moderate overall correlation between exposure time and body dose (rp = 0.51, P < .001). Conclusion TARE radiation exposure to medical staff was generally low, but highest for interventional radiologists. Since 90Y-resin microspheres result in high hand doses due to procedural handling, their portioning, assembly, and application should be performed with optimal efficiency by trained staff using long tweezers. © The Authors 2026. Published by the Radiological Society of North America under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Transarterial radioembolization generally results in low radiation exposure for medical staff; 166 Ho-poly-L-lactic acid microspheres led to the highest body doses, while 90 Y-resin microspheres generated the highest hand doses, with interventional radiologists receiving the highest overall doses.

Purpose: To determine accurate organ doses, effective doses, and image quality of computed tomography (CT) compared with cone beam CT (CBCT) for correct identification of prostatic arteries. Method: A dual-energy CT scanner and a flat-panel angiography system were used. Dose measurements (gallbladder (g), intestine (i), bladder (b), prostate (p), testes (t), active bone marrow of pelvis (bmp) and femura (bmf)) were performed using an anthropomorphic phantom with 65 thermoluminescent dosimeters in the pelvis and abdomen region. For the calculation of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the pelvic arteries, a patient whose weight and height were almost identical to those of the phantom was selected for each examination type. Results: The effective dose of CT was 2.7 mSv and that of CBCT was 21.8 mSv. Phantom organ doses were lower for CT than for CBCT in all organs except the testes (g: 1.2 mGy vs. 3.3 mGy, i: 5.8 mGy vs. 23.9 mGy, b: 6.9 mGy vs. 19.4 mGy, p: 6.4 mGy vs. 13.2 mGy, t: 4.7 mGy vs. 2.4 mGy, bmp: 5.1 mGy vs. 18.2 mGy, bmf: 3.3 mGy vs. 6.6 mGy). For human pelvic arteries, the CNR of CT was better than that of CBCT, with the exception of one prostate artery that showed stenosis on CT. Evaluation by experienced radiologists also confirmed the better detectability of prostate arteries on CT examination. Conclusions: In our study preprocedural CT had lower organ doses and better image quality comparedd with CBCT and should be considered for the correct identification of prostatic arteries.

Children are exposed to ionizing radiation through radiographs during their development for various reasons. At present, there are no officially valid reference values for dental X-rays in children and adolescents for dental X-ray diagnostics. This study retrospectively examined 9680 extraoral dental radiographs in pediatric patients between 2002 and 2020. The aim was to analyze the radiation doses in pediatric patients, which indications were used, and whether there were specific age and gender differences. The evaluation showed that radiation doses were considered low, with dose area products of 2.2 cGy × cm2 for a lateral cephalogram, 14 cGy × cm2 for an orthopantomogram (OPG), and 45 cGy × cm2 for cone beam computer tomography (CBCT). This corresponds to an effective dose of 1.5 μSv for a lateral cephalogram, 7 μSv for an OPG, and 33.8 μSv for CBCT. Of the 9680 images, 78% were orthopantomograms, and only 0.4% were CBCT images. OPG has become more important over the years, as reflected in the indication. Approximately one-third of all extraoral exposures are orthodontic indications. Overall, the indications were similar for both genders. According to the dental indications, boys were X-rayed slightly more frequently than girls (54.5–45.5%). A future publication of dose guide values and corresponding guidelines is of high priority.

Dental radiographs are valuable diagnostic aids for oral healthcare, but exposure to ionizing radiation carries health risks, especially in children due to their high radio-sensitivity. Valid reference values for intraoral radiographs in children and adolescents are still missing. This study aimed to investigate the radiation dose values and underlying justifications of dental, bitewing and occlusal X-rays in children and adolescents. Data from routinely executed intraoral radiographs between 2002 and 2020 with conventional and digital tube-heads were extracted from the Radiology Information System. The effective exposure was calculated from technical parameters and statistical tests performed. A total number of 4455 intraoral (3128 dental, 903 bitewing and 424 occlusal) radiographs were investigated. For dental and bitewing radiographs, the dose area product (DAP) was 2.57 cGy × cm2 and the effective dose (ED) 0.77 µSv. For occlusal radiographs, the DAP was 7.43 cGy × cm2 and the ED 2.22 µSv. Overall, 70.2% of all intraoral radiographs were dental, 20.3% bitewing and 9.5% occlusal radiographs. The most frequent indication for intraoral radiographs was trauma (28.7%), followed by caries (22.7%) and apical diagnostics (22.7%). Moreover, 59.7% of all intraoral radiographs were taken in boys, especially for trauma (66.5%) and endodontics (67.2%) (p ≤ 0.00). Girls were significantly more frequently X-rayed for caries diagnostics than boys (28.1% vs. 19.1%, p ≤ 0.00). The average ED of 0.77 µSv for intraoral dental and bitewing radiographs in this study was within the range of other reported values. The technical parameters of the X-ray devices were found at the lowest recommended levels to best limit the radiation exposure and to assure acceptable diagnostic efficacy. Intraoral radiographs were performed predominantly for trauma, caries and apical diagnostics-reflecting general recommendations for the use of X-rays in children. For improved quality assurance and radiation protection, further studies are necessary to determine the meaningful dose reference level (DRL) for children.

Hintergrund Kinder werden während ihrer Entwicklung im zahnmedizinischen Bereich aus verschiedenen Gründen geröntgt. Bislang gibt es für Kinder und Jugendliche keine Dosisreferenzwerte (DRW).

Post-processing software can be used in digital radiography to achieve higher image quality, especially in cases of scattered radiation. SimGrid is a grid-like software based on a Convolutional Neuronal Network that estimates the distribution and degree of scattered radiation in radiographs and thus improves image quality by simulating an anti-scatter grid. S-Enhance is an algorithm programmed to improve contrast visibility of foreign material. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SimGrid and S-Enhance digital radiography post-processing methods for neonatology and paediatric intensive care. Two hundred and ten radiographs from the neonatal (n = 101, 0 to 6 months of age) and paediatric (n = 109, 6 months to 18 years of age) intensive care units performed in daily clinical routine using a mobile digital radiography system were post-processed with one of the algorithms, anonymized and then evaluated comparatively by two experienced paediatric radiologists. For every radiograph, patient data and exposure data were collected and analysed. Analysis of different radiographs showed that SimGrid significantly improves image quality for patients with a weight above 10 kg (range: 10–30 kg: odds ratio [OR] = 6.683, P < 0.0001), especially regarding the tracheobronchial system, intestinal gas, and bones. Utilizing S-Enhance significantly advances the assessment of foreign material (OR = 136.111, P < 0.0001) and bones (OR = 34.917, P < 0.0001) for children of all ages and weight, whereas overall image quality decreases. SimGrid offers a differentiated spectrum in image improvement for children beyond the neonatal period whereas S-Enhance especially improves visibility of foreign material and bones for all patients.