Aim To synthesize qualitative evidence on the experiences of undergraduate nursing students and new graduate nurses engaged in formal paid employment models or health-related work during their undergraduate studies, to examine how these employment-based clinical experiences influence their transition to nursing practice, and to identify elements that facilitate or hinder this transition. Design Qualitative systematic review. Methods Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare (Ovid), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), ERIC (ProQuest), and gray literature sources, including ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and Google Scholar. No date or country limits were applied, although only English-language studies were included. The review followed JBI methodology for qualitative evidence synthesis and adhered to PRISMA reporting guidelines. Two reviewers independently appraised methodological quality using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist, with disagreements resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Findings were aggregated through meta-aggregation. Results Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, contributing 92 findings categorized into 13 categories and three synthesized findings: 1) Developing professional identities while navigating role-related challenges; 2) Developing clinical competence and confidence; and 3) Gaining environmental familiarity and workplace socialisation while managing high expectations. Formal paid employment and health-related work provided students and new graduates with opportunities to enhance confidence, competence, and workplace readiness. However, they also encountered challenges related to role boundaries, supervision variability, and dual expectations, illustrating the complex influence of employment-based experiences on transition to practice. Conclusion Additional clinical experience acquired through formal paid employment and health-related work contributes meaningfully to the transition to nursing practice by strengthening professional identity, clinical proficiency, and workplace socialization. Persistent challenges highlight the need for structured support, clear supervision, and defined scopes of practice within employment-based roles.

BackgroundCurrent data analysis and coordination methods do not effectively support nurses and midwives in risk reduction, as retrospective reporting does not allow real-time insights and precludes proactive, preventive care. Analysis of administrative data within Australia’s health care sector to predict risk may help address this shortcoming. Predictive analytics can transform these data into meaningful insights, identifying harm risk profiles that benefit the performance of Australian and international clinical programs. Importantly, these tools may support nurses and midwives in preventing adverse events and predicting high-risk situations. Researchers, in collaboration with local health network staff, will develop a proof-of-concept predictive risk algorithm. The “predictive harm response management algorithmic tool to reduce adverse events in healthcare settings” program (project DHCRC-0156) will provide real-time insights via an interactive dashboard, enabling nurses, midwives, and health administration to assess risks and optimize resources in health care settings. This protocol details the algorithm development activities for subproject 1a, predictive risk model development, which aims to develop and pilot-test a predictive harm algorithm across 2 South Australian local health networks. ObjectiveThis study aims to identify the clinical harm outcome of interest and relevant data sources per site and build a suitable data solution to model predictors of harm risk and identify actionable clinical, workforce, and environmental factors that affect the harm outcome of interest. MethodsThis study design includes three phases: (1) model generation, (2) model evaluation, and (3) prototype development. Data linkage by SA-NT DataLink can only proceed following approval from each of the following: the South Australia Department for Health and Wellbeing Human Research Ethics Committee, the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee, and hospital governance committees. The clinical dataset will be split into a training set, a validation set, and a test set. Exploratory data analysis will be undertaken to ascertain features and classify outcomes from the raw dataset. Derived features will be computed, feature correlations will be estimated, and initial feature selection will be performed. Iterative model development will occur over 3 stages, and a dashboard to display these results will be developed. ResultsThe study commenced on July 19, 2021, and will conclude on December 31, 2025. Finalized results are expected in December 2025. ConclusionsThis research will conclude with the development of the algorithm for transferability to health care environments. Research activities will be detailed in publicly available reports and manuscripts prepared for peer-reviewed journals that will be drafted in accordance with existing and appropriate checklists. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/75474

Globally, grief support faces implementation challenges. This paper reports on the culmination of a project which aimed to consultatively develop an operationalisable and economically feasible model to guide the implementation, coordination and management of statewide bereavement supports in South Australia. The model development process integrated themed data from previous project data collection activities, including an environmental scan, survey, interviews and rapid review of the literature. The draft model was presented to stakeholders at a validation workshop. Feedback was collected, analysed and synthesised to capture stakeholder perspectives, and used to inform the revision and finalisation of the model. The integrated project findings resulted in a statewide bereavement support model with five categories: information and navigation support, access pathways, partnerships and linkages, grief education and policy recommendations. Thirty-two components describe the vision for implementation of the model across these categories. The proposed Statewide Model for Integrated Grief and Bereavement Support provides a collaborative framework, leveraging community resources to create an equitable, evidence-based system for addressing population grief and bereavement needs with coordinated care and navigation. The model outlines key categories and components for delivering comprehensive, evidence-based grief and bereavement support. As far as we are aware, the resultant Statewide Model is the first grief and bereavement support model of its type, and it has demonstrated theoretical validity and economic feasibility.

AIM:To reconceptualise becoming a nurse as a lifelong developmental journey that extends beyond the traditional focus on new graduate transition, and to inform policies and practices supporting recruitment, retention and career sustainability. BACKGROUND:The global nursing shortage persists, exacerbated by high attrition rates among new graduates and an aging workforce. While existing literature predominantly examines the transition from student to professional practice, we propose that 'becoming a nurse' begins earlier and extends beyond clinical roles into retirement. DESIGN:An analytical discursive paper. DATA SOURCES:Key theoretical frameworks (Schlossberg's Transition Model, Kennedy's Integrated Transition Model, Benner's Novice-to-Expert framework and Duchscher's Stages of Transition Model) were integrated with empirical literature (1974-2025) on nursing career trajectories, clinical expertise development and professional identity across the lifespan, with emphasis on contemporary evidence from 2015 to 2025. RESULTS:Becoming a nurse is reconceptualised as a continuous, lifelong transition encompassing four interrelated phases: (1) early career interest, where nursing aspirations emerge during childhood and adolescence; (2) non-traditional entry, involving second-career entrants who undergo profound identity reconstruction as novices; (3) middle-career transition, characterised by sustained development from competence through proficiency toward expertise and clinical wisdom; and (4) late-career transition, where professional identity and contribution continue beyond retirement. Each phase presents distinct developmental demands requiring tailored educational, organisational and workforce responses. Together, these phases form a Lifespan Transition Framework that advances the field by proposing transition as a recursive developmental mechanism, where adaptive capacities built at each phase become foundational resources for subsequent phases, rather than separate, time-limited events. CONCLUSION:Understanding becoming a nurse as a lifelong transition provides a unifying conceptual foundation for more coherent, stage-sensitive workforce strategies. This perspective shifts policy and practice beyond short-term graduate retention toward lifespan-oriented workforce systems that strengthen recruitment, sustain expertise and preserve professional wisdom across the whole nursing career lifespan.

The production of guidance by the Australian Government for the adoption of responsible artificial intelligence has evolved in recent years. Reporting results of an iterative scoping review charts the evolution and relationships between this documentation, illustrating when they were published, the origin and evolution of their content, as well as their inter-relatedness. The purpose is to identify changes in government thinking and to highlight those elements most relevant to the Australian healthcare workforce.

Background: Nurse-and midwife-led clinical trials are underrepresented in Australia and New Zealand, despite their potential to improve health outcomes and deliver economic value. Demonstrating the broader impact of such research is essential to inform policy and funding decisions. Aim: To assess the utility of the Framework to Assess the Impact from Translational health research (FAIT) in capturing the translational impact of nurse-and midwife-led randomised controlled trials through retrospective application to two exemplar studies. Methods: FAIT was retrospectively applied to the RSVP (nurse-led) and DAME (midwife-led) trials using three components: Modified Payback, Economic Analysis, and Narrative. Program Logic Models were developed to map trial activities and impacts. Data were triangulated from public sources and researcher interviews. Findings: Both trials demonstrated significant translational impact. RSVP showed measurable system-level benefits, including policy uptake and estimated cost savings, while DAME influenced clinical guidelines and consumer education. However, the absence of economic evaluation in DAME limited its ability to demonstrate broader system value. Discussion: FAIT enabled comprehensive impact assessment but highlighted challenges in retrospective data collection and the need for discipline-specific metrics. Conclusions: FAIT is a feasible and flexible framework for assessing the impact of nurse-and midwife-led trials. Prospective application and tailored metrics are needed to fully capture the value of research in these disciplines and support equitable investment. (c) 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian College of Nursing Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Background Regional Australians have higher skin cancer incidence and associated mortality than metropolitan populations. Nurse-led and mobile health models offer innovative solutions to improve skin cancer detection in these communities. Aim To describe the clinical outcomes of a nurse-led, mobile skin check clinic in regional South Australia. Methods Primary care nurses in regional South Australia were trained to conduct dermoscopic skin checks and deliver nurse-led mobile clinics at community events. Consumers completed a validated skin cancer risk survey, and those with suspicious lesions identified were advised to seek follow-up. Findings Twenty-nine regional primary care nurses completed dermoscopy training. Seven clinics were provided in six regional towns. A total of 637 people received a skin check, and 611 (95.9%) completed the survey. Overall, 151 (24.7%) participants were considered either above or very much above the average risk for melanoma, and 272 (44.5%) for keratinocyte cancer. A total of 297 lesions suspicious for malignancy were identified in 172 (27%) people. Of 102 people (70.8%) who could be contacted and received follow-up care, 52 lesions were later confirmed as malignant. Discussion Mobile skin check clinics led by nurses are well-engaged by regional communities and enable early detection of lesions suspicious for skin cancer. To ensure effective follow-up care, a coordinated approach is required, involving collaboration with local nurse practitioners, general practitioners, and dermatologists. Conclusion A nurse-led mobile for skin checks is an innovative approach for improved access to screening for regional South Australians who are at increased risk of skin cancer.

OBJECTIVE:Skin cancer rates are rising and disproportionately higher in under-serviced regional and rural Australia compared to metropolitan areas. It is estimated that regional and rural areas will account for 47% of total incidence melanomas. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-disciplinary, nurse-led early detection model for skin cancer in regional and rural areas, called Project Check Mate. Three nurse-led pop-up skin cancer clinics were held at large rural community events in South Australia. Regional and rural nurses from local General Practitioner (GP) practices were trained in skin checks and worked in tandem with experienced nurse dermoscopists. DESIGN:Pragmatic evaluation using quantitative and qualitative methods. SETTING:The study examined: training completion of nurses and demonstrated skills application; the number and risk profile of consumers receiving a skin check; use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the acceptability of the model to nurses, GPs and consumers. RESULTS:Thirteen of fourteen nurses completed the training and gained supervised clinical experience, reporting increased confidence in dermoscopy and image capture. Across the three sites, 509 total body skin checks were performed in 2023. Consumers had a median age of 58 years (men) and 54 years (women), with one-quarter identified as above-average risk for melanoma. Nurse-led skin checks were positively received; 99% of consumers indicated they would use the service again, and GPs expressed support for the model. AI was valued as an adjunctive learning tool but not used for clinical decision making. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that nurse-led skin checks, delivered in collaboration with GPs and communities, are acceptable to stakeholders and can improve access to skin cancer assessment in regional and rural settings. Training local nurses builds sustainable workforce capacity and offers a promising pathway for risk-tailored skin cancer assessments in under-served areas.

OBJECTIVE:To collate assessment tools, diagnostic/screening methods, referral pathways, and clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) available to paramedics managing suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients in the out-of-hospital (OOH) setting, and to examine the evidence cited in these resources. INTRODUCTION:COVID-19 presents with varied severity and has caused over seven million deaths since 2020. Ambulance Health Services (AHSs) have faced sustained demand and implemented new measures for patient care, often without evidence-based guidance. This review explores how paramedics assess, diagnose, and refer these patients, and what evidence supports these practices. INCLUSION CRITERIA:Sources from January 2020 to October 2024 were included, with grey literature from six countries eligible until April 2025. Participants were patients of any age assessed or referred by paramedics in OOH settings. METHODS:Following JBI methodology and PRISMA-ScR, literature was sourced from databases and ambulance organisations. Data were extracted using Covidence and customised tools, then synthesised narratively and in tables. RESULTS:Sixty-seven sources from 20 countries were included. Six screening tools, 29 assessment tools, and 13 referral pathways were identified. Few AHS resources cited evidence. CONCLUSIONS:Paramedic practice is significantly heterogenous and most CPGs lack supporting evidence. This review can aide further evidence-mapping and validation of clinical tools and patient pathways.

Background: Early detection of skin cancer is critical for improved health outcomes. Many Australians living in regional and rural areas are at an increased risk of skin cancer yet face significant barriers in accessing skin cancer screening. Australia is reforming its current system of primarily opportunistic, General Practitioner-led screening, and will be developing a funded national program to screen for melanoma in people at highest risk. Purpose: To provide practical insights into the upskilling of primary care nurses working in regional Australia in skin cancer prevention and early detection. Discussion: Nurses, as the largest health workforce in regional areas, are ideally positioned to bridge gaps in access to crucial preventive health care, particularly using innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence and tele-dermatology. A nurse-led model can include a comprehensive education and training program, providing convenient mobile skin check clinics at large regional community events, and working collaboratively with other health professionals for follow-up care. A nurse-led approach can reduce disparities in skin cancer outcomes, improve early detection rates, and inform the National Targeted Skin Cancer Screening Program. Conclusion: Upskilling primary care nurses working in regional Australia in skin cancer prevention education and early detection provides an innovative solution to meet the screening needs of high-risk individuals. (c) 2025 Australian College of Nursing Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Current data analysis methods do not effectively support nurses in risk reduction as retrospective reporting lacks real-time insights and precludes proactive care. However, analysis of administrative data within Australia’s healthcare sector may have the potential to address this short coming. Predictive analytics can transform this data into meaningful insights, identifying harm risk profiles that benefit the performance of Australian and international clinical programs. Importantly these tools may offer support to nurses in precluding adverse events and predicting high-risk situations. Researchers, with assistance from local health network staff, are developing a proof-of-concept predictive risk algorithm. The ‘Predictive Harm Response Management algorithmic tool to reduce adverse events in healthcare settings’ program (Project #DHCRC-0156) will provide real-time insights via an interactive dashboard, enabling nurses to assess risks and optimize resources in healthcare settings. This protocol details the algorithm development activities for sub-project 1a: ‘Predictive risk model development’; which aims to develop and pilot-test a predictive harm algorithm for two South Australian local health networks. 1) Identify the clinical harm outcome of interest and relevant data sources per site and build a suitable data solution to model predictors of harm risk. 2) Identify actionable clinical, workforce, and environmental factors that are affecting the harm outcome of interest. This study design includes three phases (i) model generation, (ii) model evaluation, and (iii) prototype development. Data linkage by the SA-NT DataLink can only proceed following receipt of approval from each of the following: SA DHW ethics, UniSA ethics, and Hospital governance committees. The clinical dataset will be divided into a training set, validation set, and test set. Exploratory Data Analysis will be undertaken to ascertain features and classify outcomes from the raw dataset. Initially, modelling packages will be used for feature selection with imputed data. Imputation models will be built using features that have at least a minimal correlation with the variable being imputed. Once feature selection is complete, imputation will be repeated, incorporating additional predictors. Iterative model development will occur over three stages while a dashboard to display these results will be developed. The study commenced on 19 July 2021 and will cease on 31 June 2025. Finalised results are expected November 2025. This research will conclude with a presentation of the PreHaRM tool, consisting of the algorithm and dashboard, within two South Australian Local Health networks. Research activities will be reported in publicly-available reports and manuscripts prepared for peer-reviewed journals and be drafted in accordance with existing and appropriate checklists. N/A

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Screening for elder abuse can improve detection, but many health providers lack the necessary skills and confidence. To address this, training for health providers on elder abuse screening was codesigned as part of a trial aimed at improving elder abuse detection and response. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Between March and April 2023, 7 health providers and 10 older people and family carers participated in 2 national Australian online codesign workshops. Using the World Café method, discussions focused on what knowledge and skills health providers needed for screening; clinical and social issues affecting screening and referral; and support older people needed throughout the process. Data were thematically analyzed. RESULTS:Participants said health providers should take a trauma-informed, person-centered approach to screening, and explain the limits of confidentiality to older people. Clinical, social, and systemic issues such as dementia, ethnic diversity, and housing availability complicated screening and referrals. To facilitate disclosure, participants said health providers needed to reflect on whether they held ageist views. There were differing opinions on the length of the training and whether all health providers or only social workers should screen for abuse. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS:Participants' feedback on trauma-informed care, consent, and cognitive impairment concorded with evidence on best practice responses to elder abuse and were integrated into the training. Given operational constraints in health services, feedback from health providers about the training length and the inclusion of all health providers in screening were prioritized. The training is being evaluated in a national trial.

BackgroundPeople with multimorbidity have complex health care needs, resulting in high health service use, hospital readmission rates, and support needs. To prevent unnecessary hospital readmissions, effective coordination during the transition from hospital to primary care is essential; the transitional care model (TCM) is an effective approach to achieve this. This study will adapt the TCM, focusing on a nurse-led telehealth-based follow-up transition coordination service to enhance continuity between hospital and primary care, aiming to reduce unnecessary hospital readmissions and improve patient transitions. ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the impact of a TCM on 3-month readmission rates in people with multimorbidity after discharge in an Australian context. Other objectives include evaluating the rate of re-presentation to hospital and overall length of hospital stay within 1, 6, and 12 months of discharge from the index admission; conducting a cost analysis of the transitional service model of care; evaluating the patient experience with the transition service; assessing patients’ symptom burden before and after transitional support service intervention; and evaluating patients’ quality of life, self-efficacy, and symptom management before and after intervention. MethodsThe study design is a multicenter, pragmatic randomized controlled trial of patients with multimorbidity; therefore, real-world clinical practices, and operations will be the considerations within the research design elements. A mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative data collection methods will be used. The study setting incorporates 2 hospitals, initially commencing at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (a 355-bed acute and subacute teaching hospital) and then at the Royal Adelaide Hospital (an 880-bed acute care teaching hospital), both located within the Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia. We will include 3 to 6 medical units and wards. The intervention will focus on nurse-led transition assessment and care planning and telehealth transition coordination support for people with multimorbidity for 6 to 10 weeks following hospital discharge. ResultsThis project received ethics approval (17554) on June 29, 2023, and was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on February 15, 2024 (12624000142538). The study commenced on July 1, 2023; data collection started in February 2024 and was completed on March 31, 2025. Finalized results are expected in March 2026. ConclusionsThe Central Adelaide Local Health Network currently lacks a process to assess or manage readmission risks for people with multimorbidity, despite evidence linking transitional care to reduced rehospitalizations. Our feasibility study highlighted the effectiveness of a transition coordinator role in supporting patients’ return to home and community. Progressing this work, an adapted TCM, with telehealth-based follow-up and home and health care support, will enhance continuity between hospital and primary care, aiming to reduce unnecessary readmissions and improve patient transitions. Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12624000142538; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=383721 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/71847

Grief is a normal reaction to loss, but some bereaved people require structured support to adjust. This paper reports findings from phase one of a study to develop a statewide model for grief and bereavement support and assess the associated costs and benefits. A desktop review and online survey mapped existing supports and identified gaps in support. Semi-structured interviews provided further insight into areas of unmet need. Results showed existing grief supports for the general population, for targeted community bereavement care, and for specialised professional care, but a lack of integration between supports, challenges in identification and navigation of supports, and a gap in supports for diverse and rural populations. Supports to develop a grief-literate general population, and grief training for professionals were also needed. Identified gaps highlight preliminary key areas to be addressed in the selection or development of a model for statewide grief and bereavement support.

Background: Amid a worldwide nursing and midwifery workforce shortage, recruiting and retaining graduates has become a priority in a competitive market. In 2023, to support a significant increase in graduates undertaking a Transition to Professional Practice Program, the role of the 'Working with Wisdom' Clinical Practice Mentor was implemented to provide clinical support across public acute and community health facilities. Purpose: To explore the experience of the new Clinical Practice Mentor role with Transition Program managers and educators. Method: A qualitative descriptive design was used to understand the experience of implementing and establishing the new role. Educators and managers involved in the Transition Program participated in individual interviews and focus groups. A process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews with managers and educators. Result: Educators and managers (n = 169) participated in individual interviews and focus groups. The most valued components of the new role were being supernumerary and working at the point of care. The role was flexible in the level of support they could provide graduates and the working hours of mentors. It was a job opportunity for experienced staff who were considering resignation or retirement. Participants highlighted the new model as an important recruitment and retention strategy for graduates and reduced pressure on senior staff often supervising a high number of less experienced staff. Conclusion: The participants described that the model had set a new standard of support, and funding should continue to ensure the attraction and retention of graduates. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian College of Nursing Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

This scoping review explores key attributes of intergenerational arts programs within Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) communities, identifying factors for success and challenges in implementation. Using the PRISMA-ScR framework, 39 studies were selected from 374 publications (2000-2025) across five databases supplemented by Google Scholar searches. Findings were viewed through Kaplan's Seven Levels of Intergenerational Engagement Scale and analyzed through thematic analysis covering themes of Ecologies of Place, Creativity, and Social Inclusion. Results emphasize the importance of cultural spaces, community hubs, and gathering places in fostering engagement. Creativity emerged as a key pedagogical tool, while movement arts proved effective in overcoming language and cultural barriers. This review provides foundational insights for future research and program development, supporting the design of culturally responsive intergenerational arts initiatives that enhance social connection and cultural exchange within CALD communities.

Objective:The objective of this review is to develop a comprehensive collection of information about the current processes for paramedics assessing and referring patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in the out-of-hospital environment.Introduction:Paramedics and ambulance service clinicians commonly encounter patients with COVID-19. Increased demand on ambulance services has resulted in many of these services developing alternative referral pathways to avoid unnecessary conveyance to emergency departments. There is not a strong body of literature or rigorous clinical practice guideline on this topic to support the assessment and referral decision-making for patients with COVID-19 in the out-of-hospital setting.Inclusion criteria:Any sources of evidence on patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 in the out-of-hospital environment who are seeking care for COVID-19-related symptoms and being assessed by paramedics will be considered for inclusion. Sources from scholarly literature and gray literature, such as ambulance service clinical practice guidelines, will be included. Sources from Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, the US, Canada, and the UK will be included.Methods:The review will be guided by the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A database search for scholarly literature will be performed, followed by a gray literature search. Databases will include MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Scopus (Ovid), Emcare (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), amber, JBI Evidence Synthesis, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Epistemonikos. Gray literature will include clinical practice guidelines, protocols, and procedures obtained from ambulance service websites and apps. Results will be presented through figurative, tabular, and narrative synthesis methods.Review registration:Open Science Framework https://osf.io/yc7vq

Virtual home-based hospital services can provide high quality healthcare services while reducing the burden on hospitals through early discharge or prevention of admission. However, there is a gap in research around the technologies being deployed by these services, and how implementation, patient and service outcomes are being evaluated. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the use of technology and key evidence for current home-based virtual care programs and the outcomes that have been used to measure their effectiveness and implementation. A scoping review was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute framework for conducting a scoping review. CINAHL, Scopus, Medline, Embase, Emcare, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched in consultation with an academic librarian. From 8,953 search results, 24 unique acute or subacute virtual care services were identified from 26 studies. While 20.8% of services provided hospital-at-home care for multiple conditions, 79.2% provided virtual care services for specific conditions including post-surgical rehabilitation, moderate COVID-19 infections, acute exacerbations of chronic conditions, and subacute stroke care. The duration of patient monitoring ranged from one day to three months. Reporting of technology details was poor, with the devices, capacity, function, usability, and software application unstated in several articles. Outcomes measured to evaluate the 24 services varied. Nine types of implementation outcomes, 11 types of service outcomes, and 12 types of patient outcomes were identified across the studies. However, the tools used to measure these outcomes varied greatly, and 48% of services did not use any standardised outcome measures for evaluation. This review found that acute and subacute virtual care services mostly provide targeted subacute care for specific conditions. However, the technologies utilised by these services were underreported and there was wide variation in the types and methods of outcome evaluation to measure their success.