A 7-month-old Miniature Poodle acquired from a pet store developed cough and subsequently respiratory distress compatible with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. Partial but incomplete resolution of clinical signs and thoracic radiographic/computed tomographic imaging lesions were noted with use of susceptibility-guided antimicrobials. Additionally, a concern for an infectious nidus led to left cranial lung lobectomy at 9 months of age. Histopathology predominantly revealed polypoid and constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans (i.e., small airway disease). Intermittent antimicrobial administration over the next 5 years failed to blunt progressive clinical signs. At 8 years, necropsy confirmed severe airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. This pattern of fibrosis was strongly suggestive of underlying small airway disease as the trigger. In retrospect, post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO), a syndrome in young children caused by pulmonary infections but not yet recognized in pet dogs, likely initiated a pathway of fibrosis in this dog. In dogs with risk factors for community-acquired pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, PIBO is a differential diagnosis with development of severe, persistent respiratory signs incompletely responsive to appropriate antimicrobials. Untreated PIBO may lead to airway-centered interstitial fibrosis. Future study is required to determine if targeted therapy of PIBO could alter the course of end-stage pulmonary fibrosis.

•There was a significant increase in TNF production after LPS, LTA, and PG compared to placebo.•Parenteral administration of ascorbic acid resulted in significantly increased plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid.•High dose parenteral ascorbic acid administration significantly reduced plasma concentrations of TNF and IL-6.

Chapter 18 Ruminant and Camelid Cardiology W. Harmon Mark, W. Harmon MarkSearch for more papers by this author W. Harmon Mark, W. Harmon MarkSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):H. Edward Durham Jr., H. Edward Durham Jr. University ofMissouri, Columbia, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 June 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119357407.ch18 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Ruminants and camelids with cardiac disease often present for evaluation of nonspecific complaints such as decreased muscle mass or milk production, increased respiratory rate or effort, and decreased exercise tolerance. Congenital cardiac disease is an important cause of failure to thrive in young ruminants. Acquired cardiac disease in adult ruminants is most often of an infectious or toxic etiology. A complete and thorough physical examination, taking a nose-to-tail approach is the foundation of any cardiovascular examination. Knowledge of the normal parameters in a given species is necessary to determine what is abnormal. This chapter provides normal heart rate parameters for common ruminants. With few exceptions, all of the commonly performed diagnostic tests that are utilized in small animal patients can be used in ruminants suspected of having cardiovascular disease. In smaller ruminants and in younger patients, thoracic radiography can be an invaluable component of the cardiovascular evaluation. Cardiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses, First Edition RelatedInformation

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common myocardial disorder of dogs, typically affecting large and giant breeds. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of DCM in standard schnauzers. Medical records for 15 standard schnauzers diagnosed with DCM were reviewed. The median age at diagnosis of DCM was 1.6 yr, with all dogs developing left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF). The median age of onset of CHF was 1.6 yr, and was significantly shorter in males (1.5 yr) than for females (2.35 yr). The median survival time after diagnosis of CHF was 22 days, and was shorter in males (13 days) than females (62 days). The occurrence of early onset DCM in multiple closely related standard schnauzers suggests a familial predisposition in this breed. Pedigree analysis confirmed common ancestry for all DCM affected dogs with a most likely autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.

Background Doxorubicin is a common antineoplastic agent with dose‐dependent cardiotoxic adverse effects, and pre‐existing myocardial dysfunction is a contraindication to its use. Objectives To systematically define the hemodynamic and biochemical alterations in dogs undergoing chemotherapy for newly diagnosed lymphoma and assess the reversibility of these alterations with fluid administration. Animals Twenty‐one client‐owned dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma were evaluated 1 week after induction of chemotherapy. Underlying degenerative valve disease was exclusionary. Eighteen healthy age‐ and weight‐matched dogs were used as controls. Methods Physical examination, blood pressure by Doppler, echocardiography, and biochemical evaluation (routine serum biochemistry, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations, plasma and urine osmolalities, and urine electrolyte concentrations) were measured in dogs with lymphoma and compared to controls. Dogs with lymphoma received crystalloids IV at 6 mL/kg/h for 24 hours. All variables were reassessed at 4 and 24 hours. Deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution were used to determine total body water and extracellular water space, respectively. Results Baseline echocardiograms showed significantly smaller chamber dimensions in dogs with lymphoma compared to controls. These changes were reversed by fluid administration. Systolic blood pressure and urine sodium concentration were significantly increased, and bromide dilution space, PCV, urine specific gravity, and urine potassium concentration were significantly decreased compared to controls. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Echocardiographic and biochemical abnormalities in dogs with lymphoma appear consistent with volume depletion, and may be the result of systemic hypertension and subsequent pressure natriuresis.

Background Identifying biomarkers to aide in the diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in dogs would be valuable to veterinarians. Objective To compare plasma inflammatory mediator concentrations among dogs with sepsis, noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (NSIRS), and healthy dogs. Animals Dogs with sepsis (n similar to 22), NSIRS (n similar to 23), and healthy dogs (n similar to 13) presenting to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a veterinary teaching hospital. Methods Prospective observational study. Clinical parameters were recorded for each dog and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) bioactivity and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 and IL-10 were determined at ICU presentation. Results Dogs with sepsis and NSIRS were significantly more likely to have measurable TNF activity (sepsis 20/22; NSIRS 19/20; healthy 0/13) and IL-6 concentration (sepsis 12/22; NSIRS 15/23; healthy 2/13), than healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (9/13) were significantly more likely to have measurable plasma IL-10 concentrations than dogs with sepsis (4/19), but not NSIRS (7/20). None of the inflammatory mediators evaluated had optimal sensitivity or specificity for the diagnosis of sepsis. Twelve of 22 dogs with sepsis and 15/23 dogs with NSIRS survived to discharge; none of the measured biomarkers correlated with survival to discharge. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Sepsis and NSIRS are associated with increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6. In addition, sepsis is associated with decreased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Despite this, plasma TNF, IL-6, CXCL-8, and IL-10 measured at ICU presentation do not appear to be valuable biomarkers to differentiate sepsis from NSIRS, or predict hospital outcome.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of opioid exposure on CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 production in cats using whole blood culture. Morphine, buprenorphine, fentanyl, and saline control were administered intravenously to five cats and whole blood pathogen associated molecular pattern motif-induced CXCL-8 production capacity was evaluated. Morphine potentiated CXCL-8 production. To further characterize this effect of morphine, morphine was incubated with whole blood ex vivo and pathogen associated molecular pattern motif-induced CXCL-8 production capacity was measured. There was a time and concentration dependent effect on CXCL-8 production, suggesting the proinflammatory effect of morphine is at least partially mediated by direct stimulatory effects on leukocytes. Additional investigation is indicated to assess the implications of the immunomodulatory actions of opioids in cats.