Public support is important for policy success, and people tend to be more supportive of policies they perceive to be fair. Where public perceptions were not adequately considered, or where the views of the public and government diverge, policy outcomes may be different than expected. However, there is only very limited research on public perceptions of fairness, particularly in transport. Drawing from the tenets of a Just Transition, this study examines public acceptability and perceptions on a major UK decarbonisation policy: The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate which, at the time of data collection, required all new cars and vans sold in the UK to be zero emission from 2035 onwards. Public perceptions were studied in ten workshops with members of the public, and captured in causal loop diagrams. These findings are compared with the UK government's policy texts and consultation reports, and with an interview with government officials. The Government's consultations around the ZEV Mandate focussed on the industry impacts and the mechanisms for managing the scheme. The impacts of the policy on the public were marginalised. Citizens raised concerns over procedural and recognition justice. Whilst the benefits of transitioning were noticed, the system was clearly seen to privilege those who already had good jobs, access to finance and own their own homes - those who are already seen to do well. The research reveals that the inevitable tensions on who wins and loses at different points in a technology transition are not considered, risking to undermine the public acceptability of the measures.

Different from the stage of full use of human-driven vehicles (HDVs) or autonomous vehicles (AVs), the mixed use of AVs and HDVs represents a special transition stage. Interaction between HDVs and AVs presents a challenge for urban transport development, especially during the initial transition stage. Dedicated AV lane (DAVL) measure has been proposed for promoting development of AVs. This study focuses on the impact analysis of implementing DAVL measure under heterogeneous commuting conditions, which are characterised by varying automation levels and evolving AV market share. A system dynamics framework is developed to integrate the DAVL deployment with dynamic shifts in vehicle market adoption and commuting conditions. Specifically, macro-level commuting indicators are examined, i.e., average commuting speed and congestion degree, as AVs with varying automation levels progressively enter the market. Scenario analyses are based on the high-level autonomous driving demonstration zone in Yizhuang new city (YNC) of Beijing, they indicate that DAVL measure has a significant impact on AV market share, and positively influencing AV market development. However, with increasing AV market share, the initially superior commuting performance delivered by DAVL is gradually eroded, manifested by shrinking improvements in average commuting speed and weaker reductions in congestion degree. Moreover, the fixed DAVL approach results in uneven utilisation of road space, i.e., the congestion degree on regular lanes shifts from oversaturation toward underutilisation, whilst the congestion degree on the DAVL shifts from initial underutilisation toward saturation. Furthermore, using scenario analyses, this study examines a flexible DAVL measure that addresses the tension between rapid AVs development and the necessity of maintaining stable commuting conditions. Insights into the implementation of the DAVL measures are provided, which are expected to be applied in YNC and other urban contexts.

Public support is important for policy success, and people tend to be more supportive of policies they perceive to be fair. Where public perceptions were not adequately considered, or where the views of the public and government diverge, policy outcomes may be different than expected. However, there is only very limited research on public perceptions of fairness, particularly in transport.Drawing from the tenets of a Just Transition, this study examines public acceptability and perceptions on a major UK decarbonisation policy: The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate which, at the time of data collection, required all new cars and vans sold in the UK to be zero emission from 2035 onwards.Public perceptions were studied in ten workshops with members of the public, and captured in causal loop diagrams. These findings are compared with the UK government’s policy texts and consultation reports, and with an interview with government officials.The Government’s consultations around the ZEV Mandate focussed on the industry impacts and the mechanisms for managing the scheme. The impacts of the policy on the public were marginalised. Citizens raised concerns over procedural and recognition justice. Whilst the benefits of transitioning were noticed, the system was clearly seen to privilege those who already had good jobs, access to finance and own their own homes - those who are already seen to do well. The research reveals that the inevitable tensions on who wins and loses at different points in a technology transition are not considered, risking to undermine the public acceptability of the measures.

Delivering dental graduates who are competent to carry out extractions and surgical extractions can be challenging. Access to general anaesthetic (GA) operating provides an opportunity not only for hands-on experience but also to reinforce teaching in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study was to determine what our final year students' perceptions were of exposure to GA operating lists. This was a mixed-methods prospective study involving an anonymous online questionnaire followed by a focus group. All final year students ( n  = 60) were invited to participate by email at the end of the academic year and involvement in the focus group was voluntary. Information collected included the type of surgery observed, clinical experience gained and their impression of the experience and whether it influenced career aspirations. Forty-one students completed the questionnaire (68%) and 10 students participated in the focus group (17%). All students observed treatment under GA and 38 (93%) treated cases under GA. Thirty-nine (95%) students attended an oral surgery list and 33 (80.5%) attended an OMFS list. Most students carried out deciduous extractions (78%) and 15% carried out dentoalveolar surgery. Treatment observed was primarily oncological (70%) and dentoalveolar cases (54%). Access to GA was well received by the students who felt it provided improved teaching opportunities and helped to conceptualise the didactic teaching on the subject and place their dentistry within a wider healthcare context. Some students indicated a desire to pursue a career in oral surgery (37%) or OMFS (10%). The results presented here are indicative that students appreciate the learning opportunity afforded by the GA experience and our recommendation would be to perpetuate access to GA lists and the associated surgical exposure.

This paper is designed to present to the transport research community the wide existing body of work and potential future applications of the method of System Dynamics (SD) within transport research. We introduce the reader to the basic concepts of the SD method, and discuss previous reviews of academic SD papers, before setting out a systematic review on SD in transport. We find that over 400 papers have been published over the past 40 years, with over 80

BACKGROUND:The mandible provides valuable insights into its biological identity. However, the existence of several terminologies for mandibular measurements and inconsistent language can lead to misinterpretation, confusion, and miscommunication. HIGHLIGHT:A standardised set of anatomical points, planes, and measurements would assist with these issues and ensure reproducibility and comparability. CONCLUSION:The proposed coding system offers a comprehensive approach for professionals and researchers in dentistry, archaeology, and anthropology.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) overexpression has been linked to increased tumour aggressiveness and treatment resistance. GR antagonists have been shown to enhance treatment effectiveness. Emerging research has investigated mifepristone, a GR antagonist, as an anticancer agent with limited research in the context of oral cancer. This study investigated the effect of mifepristone at micromolar (µM) concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 on the proliferation and migration of oral cancer cells, at 24 and 48 h. Scratch and scatter assays were utilised to assess cell migration, MTT assays were used to measure cell proliferation, Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of GR and the activation of underlying Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways, and immunofluorescence (IF) was used to determine the localisation of proteins in HaCaT (immortalised human skin keratinocytes), TYS (oral adeno squamous cell carcinoma), and SAS-H1 cells (squamous cell carcinoma of human tongue). Mifepristone resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of HaCaT, TYS, and SAS-H1 cells. Mifepristone at a concentration of 20 µM effectively reduced collective migration and scattering of oral cancer cells, consistent with the suppression of the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signalling pathways, and reduced expression of N-Cadherin. An elongated cell morphology was, however, observed, which may be linked to the localisation pattern of E-Cadherin in response to mifepristone. Overall, this study found that a high concentration of mifepristone was effective in the suppression of migration and proliferation of oral cancer cells via the inhibition of PI3K-Akt and MAPK signalling pathways. Further investigation is needed to define its impact on epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers.

IntroductionIn this study we present a ‘proof-of-concept’ model using novel model integration and new forms of data that addresses the research question, How does incentivising a change in travel mode to reduce personal car use impact health? We focus on simple transport-health interactions between switching between car and bus: the exposure to activity and pollution linked to these modes and how these changes effect health status, which in turn influences the mode choice.MethodsWe identify a basic causal loop diagram of key conceptual feedback between mode choice and health status (related to exposure to activity and pollution). From this we build a simple system dynamics stock and flow simulation model, with data input from spatial micro-simulation synthetic populations derived from ‘track and trace’ data as the output from an agent-based model. We then analyse scenarios of mode shift incentivised by bus fare reduction and bus frequency increase.ResultsIn the tested scenarios of this novel modelling approach, we identify that a reduction in bus fare or increase in bus frequency could incentivise a shift from car to bus which would result in a small decrease in relative risk of all causes mortality. Reducing bus fare in particular could provide both health and financial benefits for the most deprived communities.ConclusionsThis modelling approach presented in this data is a promising new method for the study of complex transport-health interactions. From our prototype model we have identified the impacts of mode shift on health status through exposure to pollution and activity, using unique feedbacks that are unaccounted for in conventional models.

A system dynamics (SD) model for the autonomous vehicles (AVs) market development in Beijing is proposed. The model approaches the vehicle scale evolution with the marketization development of private AVs and shared AVs. Some potential factors such as trust, AV purchase willingness, AV using willingness and shared AV service accessibility, are analyzed. Based on the passenger vehicle situation in Beijing, optimistic scenarios from 2014 to 2050 are developed. The base scenario involves the marketization of private AVs and the operation of shared AV fleets, and based on the levels of driving automation, which are divided into six types. The causal feedback relationship and system flow diagram are illustrated. Results show that with the introduction of AVs in Beijing, the number of private vehicles is significantly decreased, which is dependent on the use of shared AVs. To compare with the private vehicle ownership in 2020, the total number of private vehicles has decreased and the number of the private vehicles is over 2.2 million vehicles in 2050. After 2030, the shared vehicle fleet will be dominated by the high-level shared AV and the number of high-level shared AVs is about 2 million. Further, to consider the impact of ride-sharing, the model compares the different attitudes for customers to share their rides and use the shared AV alternative ratio to approach this. The result shows that the extreme ratio will reduce the number of shared AVs, and the fleet size of shared vehicle is about 400,000 vehicles in 2050. For the low ratio scenario, the fleet size of shared vehicle will increase a lot to over 3,186,000 vehicles, which will lead to a large number of cars on the road and thus increase congestion. The introduction of AVs is expected to reduce the number of private vehicles; However, the uncertainty of residents' attitudes towards car sharing will affect the introduction of AVs. At present, the existing policies prefer to limit the number of vehicles by controlling car registration in Beijing. In the future, with the application of AVs, this could be adjusted by encouraging ride sharing, to achieve sustainable urban transport development in Beijing.

IntroductionEarly diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma can greatly improve treatment success rate and patient survival. Although Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) based Angiography (OCTA) is a promising in vivo technique in oral imaging, there is a need for objective assessment of oral microvasculature.MethodsThis study aimed to demonstrate a comprehensive methodology of quantitative assessing OCTA intraoral scanning results to provide measurable, reproducible data and to avoid subjective visual interpretations. Data were collected from 37 healthy subjects in total across four intraoral sites—buccal mucosa (n = 32), labial mucosa (n = 24), floor of the mouth (n = 13), and hard palate (n = 8)—using a non-invasive swept-source OCT system. Four quantitative metrics—vessel area density, vessel skeleton density, vessel diameter index, and a newly proposed weighted Tortuosity Index—were used to assess OCTA images in oral applications.ResultsThe quadruple quantitative assessment’s repeatability was evaluated to be reliable. Analysis of a benign ulcer case revealed differences in these metrics compared to healthy cases.Discussion/ConclusionIn conclusion, we demonstrated a comprehensive method to quantify microvasculature in the oral cavity, showing considerable promise for early diagnosis and clinical management of oral diseases.

Learning suturing skills is an important area of the undergraduate curriculum and ideally requires realistic and anatomically accurate surgical training models to prepare students for treating patients. Little is currently understood regarding which model might be perceived by students to be the best or which might most effectively facilitate their learning. The aim of this study was to compare four teaching models: a tabletop silicon dental model, a restricted access tabletop model, a traditional phantom head mounted model, and a Thiel cadaver. Student preferences were explored for each of the models. Following lecture and video-based teaching 67 fourth-year students attended a practical suturing teaching session followed by the second session more focused on the experience of cutting and suturing mucoperiosteal flaps. Forty-six students (67%) gave online anonymous feedback on the first session. The majority (95%) felt prepared to place a simple interrupted suture on a patient, and 88% felt confident to do so. Twenty-eight students (40%) provided feedback on the second session with 82% agreeing that they were prepared to cut a mucoperiosteal flap and 48% felt confident to do this for a patient. The cadaver model was rated as the best of the four models for both suturing and mucoperiosteal flap skills. These results support its use for teaching students to suturing and surgical skills. However, despite this teaching student-rated confidence to cut and suture flaps for a patient remains poor.

In this study, we consider the introduction of new mobility services and technologies into the megacity of Beijing, China, as per developed strategy and action plans, in order to investigate their potential contribution to sustainable mobility. This includes population relocation (decentralization), the construction of new rail lines, the introduction of shared bike services as a feeder to subway stations, the electrification of passenger vehicles and the adoption of automated and shared vehicles. The well-established, system dynamics-based MARS model is adapted to Beijing and further improved via the inclusion of these new services, technologies and policies. We find that decentralization can have a profound effect on overall sustainability if not considered in conjunction with other policies and that new rail lines and shared bikes may only have benefits in specific zones. Shared and automated vehicles could increase VKT by 60% and reduce active and public transport trips by a quarter. As such, nuanced integrated policy approaches will be required that are similar to those currently in place, such as imposed car shedding and taxi fleet control.

Background: In the absence of soft tissue, skeletal remains are analyzed to identify the deceased. This assessment involves establishing the biological profile that aids medicolegal investigations and fulfils the right of the dead to be identified. Since the mandible is the strongest bone in the skull and easily identifiable, even when fragmented, this study aimed to systematically review its value in constructing the biological profile in the published literature. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and collected cross-sectional studies published in English before 2021. A risk of bias assessment was completed based on Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools. The data are presented descriptively and were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 365. Highlight: Of the 104 eligible articles, 94 examined the sexual dimorphism of the mandible, while 25 attempted to estimate age. Ancestry and stature were the least explored biological characteristics (five and one articles, respectively). A metric analysis was the most common approach (n = 80), followed by morphological analysis and combined morphologic and metric techniques (n = 18 and n = 6, respectively). The results showed no statistically significant correlation between an individual's mandible and stature. Orthopantomogram radiography continues to be the most common radiographic technique for assessing the mandible. Conclusion: The mandible is reliable when used for sex estimation; however, caution should be exercised in relying solely on it for morphological assessments. This review provides guidance on estimating age, sex, and ancestry directly from mandibular specimens or radiographs.

As a major emission contributor with significant growth potential, the light goods vehicles (vans) play an important part in achieving net-zero. In 2020 the UK government committed to phasing out sales of new internal combustion engine (ICE) vans by 2030, but the impact of the policy and how far are we to decarbonize the entire van fleet by 2050 is unclear. This paper investigates the CO2 and NOx emission trends in the van sector in Great Britain under the 2030 ICE phase-out. ECCo model1 is used to forecast the future van population by powertrain. The annual van mileage is estimated based on the van activity survey2. The instantaneous emission model PHEM, NAEI emissions inventory and remote sensing measurements are used to parameterize real-world driving emission factors of CO2 and NOx. Scenarios have been set out to assess the impact of enablers and barriers affecting the pace of emission reductions. Results suggest vans are on track to reach the tailpipe net-zero target by 2050 under all scenarios, and the speed of NOx reduction is even faster. A rapid transition to battery electric vans in the early to mid-2020s will significantly lower CO2, with associated estimated monetary benefits of 1.3 pound billion.

Due to an alarming threat of air pollution and climate change, governments around the world are now actively promoting electric vehicles. The case for vehicle electrification is even more important in big cities of developing countries, where motorcycle is a dominant mode of travel. To promote electric motorcycles successfully, we need to understand the factors that would drive the consumer choices when buying a motorcycle. This study chose Bandung in Indonesia as the case study location, where nearly 75% of vehicles are motorcycles. This study conducted a survey of preferences from over 700 residents and included battery charging methods such as plug-in/battery swap at home/office, superfast charging at stations, and deployed an innovative modelling approach constraining the mixture of distributions for monetary attributes. The study found that quick recharge in 10 minutes and battery swap at station are preferred over the base method of plug-in at home/work. The battery swap at home has been perceived the same as plug-in home/work and the respondents are indifferent to this option.

Oral cancer, primarily oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), is a major health concern worldwide. The current gold standard for the diagnosis of OSCC is biopsy and histopathological analysis, which is invasive and can place a huge financial burden on the healthcare system. Optical coherence tomography-based angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive imaging technique that shows promise as an imaging modality to aid the diagnosis of OSCC. This Letter outlines the development of a handheld intraoral OCT probe applied to a swept-source OCT system with an angiography function for oral applications. The probe has a thin body with a diameter of 17.8 mm and a two-lens system with a working distance that is adjustable from 20.92 mm to 24.08 mm, a field of view 9 mm in diameter, an imaging depth of ∼1.7 mm, and resolutions of 39.38 µm (laterally) and 33.37 µm (axially). This probe was used to scan 14 oral sites to evaluate its ability to scan various sites in the oral cavity. This system has the potential to reduce invasive procedures and aid early OSCC diagnosis.

This study aimed to systematically review the correlational accuracy between width ratios and length ratios based on the Kvaal methodology with chronological age. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The search strategy included ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, and Taylor and Francis and Willey online without time or language restriction using Kvaal method of age estimation as key words for the search up to December 2021. A team of two researchers independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The Covidence platform was used to systematically organize all titles. The full texts of eligible studies were analyzed. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using a modified (to the specific characteristics of this systematic review) checklist based on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement checklist for observational studies. A total of 658 articles were initially reviewed, but 22 were selected for inclusion. The risk of bias was estimated to be unclear to low overall. Among the length ratios, ratio R showed a strong association with chronological age, followed by ratio P. For the width ratios, ratio B demonstrated a close association with chronological age, followed by ratio C. The results suggest that width ratios correlate better with chronological age than length ratios. This systematic review suggests the width ratios are more strongly associated with chronological age than the length ratios. Using a width ratio could serve as a convenient and rapid way to estimate dental age. Our results apply equally to all types of ethnic groups.

Introduction: In this paper we consider system dynamics (SD) modelling of tradable transport permit schemes (TTPS). TTPS are complex and uncertain, having not yet been implemented beyond experimental trials anywhere in the world, yet have for some time been suggested as an efficient and equitable policy response to reducing car-based travel and its associated externalities.Method: Although there is a large number of econometric models that explore the potential of TTPS, there have been none published (to our knowledge) that have used the SD approach. SD is an appropriate method for developing our understanding of TTPS efficiency and equity as it captures feedbacks and tracks the influence of the TTPS over a period of time. Thus, we have developed an SD model of TTPS, drawing from the literature that already exists. It is a micro-level model that considers heterogeneity within a population on a daily basis over a matter of months. We carry out sensitivity testing of price sensitivity, initial permit price, daily preference and permit allocation and develop combined scenarios of these attributes.Results: Our modelling results suggest a sensitivity of TTPS to heterogeneity across the population, which will influence the final equilibrium price. Trading encourages a redistribution of wealth across the population but may also mean that some travel needs are not met, which may require some allocation according to need or a certain portion of protected permits. The inclusion of non-car users within the allocation further encourages trading behaviours and allows for compensation for externalities of car use.Discussion: Through an analysis of outputs we are able to bring new insights into the governance frameworks required for a successful TTPS. In particular we have shown the importance of allocation considerations in the design of a TTPS when issues of fairness across the population are considered. Although there is no data of existing schemes available for us to calibrate our models, we compare the trends with data from an in-the-field TTPS experiment.

In this work we are concerned with how the introduction of connected and automated mobility (CAM) will influence liveability in cities. We engaged with city and transport planners from both Europe and the U.S. and adopted a system dynamics approach to capturing the discussions and exploring potential outcomes. There are two aims in doing this: (1) to identify the concerns of city planners and how they differ from the traditional focus of transport researchers; but also (2) to develop a causal loop diagram (CLD) that can both explore the potential systemic effects of CAM and help to communicate those effects and the underlying mental models. Addressing these aims can inform policy design related to both CAM specifically and urban mobility more generally. In a change from previous related studies, we allowed the participants to establish their concept of liveability in cities and did not define a specific CAM scenario. This broad scope was critical in capturing the high-level view of what really matters to city stakeholders. We have established that a focus on a more holistic understanding of interactions related to sustainability is required rather than on specific transport modes or technology. A key insight that emerged was that quality of life (QoL) was the dominant concern of city planners, regardless of how it is achieved. The specifics of new services or technologies (such as CAM) are secondary concerns - which are important only insofar as they support the higher goal of improving QoL. As a result, we have produced a high level CLD that can be used as a starter for any future research in the area of CAM and liveability in cities and which may resonate better than previous CAM models have with city planners and policy makers—those who will ultimately play a key role in recommending and then implementing changes affecting QoL.

OBJECTIVES:This study aimed to investigate the reproducibility of dental age estimation methods in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the correlation between dental (DA) and chronological (CA) ages.METHODS:The scientific literature was searched in six databases (PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, Web of Science, SciELO, and OATD). Only observational studies were selected. Within each study, the outcomes of interest were (I) the quantified reproducibility of the method (κ statistics and Intraclass correlation coefficient); and (II) the correlation (r) between the dental and chronological ages. A random-effect three-level meta-analysis was conducted alongside moderator analysis based on methods, arch (maxillary/mandibular), population, and number of roots.RESULTS:From 671 studies, 39 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with one study reporting two different methods. The methods used in the studies were divided into metric (n = 17), volumetric (n = 20), staging (n = 2), and atlas (n = 1). All studies reported high examiner reproducibility. Group 1 (metric and volumetric) provided a high inverse weighted r ([Formula: see text] = -0.71, CI [-0.79,-0.61]), and Group 2 (staging) provided a medium-weighted r ([Formula: see text] = 0.49, CI [0.44, 0.53]). Moderator analysis on Group one did not show statistically significant differences between methods, tooth position, arch, and number of roots. An exception was detected in the analysis based on population (Southeast Asia, [Formula: see text] = -0.89, CI [-0.94,-0.81]).CONCLUSION:There is high evidence that CBCT methods are reproducible and reliable in dental age estimation. Quantitative metric and volumetric analysis demonstrated better performance in predicting chronological age than staging. Future studies exploring population-specific variability for age estimation with metric and volumetric CBCT analysis may prove beneficial.