With the “Lehrplan 21” school curriculum, a new subject “Media and Computer Science” was introduced in the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland. The curriculum defines competence areas that should be achieved by students within this subject. One such competence area is that middle school students should be able to develop executable and correct computer programs that use variables and subprograms. To evaluate and analyze how middle school students work with these more abstract CS concepts, we organized a Scratch Challenge – an online programming competition using the block-based programming language Scratch. We then compared the 203 submitted projects with an analysis of projects from the general Scratch repository. We found a similar use of types and quantities of blocks per projects (when considering projects developed in a short timeframe), but also an increased use of the targeted abstract concepts (especially of procedures), potentially influenced by the educational materials we provided for the challenge. Secondly, we examined the way middle school students work with these abstract concepts in Scratch, the errors they typically make, which challenges they face and the preconceptions they might have. These results contribute to the little studied area of middle school students working with more abstract concepts, such as variables, lists and procedures in Scratch. With this contribution, we hope to support schools to implement the aims of the “Lehrplan 21” successfully, and at the same time gain insight into the use of Scratch for teaching and learning more advanced CS concepts.

Firms host online communities for commercial purposes, for example in order to integrate customers into ideation for new product development. The success of these firm-hosted online communities depends entirely on the cooperation of a high number of customers that constantly produce valuable knowledge for firms. However, in practice, the majority of successfully implemented communities suffers from stagnation and even a decrease of member activities over time. Literature provides numerous guidelines on how to build and launch these online communities. While these models describe the initial steps of acquiring and activating a community base from scratch very well and explicitly, they neglect continuous member activation and acquistion after a successful launch. Against this background, the authors propose the Community Fostering Reference Model (CoFoRM), which represents a set of general procedures and instruments to continuously foster member activity. In this paper, the authors present the theory-driven design as well as the evaluation of the CoFoRM in a practical use setting. The evaluation results reveal that the CoFoRM represents a valuable instrument in the daily working routine of community managers, since it efficiently helps activating community members especially in the late phases of a community’s lifecycle.

It has been a long tradition that patients interact via discussion forums in virtual patient communities (VPCs) to share experiences and information. Nowadays, patients are beginning to develop ideas for innovative products and services within these communication forums. However, ideation in communication forums leads to poorly conceived and not well elaborated ideas, since these forums are primarily designed to support communication behaviors of many-to-many and not to support mass ideation interactions. Against this backdrop, the aim of this research is to enrich VPCs with a Web-based Ideation Platform (WBIP). We show that ideation outcome improves by means of a WBIP in VPCs due to the WBIP's inherent semantic representation of ideation processes. This paper describes the theory-ingrained design as well as the piloting and evaluation of this IT artifact, namely the WBIP. The findings of this action design research show that idea quality rises significantly with the help of a WBIP.

Internal ideas communities are becoming important instruments for companies, as they are virtual places where employees solve organizational issues, develop new products, services, and business opportunities. The engagement in such communities is voluntary and users are asked to invest their expertise, creativity, and their time to develop ideas. This makes it important to continuously acquire new members and to motivate the community to generate valuable content. However, recent literature does not provide adequate approaches for implementing ideas communities in a structured way. Thus, we conducted a single-case study analysing the implementation of DATEV’s ideas community, which is considered by DATEV as a successfully implemented community. We found that the implementation approach of DATEV has similarities with the diffusion theory by Leonard-Barton. Leonard-Barton’s theory consists of three key principles for implementing innovations in organizations: User Involvement, Sponsors and Champions, Mutual Adaptation of Organization and Technology. Based on the analysis of the DATEV approach by applying the theory by Leonard-Barton, we enrich existing literature about community building and management approaches. Furthermore, we present measures for implementing virtual communities using the example of an internal ideas community.

In: "Personenbezug als Ressource und als Problem einer systematischen Dienstleistungsentwicklung", S. 85-296

Online Communities for Patients (POC) are very interactive sites where patients communicate with one another about diseases, therapies and how to deal with diseases and about personal experiences they have had. They also develop and share innovative ideas that make their everyday life easier. However, this happens mostly in an unsystematic and uncontrolled manner, as IT-supported interaction and communication tools in POC do not typically meet the specific requirements of ideation. For this ideation process, we developed a module called Ideenschmiede, which extends POC to support the collaborative and systematic idea development. The evaluation of the published ideas shows that the concept of the Ideenschmiede leads to ideas with an above-average quality level, indicating that collaborative ideation may also work in the healthcare context.

Online Communities spielen fur Patienten, deren Angehorige und Verwandte eine immer grosere Rolle, insbesondere wenn es darum geht, sich uber Krankheiten, deren Symptome, Therapien oder Medikamente zu informieren. Zu- nehmend werden Online Communities von Patienten genutzt, um Ideen, die den Alltag von Patienten erleichtern sollen, auszutauschen. Dies geschieht oftmals ungesteuert und unstrukturiert, weil bestehende Online Communities auf Diskussionen und den Informationsaustausch ausgerichtet sind. In diesem Artikel wird eine modulare Erweiterung von bestehenden Patienten-Communities aufgezeigt, um diese zur systematischen Entwicklung von Ideen zu befahigen. Dahinter steht das Ziel, qualitativ hochwertige Ideen von Patienten fur Patienten erzeugen zu konnen.

Online communities are a very interactive place where patients communicate with each other about diseases, therapies, how to deal with diseases and about personal experiences made. They also develop and share innovative ideas, which shall make their all day life easier. But this happens mostly in an unsystematic and uncontrolled manor. To support this ideation process we developed a module called “Ideenschmiede”, which extends existing online patient communities in order to support the collaborative and systematic idea development. For doing so we looked out for an existing online community within the healthcare sector, in which patients already develop ideas. Against this backdrop, this research in progress article addresses the following question: “How can existing online communiti

More and more firms make use of virtual communities to interact with customers, particularly in the light of open innovation. Although companies invest enormous effort in developing virtual communities just a minority of these succeed. That means that firms were either unable to recruit the critical mass of users or to motivate users to publish and discuss generated content on the platform. Looking at the literature there are several models explaining the systematic development of virtual communities. Nevertheless, there is a lack in terms of the establishment of communities. Thus, we aim at taking a closer look at a few success stories in this field. We conducted several qualitative expert interviews with platform developers of these examples. The results show that the interviewed experts use a generic approach, which is based on practical experiences. Using these insights platform developers can design a more systematic approach to establish communities.

More and more firms make use of virtual communities to interact with customers, particularly in the light of open innovation. Although companies invest enormous effort in developing virtual communities just a minority of these succeed. That means that firms were either unable to recruit the critical mass of users or to motivate users to publish and discuss generated content on the platform. Looking at the literature there are several models explaining the systematic development of virtual communities. Nevertheless, there is a lack in terms of the establishment of communities. Thus, we aim at taking a closer look at a few success stories in this field. We conducted several qualitative expert interviews with platform developers of these examples. The results show that the interviewed experts use a generic approach, which is based on practical experiences. Using these insights platform developers can design a more systematic approach to establish communities.

In den letzten Jahren stieg die Internetnutzung stark an und Web 2.0 Anwendungen hielten Einzug in das Gesundheitswesen. Health 2.0 beschreibt die Ubertragung von Anwendungen und Prinzipien des Web 2.0 auf das Gesundheitswesen. Das interaktive Erstellen, Verteilen und kollaborative Bearbeiten von Gesundheitsinformationen stehen im Vordergrund. Trotz zahlreicher Publikationen zu Health 2.0 fehlt eine systematische Aufarbeitung des Forschungsstandes. Dieser Beitrag beantwortet folgende Forschungsfragen: (1) [] Forschungsergebnisse finden sich in der Literatur zu den identifizierten Forschungsthemen

The significance of gas-phase reactions in catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of isooctane at short contact times and high temperatures is studied experimentally and numerically to gain further understanding of hydrogen production by CPOX of logistic fuels for on-board applications. Special attention is given to the formation of coke precursors. CPOX of isooctane over a rhodium coated monolith with a molar inlet C/O ratio of 1.1 is used as reference case for a two-dimensional flow field description coupled with detailed surface and gas-phase reaction mechanisms. The results reveal catalyst coking and formation of coke precursors in the oxygen-free catalyst zone. Taking the product composition of the rich operated CPOX reactors (C/O = 1.0−1.6) as inlet composition, homogeneous conversion in the gas-phase is studied in the temperature range from 873 to 1173 K in a plug flow reactor. Conversion in the gas-phase is modeled by two detailed reaction mechanisms. Results show that most of the by-products and soot precursor species arise from unconverted fuel and not from additionally added hydrocarbons like ethylene. Both mechanisms well-predict all experimentally observed trends in gas-phase composition, both in axial reactor profiles and for different inlet compositions. The amount of soot precursors raises with increasing fuel feed corresponding to an increasing C/O ratio in CPOX experiments.

Knowledge-intensive person-oriented services (KIPOS) are predominately existent in sectors such as health care, home care or education. They are of high economic relevance in terms of market size and growth. Yet they are laggards in terms of leveraging typical service engineering potentials as applying (partial) automation, process standardization or customer integration techniques, since the most value creating activities in service provision are bound to persons or personal knowledge. In this paper, we first analyze existing typologies from literature and derive a characteristic profile of KIPOS. Next to this, we present specific challenges for KIPOS engineering derived from qualitative interviews with service providers and observations. Our results can serve as an input for developing service engineering methods for KIPOS.

Wir prasentieren ein Konzept zur Entwicklung eines IT-gestutzten Ideenwettbewerbs fur Patienten mit amyotropher Lateralsklerose (ALS) und deren Angehoriger. Ideenwettbewerbe, als ein Vertreter von Open Innovation (OI) Werkzeugen, sind ein Ansatz, um nutzergenerierte Ideen systematisch zu sammeln, zu erarbeiten, aufzubereiten und die vielversprechendsten Ideen zu selektieren. Ziel ist es, Patienten das systematische, kollaborative sowie ortsund zeitunabhangige Entwickeln von Ideen bezuglich Pflegedienstleistungen und Losungsansatzen fur Probleme im Umgang mit einer Krankheit zu ermoglichen. Patienten konnen hierbei, durch Web 2.0 Technologien und Prinzipien unterstutzt, ihre Ideen veroffentlichen, diskutieren, bewerten und weiterentwickeln. Diese konnen fur die Entwicklung neuer Dienstleistungen und Produkte im Gesundheitsbereich herangezogen werden. Zur Entwicklung unseres Konzepts fur Ideenwettbewerbe fur Patienten mit ALS vereinen wir dabei die Ansatze des Needs Driven Approachs zur Anforderungserhebung und des User-Centered Designs fur die patientenzentrierte Entwicklung und Gestaltung der Plattform. 1 Herausforderungen im Healthcare Der demographische Wandel und der Anstieg an chronischen Erkrankungen in westlichen Volkswirtschaften fuhren zu erhohten Gesundheitsausgaben und einer hoheren Nachfrage nach Pflegedienstleistungen. Der kontinuierliche Kostenanstieg bedroht bestehende offentliche Gesundheitsund Sozialsysteme [Oe09]. In Deutschland wurden 2009 fur die Gesundheitsversorgung rund 250 Milliarden Euro ausgegeben und die Kosten erhohen sich voraussichtlich bis 2020 um 70% [Ka05]. Es gilt deshalb intelligente Losungen zu entwickeln, die die Produktivitat und Effizienz im Gesundheitswesen verbessern und Kosten senken, bei gleichzeitig steigender Patientenversorgung. 1 Das Verbundprojekt Mobile HybriCare wird vom Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung unter FKZ 01FG08002 gefordert. Fur weitere Informationen siehe http://www.mobilehybricare.de. Erste Interviews mit Patienten und deren Angehorigen zeigen, dass diese Zielgruppe ein wesentliches Innovationspotenzial besitzt. Aufgrund einer eigenen Erkrankung oder durch erkrankte Verwandte/Bekannte sammeln sie direkte und indirekte Erfahrungen mit Arzten, anderen Patienten und Pflegedienstleistern rund um die Krankheit, Therapien und Medikamente. Dadurch entwickeln sie Vorstellungen bzw. Ideen davon, wie u.a. Betreuungsund Pflegeprozesse effizienter ablaufen oder medizinische Gerate besser auf Patientenbedurfnisse abgestimmt werden konnen. Um dieses Potential zu heben, wird ein IT-gestutzter Ideenwettbewerb durchgefuhrt, der auf die speziellen Bedurfnisse von Patienten ausgerichtet ist. 1.2 Potenziale von Open Innovation OI ist ein Konzept, welches seine Ursprunge in der High-Tech Branche hat und zunehmend in anderen Branchen Anwendung findet. Chesbrough et. al. [CVW06] beschreiben OI als ein Paradigma zur systematischen Offnung des Innovationsentwicklungsprozesses („Innovation Funnel“). Der Funnel an sich bleibt aber weiterhin bestehen. Die Offnung des Funnels kann im Wesentlichen uber drei Kernprozesse geschehen: Inside-Out Prozesse, Outside-In Prozesse und Coupled Prozesse. Inwieweit eine Organisation die einzelnen Kernprozesse ausgestaltet bzw. in Anspruch nimmt, ist variabel. Zur Realisierung von OI stehen die Instrumente Innovation Communities, Toolkits, Lead-User Methode und Ideenwettbewerbe zur Verfugung. Ein wesentliches Prinzip von OI ist das Crowdsourcing [ELK09], mit dem die sog. “Weisheit der Massen“ genutzt werden kann, um die Kompetenzen und das Wissen der eingebundenen Akteure zu erschliesen. Dahinter steht das Ziel, externe Ideen zu sammeln und diese zu konkreten Innovationsprojekten weiterzuentwickeln. Die Anderung des Nutzerverhaltens, weg vom reinen Konsumieren hin zum aktiven kollaborativen Erstellen von Content, welche sich mit der Etablierung des Web 2.0 vollzog, unterstutzt die Einbindung der Akteure in den Innovationsprozess, um ungeloste Forschungsfragen oder Problemstellungen zu bearbeiten [BGT09]. Gleichzeitig eroffnen Web 2.0 Technologien wie Mashups neue Moglichkeiten, bspw. webbasierte Applikationen durch den Nutzer entwickeln zu lassen. Werden diese Konzepte auf den Healthcare Bereich ubertragen, eroffnen IT-basierte Ideenwettbewerbe ALS Patienten und ihren Angehorigen die Moglichkeit, Tipps & Ratschlage die den Alltag erleichtern ortsund zeitunabhangig sowie systematisch auszutauschen und/oder ihre Erfahrungen mit Therapien, Arzten, medizinischen Geraten, Pflegedienstleistungen etc. weiterzugeben. Diese Informationen konnen gleichzeitig genutzt werden, um bestehende Produkte und Pflegedienstleistungen zu optimieren oder

AbstractMit Rhodium beschichtete Katalysatoren ermöglichen durch katalytische Partialoxidation (CPOX) die Darstellung großer Mengen Wasserstoff aus höheren Kohlenwasserstoffen wie Benzin oder Diesel innerhalb weniger Millisekunden Kontaktzeit. Die Reaktionsenthalpie erzeugt Temperaturen von bis zu 1300 °C und erlaubt den autothermen Betrieb von kompakten CPOX Reaktoren in Fahrzeugen, die einen neuen Weg zur Versorgung von APUs (auxiliary power unit) mit Wasserstoff bzw. Synthesegas aus bereits bestehenden Versorgungsnetzen aufzeigen. Zur Evaluierung von Modellen und der Aufklärung wichtiger Einzelprozesse der Reaktion wurde eine Versuchsanlage entwickelt, an der die katalytische Partialoxidation von Modellkraftstoffen unter definierten Randbedingungen erforscht werden kann. Dabei realisiert die Verwendung kombinierter Messverfahren (Prozess‐Infrarot‐Spektrometerie, Sektorfeld‐Massenspektrometerie, paramagnetische Sauerstoffdetektion) die zeitaufgelöste Untersuchung der Reaktionsprodukte mit geschlossenen Bilanzen bei allen technisch relevanten Betriebspunkten. Eine detaillierte Analyse der Kohlenwasserstoffe erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Gaschromatographen. Beispielhaft werden Selektivität und Umsatz für die CPOX von i‐Oktan im stationären wie instationären Betrieb diskutiert.

Elaborating sustainable livelihood approaches to reduce poverty is a continuing challenge for development planners throughout the developing world. In Southeast-Asian countries, small scale farming, rice farming in particular, represents the dominat source of income. Due to low prices, stagnant or decreasing yields and changes in climate, rice production is becoming less profitable for farmers. The role of poor farmers in degrading natural resources while searching for accessible income sources is well known in the Philippines. Small-scale farmers are confronted with the problem of declining productivity in rice farming and a limited farm output, which frequently is not enough to provide income or at least food for the farm household throughout the year. Farmers are forced to look for alternatives, which simultaneously favours farm diversification as a possible option. In this presentation, panel data collected in the Philippine province of Palawan are used to point out the conditions of small scale farming and predominant constraints farmers are facing today. Diversification of existing farming systems can play a significant role in improving livelihoods of the farming households. Basically, poor rural people do not rely for their livelihood on agriculture alone, but as long as there are few opportunities due to almost non-existing labour markets in remote areas, practical solutions on the field have to be elaborated to overcome food shortages. Data from an economic analysis of an integrated agriculture aquaculture (IAA) farming system at a model-project site "on-station" provides evidence of the potential of diversification to alleviate poverty of small-scale farmers in the region. Utilizing this data as a foundation, attention focuses on practical possibilities "on-farm" of implementing IAA components to diversify individual production systems and to identify deriving economic impacts and constraints of the adjustment.