Current approaches to the discovery of scientific resources (publications, data sets and web services) are dominated by keyword search. These approaches do not allow scientists to search on the deeper semantics of scientific resources, or to discover resources on the basis of the scientific approaches taken. This article evaluates a user interface that allows users to discover scientific resources through structured knowledge in the form of ontologies describing the domain and the scientific knowledge inherent within the scientific resource, and also through informal user tags. These combined capabilities provide scientists with new and powerful options for resource discovery. A qualitative user evaluation explored how scientists felt about the approach for resource discovery in the context of their scientific work. The study showed that marine scientists were enthusiastic about the capabilities of such an approach and appreciated the ability to browse the visual structure of the knowledge and query on scientific method but, overall, preferred the use of tags over ontologies. The exploratory nature of the user study was used to identify future directions for such improvements.

Current approaches to the discovery of scientific resources (publications, data sets and web services) are dominated by keyword search. These approaches do not allow scientists to search on the deeper semantics of scientific resources, or to discover resources on the basis of the scientific approaches taken. This paper presents an approach to the discovery of scientific resources that uses structured knowledge in the form of ontologies describing the domain and the scientific knowledge inherent within the scientific resource. The work also supports the use of informal tags as a tool for resource discovery. These combined capabilities provide scientists with new and powerful options for resource discovery. A demonstration application was developed to illustrate this approach in the marine science domain. A qualitative user study was then undertaken to explore how scientists felt about the approach for resource discovery in the context of their scientific work. The study showed that marine scientists were enthusiastic about the capabilities of such an approach and appreciated the ability to browse the visual structure of the knowledge and query on scientific method. The exploratory nature of the user study was used to identify future directions for such improvements. Findiing Science with Science Page 3

The use of a semantically rich registry containing a Feature Type Catalogue (FTC) to represent the semantics of geographic feature types including operations, attributes and relationships between feature types is required to realise the benefits of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs). Specifically, such information provides a more complete representation of the semantics of the concepts used in the SDI, and enables advanced navigation, discovery and utilisation of discovered resources. The presented approach creates an FTC implementation in which attributes, associations and operations for a given feature type are encapsulated within the FTC, and these conceptual representations are separated from the implementation aspects of the web services that may realise the operations in the FTC. This differs from previous approaches that combine the implementation and conceptual aspects of behaviour in a web service ontology, but separate the behavioural aspects from the static aspects of the semantics of the concept or feature type. These principles are demonstrated by the implementation of such a registry using open standards. The ebXML Registry Information Model (ebRIM) was used to incorporate the FTC described in ISO 19110 by extending the Open Geospatial Consortium ebRIM Profile for the Web Catalogue Service (CSW) and adding a number of stored queries to allow the FTC component of the standards‐compliant registry to be interrogated. The registry was populated with feature types from the marine domain, incorporating objects that conform to both the object and field views of the world. The implemented registry demonstrates the benefits of inheritance of feature type operations, attributes and associations, the ability to navigate around the FTC and the advantages of separating the conceptual from the implementation aspects of the FTC. Further work is required to formalise the model and include axioms to allow enhanced semantic expressiveness and the development of reasoning capabilities.

MOTIIVE (Marine Overlays on Topography for annex II Valuation and Exploitation) is a project funded as a Specific Support Action (SSA) under the European Commission Framework Programme 6 (FP6) Aeronautics and Space Programme. The project started in September 2005 and finished in October 2007. The objective of MOTIIVE was to examine the methodology and cost benefit of using non-proprietary data standards. Specifically it considered the harmonisation requirements between the INSPIRE data component ‘elevation’ (terrestrial, bathymetric and coastal) and INSPIRE marine thematic data for ‘sea regions’, ‘oceanic spatial features’ and ‘coastal zone management areas’. This was examined in context of the requirements for interoperable information systems as required to realise the objectives of GMES for ‘global services’. The work draws particular conclusions on the realisation of Feature Types (ISO 19109) and Feature Type Catalogues (ISO 19110) in this respect. More information on MOTIIVE can be found at www.motiive.net.

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A number of studies have begun to investigate the characteristics of cocaine abusers who are admitted to outpatient cocaine treatment programs. One study has published success rates for such treatment. A review of this literature indicates that much of what is known is based on clinical experience with what may be nonrepresentative samples of upper-middle socioeconomic status Caucasians. More systematic study and more representative samples are needed; the current study attempts to address these issues by sampling 81 clients admitted to a comprehensive outpatient cocaine program in a public agency, assessing demographics and treatment success. The results indicate that this sample is indeed different from those in most recent studies in race, marital status, income, employment, and other demographic variables. For example, the sample in this study included higher percentages of clients who were non-Caucasians, single, blue-collar or unemployed, and had relatively lower annual incomes. Fewer demographic variables than expected correlated with treatment success. Among factors that did correlate with such measures of treatment outcome as continuing in treatment (vs dropping out), percent of sessions attended, and alcohol- and drug-free were educational level, length of abstinence from cocaine prior to beginning treatment, number of previous treatments, secondary substance currently used, and quality of current living situation. Retention in treatment is similar to other published data but indicates that cocaine abusers are indeed difficult to engage and keep in treatment long enough to make a significant impact on their drug use.

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This paper describes an architecture for a geospatial knowledge infrastructure that is both semantically rich and syntactically interoperable. The core of the architecture is the ontology- registry. The ontology-registry stores all of the content that supports the knowledge infrastructure in a series of OWL ontologies in their native OWL file format. This content includes knowledge about domain concepts, the scientific elements of the resource (analysis methods, theories, scientific processes) and web services, as well as all the usual metadata that is needed to support a data infrastructure. The semantic information can be used to enable more intelligent search over scientific resources, and to support new ways to infer and visualise scientific knowledge. The ontology-registry adds to these ontologies a standards-compliant registry interface to support syntactic interoperability and integration among federated systems. The registry interface is unique in that it preserves the structure of OWL files without duplication or transformation into a more traditional registry information model. The paper describes and evaluates the architecture, including all the components but particularly focussing on the ontology-registry. This paper is one of two papers that describe and evaluate an architecture for a geospatial knowledge infrastructure. This paper provides the software architecture, standards-based interfaces and integration with other infrastructures while the second paper focuses on the information model.