BACKGROUND:A key priority in colon cancer research is the identification of molecular biomarkers to improve early diagnosis, guide prognosis, and the design of new therapeutic approaches. Saliva is a powerful diagnostic biofluid that can be used to detect systemic alterations. This study aimed to investigate the parotid saliva (PS) metabolic Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1 H-NMR) profile of a patient diagnosed with colon cancer, and the subsequent changes 1 year after the end of chemotherapy.CASE REPORT:We describe the 1 H-NMR PS spectrum of a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with colon cancer (G3 pT3 pN1c) (T0), and the changes in the spectrum from PS collected 1 year after the end of chemotherapy (XELOX: capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) (T1). The data was co-analyzed with blood test cancer antigens (S-CEA; S-CA19-9) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) measurements obtained simultaneously in order to identify peaks and interpret the spectra. The blood cancer antigens (S-CEA; S-CA19-9) and the PS 1 H-NMR peaks for fatty acids, lactate, acetate, N-acetyl sugars, citrate, tyrosine, saccharides, and formate decreased at T1 compared to T0. Whereas, the thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) blood values increased at T1 compared to T0 reflecting the changes in the 1 H-NMR spectral window of 1-3.5 ppm.CONCLUSION:PS 1 H-NMR profiling identified modified metabolites that revealed cancer cells metabolism disturbances that subsequently decreased with time throughout treatment. These altered metabolites are potential biomarkers, providing a molecular diagnostic approach for clinical diagnosis, and prognosis of human colon cancer.

Background: The Wikipedia Collaboration of Dental Schools (WCODS) is a student-led initiative that aims to publish high quality scientific, evidence-based dental content on the Wikipedia online encyclopaedia by equipping its members to use research, critical appraisal and writing skills to create accurate content. In 2019, the Collaboration launched a standardised training programme developed by Wikimediatrained committee members, academic dental school staff and the Cochrane Oral Health global community. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of this training programme in ensuring WCODS editors follow the processes underpinning Evidence-Based Dentistry (EBD). Method: A cohort of dental students and staff (n=136) from six dental schools in the UK and Malaysia took part in a standardised and structured training programme at the annual WCODS training meeting. Participants' abilities and their perceived levels of confidence in carrying out critical analysis of the literature were measured using pre-and post-training surveys, and competency assessments. Results: Participants' skills in conducting literature searches, critical appraisal of the findings and creating and editing a Wikipedia page improved after training. Conclusion: The training programme provided participants with the skill set and confidence to apply best practice to create and edit Wikipedia entries. This Collaboration intends to recruit more contributors to improve global oral health literacy using the free online Wikipedia encyclopaedia.

ABSTRACT Radiographic methods using pulp-tooth volume ratio (PTVR) are important for dental age estimation. According to previous studies, using PTVR possesses different relationships with age in males and females but none of the studies have used a homogenous (approximately equal numbers of individuals in each age range) age distribution to assess this relationship and the effect of sex as a predictor on age estimation. This study was performed on Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)images of 521 left maxillary and 681 left mandibular canines of 719 subjects of Pakistani origin (368 females and 349 males) aged from 15 to 65 years. Planmeca Romexis® software was used to trace the outline of the pulp cavity and tooth and to calculate respective volumes. Subsequently, Microsoft® Office Excel 2016 was used to calculate the ratios. Regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between PTVR factoring sex as apredictor for age estimation. The obtained results showed that including sex as predictor with maxillary PTVR (R2 = 0.46) have the highest predictive power. The relationship between maxillary PTVR including sex with chronological age demonstrates anon-linear relationship. The conclusion is that including sex as predictor with maxillary PTVR produced the best estimate of chronological age.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if oral health, obesity, and demographic factors have an impact on self-esteem among school-going children in United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: Ten schools (six private and four public) were selected using random digit table. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth index according to the World Health Organization criteria was used to assess dental caries. Obesity was measured by body mass index (BMI = weight [kg]/height [m2]). Data related to demographic details and toothbrushing were collected and entered into assessment forms. The mental well-being was assessed using Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Results: Self-esteem score was 19.8 (standard deviation [SD], ±3.8) mean, and ranged from 19.1 to 20.5. The presence or absence of dental caries or their body shape (obesity/overweight/normal weight) had no impact on the self-esteem scores. Of the participants, 93% brushed daily, whereas the brushing frequency was significantly greater in female children (98%) (P < 0.001) and children with higher self-esteem scores (P = 0.066). The self-esteem scores of school children was positively associated with age as elder children had higher scores (P = 0.001). Children of Indian origin had lower self-esteem (P = 0.004). BMI was negatively associated (P = 0.006). Conclusion: Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale scores were found to be lower in young children and Indian children. The child’s obesity and dental caries status had no significant influence on their self-esteem. High self-esteem in older children can be linked with increased toothbrushing frequency.

Aims: This systematic review aimed to analyse: a) the presence and the abundance of Fusobacterium; b) the Fusobacterium species most often found, and c) the most common methods used for their identification in oral/ head and neck cancer samples. Design: A protocol was registered on PROSPERO database. This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature search was performed on five electronic biomedical databases, namely Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane from their start dates to 30 August 2018. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility for inclusion; extracted the data; and evaluated the risk of bias. Results: From 118 unique abstract records, 88 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 publications were included in this review. Meta-analysis showed an increased prevalence of 6 % (95 % CI, 3-9) of Fusobacterium in tumour lesions than in non-tumour lesions (Fusobacterium prevalence of 16 % in tumour lesions and of 10 % in non-tumour lesions), and a 2.93 higher chance of Fusobacterium being present in tumour lesions (95 % CI, 1.47-5.81). The most common detection methods were based on molecular evidence (64.70 %) (95 % CI, 37.7-84.7). F. nucleatum was the most prevalent species (47.06 %) (95 % CI, 23.5-72). Conclusion: In conclusion, Fusobacterium is present and in higher abundance in oral/head and neck cancer samples when compared to non-cancer samples, suggesting that Fusobacterium may contribute to oral/head and neck cancer development.

INTRODUCTION:The biomedical sciences (BMS) are a central part of the dental curriculum that underpins teaching and clinical practice in all areas of dentistry. Although some specialist groups have proposed curricula in their particular topic areas, there is currently no overarching view of what should be included in a BMS curriculum for undergraduate dental programmes. To address this, the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) convened a Special Interest Group (SIG) with representatives from across Europe to develop a consensus BMS curriculum for dental programmes.CURRICULUM:This paper summarises the outcome of the deliberations of this SIG and details a consensus view from the SIG of what a BMS curriculum should include.CONCLUSIONS:Given the broad nature of BMS applied to dentistry, this curriculum framework is advisory and seeks to provide programme planners with an indicative list of topics which can be mapped to specific learning objectives within their own curricula. As dentistry becomes increasingly specialised, these will change, or some elements of the undergraduate curriculum may move to the post-graduate setting. So, this document should be seen as a beginning and it will need regular review as BMS curricula in dentistry evolve.

Objectives: The preservation of enamel mineral is influenced by the supersaturation of salivary secretions with respect to calcium phosphate salts. The aim was to measure the chemical environmental state of phosphate ions in a subject's parotid saliva, and to correlate this with their dental caries score, by means of P-31-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (P-31-NMR) and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Design: Unilateral paraffin wax stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from 21 healthy adult subjects using a Lashley cup. The flowrate was recorded during collection. Clinical caries scores of each subject were classified using the ICDAS score. The pH was recorded for each saliva sample. P-31-NMR spectra of each saliva sample were obtained to determine the phosphorus chemical environment. All the collected data were analysed by Pearson's correlation. Results: Parotid saliva flow rates were in the range from 0.07 to 0.56 ml/min. The pH varied from 5.9 to 7.6. Each P-31-NMR spectrum showed a single broad line with a chemical shift between 0.07 and 2.38 ppm. At neutral pH the maximum chemical shift was 2.05 ppm, whereas at a lower pH values the phosphorous chemical shift reduced, to 0.34 at pH 5.9. The flowrate and the P-31-NMR chemical shift correlated positively (r = 0.71; p < 0.05). The ICDAS score correlated negatively with the P-31-NMR chemical shift (r = 0.43; p < 0.05). Conclusions: This parotid saliva P-31-NMR study has shown that different phosphate states exist within saliva, which significantly influence its inorganic chemical behaviour, and therefore its cariostatic activity.

Secondary dentine deposition is responsible for the decrease in the volume of the pulp cavity with age. Therefore, the volume of the pulp cavity can be considered as a predictor for estimating age. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship strength between canine pulp volumes and chronological age from homogenous (approximately equal numbers of individuals in each age range) age distribution and to assess the effect of sex as predictor in age estimation. This study was performed on 719 subjects of Pakistani origin. Cone beam computed tomography images of 521 left maxillary and 681 left mandibular canines were collected from 368 females and 349 males aged from 15 to 65 years. Planmeca Romexis® software was used to trace the outline of the pulp cavity and to calculate pulp volumes. Regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation between pulp volumes considering with and without sex as a predictor with chronological age. The obtained results showed that mandibular canine pulp volume and sex have the highest predictive power (R2 = 0.33). The relationship between mandibular canine pulp volume and sex with chronological age demonstrates an odd S-shaped non-linear relationship. A statistically significant difference in volumes of pulp was found (p = 0.000) between males and females. The conclusion was that predictions using the pulp volume of the mandibular canine and sex produced the best estimates of chronological age.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) representan una carga económica importante en México. Nuestra población enfrenta un alto riesgo de ECV, debido a una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo (obesidad, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, etc). Para el año 2015 la tasa de mortalidad fue de 91.9/100 mil habitantes >15 años, representando un incremento de 71.3% vs la tasa reportada en el año 2000. Dentro de las ECV encontramos las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón y las enfermedades vasculares cerebrales (EVC). De acuerdo al INEGI para el 2016, la SSA, IMSS e ISSSTE, generaron alrededor de 63,500 egresos por enfermedades isquémicas del corazón y EVC, donde la enfermedad isquémica del corazón fue la que generó la mayor carga de éstas, con el 53.8%, del total de ambos diagnósticos. Se estimó el costo de atención de las ECV con los GRD-IMSS tomando los egresos hospitalarios del 2016 para infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM) (CIE-10: I21, I22 e I24), ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (IS), revascularización (ICP/Bypass) y muerte por causa de IAM. Todas las cifras están expresadas en pesos mexicanos para 2019. El costo de atención total por IAM fue $2,343,931,665 para SSA, $4,430,332,640 para IMSS y $904,040,024 para ISSSTE; el costo total por revascularización (ICP/Bypass) en pacientes hospitalizados fue de $259,616,717 para SSA, $490,709,023 para IMSS y $100,132,571 para ISSSTE; el costo total por ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (IS) fue de $1,094,499,933 para SSA, $1,450,966,964 para IMSS y $345,082,538 para ISSSTE. La atención total de las ECV impacta en el presupuesto para Ramo Salud de 4.4% para SSA, 1.9% para IMSS y 9.4% para ISSSTE. La Atención de las ECV representa un gasto elevado para el sistema de salud. Frente a estas necesidades, se debe buscar estrategias que permitan reducir el número de ECV, que generarán ahorros a las instituciones de salud.

BACKGROUND:Loss of teeth has a negative influence on essential oral functions. It is important to understand edentulous patients' perceptions about the impacts of treatment options on their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and satisfaction. AIMS:To appraise the systematic reviews (with/without meta-analysis) that investigate the impacts of complete conventional dentures (CCDs) and/or implant-retained overdentures (IRODs) on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and satisfaction among edentulous patients. METHODS:The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for conduct of an umbrella systematic review was followed. Three database systems were used: Medline, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library. PROSPERO was searched for ongoing or recently completed systematic reviews. The reviews must report OHRQoL and patients' satisfaction as outcomes. RESULTS:A total of eight reviews were included in data synthesis (six were systematic reviews without meta-analysis, one was systematic review with meta-analysis, and one was meta-analysis). The level of evidence of all included reviews based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ranged between 1+ and 1-. CONCLUSION:The results of this umbrella systematic review demonstrate the superiority of using IRODs compared with CCDs on the OHRQoL and patients' satisfaction outcomes. However, this positive impact is more accentuated when patients demand implant treatment or cannot adapt to CCDs treatment. Financial factors and adaptive capability indeed affect patient tolerance to both treatment modalities.

Studies showed that odontometry can be used to analyse the influence of sexual dimorphism on the size of the teeth in specific ancestries. The aim of this study was to explore the bucco-lingual dimensions expressed as a ratio of human maxillary premolar crowns in males and females from polled ancestries. If this measurement could discriminate sex, it would have application in forensic cases, mass disasters and archaeology where the number of mingled human remains is high and the ancestry is unknown or multiple; Moreover, methodologies applied on radiographs or biochemical analysis in the laboratory is not always possible. The sample studied consisted of unworn premolars from 51 skeletal remains, 19 females and 32 males of known sex from collections: the Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, England and the Natural History Museum, London and 100 archived orthodontic plaster casts of young adult dental patients (50 females and 50 males) of Royal London Hospital. Digital photographs were taken parallel to the occlusal surface and intercuspal distance and maximum bucco-lingual distance were captured using ImageJ 1.47v (U. S. National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA), and the ratio of both distances calculated. Results were compared using a t-test and showed that for both upper premolars, the overall ratio was greater in males than females; however this was not significantly different to zero. The overall ratio for first premolar (P1) was less than second premolar (P2) in males and females. These findings show that maxillary premolar, measured in this way, are not significantly different and cannot discriminate between the sexes in this sample of different

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective is to study the effect of obesity on dental caries among schoolchildren in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 803, 11–17-year-old schoolchildren. The study was in the form of a randomized cross-sectional manner. Method used was two questioners. The first assessed socioeconomic and general health and the second detailed their demographic, oral hygiene, and dietary habits. Dental examination included dental caries assessment using the World Health Organization 1997 criteria and gingival health valuation. Clinical examination consisted of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Data analysis was done by descriptive, univariate, and multiple regressions. Results: In this sample, 75% had dental caries and the mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) was 3.19 (standard deviation: 2.9). Obesity was seen in 15% of the adolescents and the mean BMI was 21. The link between DMFT and BMI, when evaluated using univariate analysis, showed a significant correlation (r = 0.097, P = 0.006), indicating that the rise in BMI by 10 points resulted in an increase in DMFT by 0.57. However, in the multivariate analysis, a significant relationship was observed only between father's education (P < 0.001), adolescent's age (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.008), ethnicity (P = 0.001), and soft drink consumption with DMFT while BMI showed a significant association with age (P < 0.001), school fees (P = 0.005), obesity in family (P < 0.001), and soft drink consumption (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Obesity and dental caries were not significantly associated. The most important predictor for obesity and dental caries was soft drink consumption.

Background: Obesity and dental caries are global public health problems which can impact in childhood and throughout the life course. In simple terms, childhood dental caries and body weight are linked via the common risk factor of diet. An association between dental caries and obesity has been described in a number of studies and reviews. However, similarly, a relationship has also been noted between low body weight and caries experience in children. This protocol will provide the framework for an umbrella review to address the following question: Does the available evidence support a relationship between dental caries experience and body weight in the child population? Methods: This review protocol outlines the process to carry out an umbrella systematic review which will synthesise previous reviews of childhood dental caries experience and body weight. An umbrella review methodology will be used to examine the methodological and reporting quality of existing reviews. Discussion: The final umbrella review aims to aggregate the available evidence in order to provide a summary for policymakers and to inform healthcare interventions. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42016047304

BACKGROUND:Ethnic differences in the timing of human tooth development are unclear.AIM:To describe similarities and differences in the timing of tooth formation in two groups of Sudanese children and young adults.SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The sample consisted of healthy individuals from Khartoum, Sudan, aged 2-23 years. The Northern group was of Arab origin (848 males, 802 females) and the Western group was of African origin (846 males, 402 females). Each mandibular left permanent tooth from first incisor to third molar was assessed from dental radiographs into one of 15 development stages. Mean ages at entry for 306 tooth stages were calculated using probit regression in males/females in each group and compared using a t-test.RESULTS:Mean ages were not significantly different in most tooth stage comparisons between ethnic groups for both males (61/75) and females (56/76), despite a tendency of earlier mean ages in the Western group. Mean ages for most tooth stage comparisons between males and females (137/155) were not significantly different within ethnic groups suggesting low sexual dimorphism.CONCLUSION:The mean ages of most mandibular tooth formation stages were generally not significantly different between ethnic groups or between males and females in this study.

Frequent consumption of sugary foods is a common risk factor for chronic diseases such as dental caries and obesity. Dietary patterns are acquired at home during early life and form a blueprint for dietary behaviours in later life. A favourable family environment can provide a supportive context that enhances the adoption of healthy dietary habits. The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of general family functioning towards the frequent consumption of sugary foods by 3- and 4-year-old children in Outer North East London. The research question was explored with data from the East London Family study, which collected data through home visits from a representative sample of adults and children living in Outer North East London in 2008-2010. This study analysed data from 3- and 4-year-old children (n = 698) and their mothers and included logistic regression, conceptual hierarchical modelling and mediation analysis. The results showed that 17% of the sample consumed sugary foods more than 4 times per day, and that effective general family functioning may help reducing frequent consumption of sugary foods. There was a 67% reduction in children's frequent consumption of sugary foods with every unit increase in the general family functioning score. Mother's higher education may also help reduce the frequent consumption of sugary foods by children. The negative impact of mother's lower education was buffered by the effect of effective general family functioning. The study findings underscore the prospect of identifying factors that contribute to the acquisition of good dietary behaviours.

Dental age estimation charts are frequently used to assess maturity and estimate age. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of estimating age of three dental development charts (Schour and Massler, Ubelaker, and the London Atlas). The test sample was skeletal remains and dental radiographs of known-age individuals (N = 1,506, prenatal to 23.94 years). Dental age was estimated using charts of Schour and Massler, Ubelaker, and The London Atlas. Dental and chronological ages were compared using a paired t-test for the three methods. The absolute mean difference between dental and chronological age was calculated. Results show that all three methods under-estimated age but the London Atlas performed better than Schour and Massler and Ubelaker in all measures. The mean difference for Schour and Massler and Ubelaker was -0.76 and -0.80 years (SD 1.27 year, N = 1,227) respectively and for the London Atlas was -0.10 year (SD 0.97 year, N = 1,429). Further analysis by age category showed similar accuracy for all three methods for individuals younger than 1 year. For ages 1-18, the mean difference between dental and chronological ages was significant (P < 0.05) for Schour and Massler and Ubelaker and not significant (P > 0.05) for the London Atlas for most age categories. These findings show that the London Atlas performs better than Schour and Massler and Ubelaker and represents a substantial improvement in accuracy of dental age estimation from developing teeth.