Supercapacitors are superior in terms of long cycle life and power delivery which makes it more efficient in many applications. Here we propose the effect on capacitance by varying the concentration of Ni and C electrode material deposited on Au as the current collector electrode by ion beam irradiation method, which assists in the processing and engineering of new material. For the electrode fabrication, Au foil was irradiated with Ar + ions with simultaneous supply of Ni and C with various Ni/C ratios by ion beam irradiation method at room temperature and labeled as NiC-1, NiC-2, and NiC-3. Through SEM imaging, a distinct nanoprotrusion was identified. Successful control of nickel supply was affirmed via results obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), revealing nickel concentrations of 3.9 & micro;g/cm2, 14 & micro;g/cm2, 30 & micro;g/cm2 in the respective samples NiC-1, NiC-2, and NiC-3. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation unveiled a uniform distribution of Ni nanoparticles (Ni NPs) within a carbon matrix. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement demonstrated typical faradaic redox reactions across all samples. Electrochemical assessment indicated that higher carbon content correlated with enhanced reaction efficiency, suggesting a potential extension in the life cycle of the pseudocapacitor. Notably, constant current and CV measurements highlighted superior performance in the sample NiC-1. In conclusion, the proposed pseudocapacitor configuration, NiC-1 (656 Fg-1), holds promise for enhanced performance.

The high accuracy in surface-enhanced Raman scattering-lateral flow immunoassays (SERS-LFIAs) is critical for reliable point-of-care testing (POCT) in clinical diagnostics. Conventional approaches are often affected by sampling variability and uneven distribution of immunoprobes, leading to unreliable signal fluctuations. To address this challenge, we developed a high-performance SERS-LFIA strip based on gold nanostars (Au NSs) and integrated it with an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered diagnostic framework. Specifically, Au NSs with exceptional SERS enhancement were synthesized via an optimized "two-step" method and utilized as nanoprobes to construct an influenza B (FluB) SERS-LFIA strip for performance validation. A novel large-area Raman scanning technique was then employed to generate intensity maps depicting the immunoprobe distribution around the test (T) line. A deep residual neural network (ResNet-18) was subsequently applied to analyze these SERS images, minimizing subjective interpretation and significantly improving accuracy. The optimized framework achieved 100% training accuracy and 95% validation accuracy, significantly outperforming conventional peak intensity analysis and support vector machine (SVM)-based full-spectrum discrimination methods. The Au NSs-based SERS-LFIA platform and the optimized ResNet-18 model were integrated into a portable Raman spectrometer to create an automated diagnostic system. To further evaluate the stability and versatility of the system, the detection target was switched to influenza A (FluA) by altering the capture and detection antibodies. This reengineered system demonstrated a 95% accuracy rate in testing 40 simulated human clinical samples. Our work establishes a machine learning-enhanced, automated SERS-LFIA system that leverages Au NSs for superior signal enhancement and utilizes deep learning for robust image analysis. This integrated approach provides a scalable and high-performance POCT framework, paving the way for automated clinical diagnostics. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(SERS-LFIA)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(POCT)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (Au NSs) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SERS-LFIA(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(AI)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SERS(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(FluB) SERS-LFIA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(T(sic))(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(ResNet-18)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SERS(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)100%(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)95%(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(SVM)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SERS-LFIA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)ResNet-18(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(FluA).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)40(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)95%(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)SERS-LFIA(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)POCT(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

The synthesis of graphene at lower temperatures remains challenging, along with the expansion of its application areas. Here we demonstrated the graphene synthesis on various substrates at and above 350 degrees C by a solid phase reaction method. In this method, C-rich Ni-C films are deposited on the substrates by conventional magnetron sputter deposition at room temperature with a binary target, followed by vacuum annealing. This resulted in phase separation of the multilayer graphene on top. The temperature dependence of graphene formation is investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Graphene thus synthesized on a stainless steel (SS) plate is successfully used to enhance the biofilm formation and the current generation by Geobacter species for use in microbial fuel cell application. As transfer-free graphene can be synthesized directly on substrates irrespective of their material and shape, and is usable in harsh environment of liquid, this simple method is believed to be quite promising for a variety of applications.

Currently, the “one-size-fits-all” therapeutic window strategy for Hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy of port-wine stains overlooks intralesional heterogeneity and interindividual pharmacokinetic differences. Simultaneously, this strategy lacks real-time feedback and personalized adjustment mechanisms. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of hemoporfin distribution in blood vessel and interstitial fluid is very important for finding the best laser illumination time window depended on personalized characterizes including the height, weight and so on. This study developed an ultra-sensitive sensor by integrating surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology with microneedles (SERS-MNs) for monitoring the distribution dynamics of hemoporfin in blood and interstitial fluid within animal skin. Specifically, calcium ions were employed as an aggregating agent to induce the aggregation of gold/silver nanocage particles on the microneedle surface, thereby forming abundant SERS-enhanced “hot spots”. Using this sensor, characteristic Raman fingerprint signals of hemoporfin were successfully obtained for the first time, with a detection limit as low as 50 pg/mL. Furthermore, the SERS-MNs sensor not only quantitatively detected hemoporfin in pig skin but also successfully captured characteristic hemoporfin Raman signals in mouse interstitial fluid, blood, and treated patient blood. This revealed the spatiotemporal distribution mechanism of hemoporfin within the vascular system and interstitial fluid. This advancement will aid in determining the optimal therapeutic window for patients, thereby preventing both overtreatment and undertreatment, ultimately achieve precise therapy characterized by “individualization, visualization, and dynamization”.

Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) offer excellent properties but often suffer agglomeration when used individually. This work investigates hybridizing CNTs and GNPs as reinforcement strategy to improve dispersion and enhance the surface and mechanical properties of Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO). Composite coatings were fabricated by incorporating 5g of CNT:GNP mixtures with varying ratios under specific anodizing conditions (60 min in 20 % diluted H2SO4). XRD analysis confirmed that AAO and carbon-reinforced AAO composites exhibited orthorhombic and gamma-Al2O3 phases with no detrimental phase transformations caused by carbon addition. Surface morphology characterization using a 3D Profiler showed that the hybrid 0.5CNT:0.5GNP produced surface roughness of (5.701 mu m) and pore dimensions (w: 50.10 mu m and d: 60.13 mu m) lower than AAO and AAOCNT. SEM-EDX analysis further verified these findings, indicating that CNT-GNP incorporation effectively reduces porosity. The Vicker hardness of 0.5CNT:0.5GNP showed the highest value of 240.3 HV, outperforming AAO (133 HV), AAOCNT (186.2 HV), and AAOGNP (171 HV). The superior performance of the hybrid composite demonstrates that combining CNTs and GNPs effectively mitigates agglomeration and significantly enhances the structural integrity of AAO coatings. These findings provide new insights into carbon-reinforced AAO fabrication and highlight the potential of CNT-GNP hybrids for advanced surface engineering of aluminium alloys.

For a wider range of applications of porous graphene, including the functionalization of the surface of daily items, its direct coating onto the surface is highly demanded. Here, we demonstrated porous graphene coating by simple vacuum annealing of Co-C based films on SiO2/Si substrates at 800 degrees C. The porous graphene films thus prepared featured a dense distribution of core-shell structures consisting of an empty core surrounded by a multilayer graphene shell (hollow graphene shell), together with dispersed Co nanoparticles. Adding a tiny amount of Ag (<-1 atomic %) led to a more pronounced distribution of the hollow graphene shell, as well as a dispersion of finer Co nanoparticles, due to the faster agglomeration and evaporation of Ag than Co. Aqueous extracts of Sargassum horneri loaded onto the porous graphene films thus prepared showed excellent virucidal activity against the influenza virus, even after the test piece had been rinsed (with a residual virus rate of -0.4 %). This direct porous graphene coating method is, in principle, applicable to any heat-tolerant substrates independent of the shape. Thus, this method is promising for direct porous graphene coating applications that is useable even in the harsh working conditions of liquids.

Carbon nanotubes has been researched deeply as a reinforced material, since it showed good properties in different matrices, yet the aggregation issue has always been brought up to restrain its applicability. Carbon nanotubes’ rapid electronic conductivity was expected to enhance the ceramic composite specifically zinc silicate as the potential candidate of the fluorescent materials. In this study, low crystallinity carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition were mixed with zinc silicate made by melt-quenching to fabricate the CNTs incorporated zinc silicate composites. The composites were analyzed using Raman, XPS, FESEM, UV-Vis, LCR and Vicker’s microhardness tester. It was found that the optical bandgap energy of the CNTs added composites a decay in the optical bandgap while the luminescence behavior remains unchanged. The FESEM image revealed that the composite included CNTs pullout and aggregation. LCR analysis showed that ZS/CNT-x composites have a higher AC conductivity value, together retain their non-ohmic conductivity with the unchanged molecular structure. Through this study, the results allowed the CNTs ceramic research path to be served the scientific community in the development of narrow bandgap material with the wide bandgap compound as the starting material.

The transition of inherently brittle materials to a ductile-plastic state is a persistent challenge in HCP alloy design. This work demonstrates a tailored thermomechanical processing route that successfully achieves this transition in a Zn-Mn alloy. An optimal schedule comprising 3 h homogenisation at 390 degrees C followed by 3 h annealing at 400 degrees C for a Zn-2.4Mn alloy produces a refined microstructure, a reducing grain size from 263.3 mu m in the as-cast alloy to 45.0 mu m in the annealed alloys. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms a 2.09 % lattice volume expansion and a 23 % reduction in dislocation density, indicative of a dominant recovery process counterbalanced by solute-induced strain. This 'constrained recovery' state yields a superior strength-ductility synergy: the bulk tensile modulus increases to 46.9 GPa, while nanoindentation hardness reduces to 1.06 MPa. The balance between discontinuous dynamic recrystallisation (DDRX), solid-solution strengthening, and controlled intermetallic formation is shown to govern the final mechanical properties. The established processing window provides a validated pathway for manufacturing components requiring damage tolerance, with direct applicability in precision-cast structural and bioresorbable systems.

We present a versatile method for synthesizing high-quality molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) crystals on graphite foil edges via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This results in MoS2/graphene heterostructures with precise epitaxial layers and no rotational misalignment, eliminating the need for transfer processes and reducing contamination. Utilizing in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with a nano-manipulator and tungsten probe, we mechanically induce the folding, wrinkling, and tearing of freestanding MoS2 crystals, enabling the real-time observation of structural changes at high temporal and spatial resolutions. By applying a bias voltage through the probe, we measure the electrical properties under mechanical stress, revealing near-ohmic behavior due to compatible work functions. This approach facilitates the real-time study of mechanical and electrical properties of MoS2 crystals and can be extended to other two-dimensional materials, thereby advancing applications in flexible and bendable electronics.

Zinc (Zn) alloys represent a promising category of biodegradable implant materials for bone fixation applications, eliminating the need for subsequent removal procedures. By combining zinc with other metals and carbonaceous materials, its mechanical strength and ductility are expected to improve. However, the formation and behavior of pores during manufacturing require an optimized configuration to ensure functional efficacy. This research aims to produce a carbon nanofiber-reinforced zinc-manganese (Zn-Mn/CNF) composite using powder metallurgical techniques. The impact of ball milling time and sintering method on the homogeneity, elemental distribution, and crystallography of Zn-Mn/CNF was assessed, along with its surface topography and microhardness. Micrograph analysis showed that the duration of ball milling influenced the porosity, micro- cracks, and oxide formation in the composites. After an extended ball milling period (60-120 min), the composite Chemistry Physics exhibited increased porosity and microcracking. Conversely, a 5-min milling reduced the crystallite size of the alpha-Zn phase to 77.4 nm with minimal oxidation. The sintered composite displayed lower Vickers hardness (39.44 HV) compared to its counterpart (41.26 HV). The limitations of the sintering parameters (400 degrees C for 1 h) failed to induce a phase transition from the primary alpha-Zn phase to any secondary phase with increased hardness. Furthermore, the sintering process increased the porosity about 4 % and enlarged the pore size, weakening the structure and reducing the composite's hardness. The synergistic effect of ball milling and sintering on the Zn-Mn/CNF composite has been examined in relation to its microstructural characteristics and microhardness performance. The optimal ball milling and sintering conditions for achieving high densification and surface hardness in the Zn-Mn/CNF composite are 5 min of ball milling without additional sintering.

The conversion of flowing liquid water to electricity through graphene has attracted interest in basic physics and applications such as power generation systems. Although various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, the general theory remains unclear. In particular, these mechanisms often do not consider the fluid conditions, including disturbance, irregular, and laminar conditions. In this study, the contribution of the flow condition that enhances the electricity output performance was investigated through experiments using several types of fluidic chips and numerical calculations. Results indicate that the electromotive force cannot be determined by the Reynolds number, indicating that local flow conditions should be taken into account. Moreover, the electromotive force is increased by the inlet conditions that generate moderate irregularity in the flow condition near the inlet and transition to laminar flow in the fluidic channel. Our findings support the extension of current theories and provide valuable insights into basic science and industrial applications, especially for energy generation.

The influence of Mn addition on the microstructure, defect structure, intermetallic phase evolution, and mechanical performance of as-cast Zn-Mn alloys was systematically investigated across Mn compositions from 0 to 2.4 wt

Recent advances indicate the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity of semiconductors is generally lower than that of noble metal substrates, and developing ultra-sensitive semiconductor SERS substrates is an urgent task. Here, SnS2 with better SERS performance is screened out from sulfides and selenides by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Through adjusting the concentration of reactants to control the growth driving force without any surfactants or templates, SnS2 nanostrctures of stacked nanosheets (SNSs), microspheres (MSs) and microflowers (MFs) are developed, which all exhibit ultra-low limit of detections (LODs) of 10(-12), 10(-13), and 10(-11) M, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the SERS sensitivity of these three kinds of SnS2 nanostrctures are superior to most of the reported pure semiconductors and even can be parallel to the noble metals with a "hot spot" effect. This extraordinary SERS enhancement of SnS2 nanostrctures is originated from the dominated contribution of photo-induced charge transfer (PICT) resonance with different wavelength excitation lasers. Benefitting to the excellent SERS enhanced uniformity, generality, stability, ultra-high sensitivity of SnS2 nanostrctures, and the advantages that the PICT resonance enhancement excited for different probe molecules is not limited by its morphology, it is expected to provide a class of potential commercial SERS-active materials for the practical application of semiconductor-based SERS technology.

The outbreak of novel coronavirus has aroused widespread attention to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology with the rapid and ultra-sensitive detection capability. However, how to find the low-load target viruses by confocal Raman detection with small region in the large virus-distribution area and accurate detect and identify the Raman signal of target viruses interfered by impurities in the complex physiological environments have always been the two major challenges plaguing SERS technology. Herein, a label-free magnetic enrichment SERS detection platform integrating specific capture, enrichment, elution, large-area SERS scanning with AI intelligent analysis was developed to achieve ultra-sensitive detection and accurate identification of target viruses. The detection limit of SARS-CoV-2-BF.7 variants were as low as Ct39, and the blind detection accuracy for 100 clinical suspected SARS-CoV-2 samples could reach 94 %. The detection sensitivity and specificity for the clinical virus samples were 98.08 % (102/104; 95 % CI: 93.26 %-99.47 %, p = 0.0311) and 96.00 % (96/100; 95 % CI:90.16 %-98.43 %, p = 0.0414). Furthermore, a fingerprint Raman database of SARS-CoV-2 variants with functions of data updating and new spectra identification was successfully constructed by the support vector machine model, the identification accuracy for 8 types of SARS-CoV-2 variants was 96.59 %. Meaningfully, the developed SERS detection platform and fingerprint Raman database can be extended to other biomolecules and expected to provide technical reserves for the early warning of sudden unknown pathogenic viruses in the future.

Motivated by the rapid development of SERS technology, trace detection of various viruses in the sewage and body fluid environments and accurate positive and negative diagnosis of detection samples can be achieved. However, evaluating the environmental survival ability of viruses based on SERS technology remains an unexplored issue, but holds significant guiding significance for effective epidemic prevention and control as well as inactivation treatment. In this work, Au nanoarrays were fabricated on silicon substrates through a simple Ar ion sputtering route as ultra-sensitive SERS chips. With the synergistic contribution of the “lightning rod” effect and the enhanced coupling surface plasmon caused by the nanoarrays, the ultra-sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 S protein with a concentration of 1 pg/mL and SERS enhancement factor of 4.89 × 109 can be achieved. Exploration of the environmental survival ability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus indicates that the Raman activity of SARS-CoV-2 S protein exhibited higher temperature tolerance from 0 °C to 60 °C than SARS-CoV S protein, suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 virus has less temperature influence from increasing air temperature than the SARS-CoV virus to a certain extent, which explains the seasonal recurrence pattern and regional transmission pattern of the novel coronavirus that are different from the SARS virus.

The proper design of evaporator structures and the selection of effective solar absorbers are the main methods for increasing the evaporation rate. In this study, we have selected carbonized natural wood (CNW) as a support for water transportation, a SiC and carbon composite (SCC) as an absorber from wood and rice husks by high- temperature annealing, and a thermal insulation layer of silica aerogel (SA) from water glass by freeze drying. All components were assembled in a trilayered solar evaporator, denoted as CAS. Owing to the abundant hydrophilic groups, superwettability, and vertical channels of CNW, ultralow thermal conductivity and porous structure of SA, and excellent light absorption and solar heat conversion of SCC, the trilayered CAS has a low evaporation enthalpy of 0.8118 MJ kg- 1 and demonstrates a high evaporation rate (4.21 kg m-2h- 1), an excellent evaporation efficiency of 94.94 %, good salt resistance, and long-term stability. In addition, CAS can be used to purify water from various contaminants with excellent performance. This study provides a sustainable method for preparing cost-effective evaporator components from biomass or cheap sources for solar evaporation, which is conducive to solving the global energy crisis, freshwater shortage issues, and the elimination of biomass waste.

Zinc (Zn) is a unique biodegradable material that shows promise in terms of acceptable biomechanical properties, lower melting energy consumption, and improved recyclability. These characteristics provide fresh perspectives for producing medical implants in large quantities. However, coarsened microstructures are usually present in cast pure Zn, which leads to insufficient synergistic control over mechanical hardness. This work involved the fabrication of a zinc-manganese with carbon nanofiber alloy (Zn-Mn/CNF) using melt-casting under ambient conditions. The molten mixture was cast into a 10 mm x 10 mm mould for further characterization. The XRD investigation indicated the presence of Zn and Mn0.02Zn1.98 crystals in the fabricated alloy, which enhanced the microhardness. The microstructure of the as-cast alloy consisted of columnar grains, with no equiaxed grains observed. The combining effect of CNF and Mn reduces the size of columnar grains from 1.40 to 0.44 mm2 via continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The enhancement of microhardness by approximately 17 % was attributed to the solid solution strengthening effect. The microhardness across the columnar grain was observed, and it resulted from the large gradient structure and the Hall-Petch softening effect. This research elucidated the crystallographic, microstructural, and microhardness characteristics of small-volume casting Zn alloy, offering theoretical foundations for its application in medical implants.

Gold nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay (Au-LFIA) is a widespread utilization point-of-care testing technology. However, it still faces enormous challenge to meet the growing detection demands of high sensitivity, accuracy, and multi scenario applicability due to the single signal readout mode. Herein, novel wheatgrass-like MoSe2@Pt heterojunctions with excellent peroxidase-like activity, photothermal performance and dispersity was used to construct dual-modal LFIA (dLFIA) for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The limit of detection for catalytic colorimetric and temperature signals were determined to be 0.1x105 and 0.02x105 copies/mL, which were over 10-folds and 50-folds more sensitive than conventional Au-LFIA (1x105 copies/mL), respectively. Moreover, support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was applied to recognize the catalytic and photothermal images, achieving the automatic discrimination of disease and improving the accuracy. The accuracy has been improved by 22.5 % and 7.5 % in comparison with the independent catalytic colorimetric and photothermal detection modes, respectively. This work will not only provide a reliable, convenient, and versatile platform for rapid diagnosis of pathogen, but will also promote the application of twodimensional transition metal dichalcogenides composites in LFIA.

The rapid growth of the palm oil industry has led to significant waste generation, including palm kernel shells (PKS), an underutilized agricultural biomass. This study explores the sustainable conversion of PKS into graphitic and nitrogen-doped graphene through a single-step heating process at moderate temperatures. Carbonization was optimized at 450 degrees C and 500 degrees C with varying dwelling times (30, 60, and 90 min) to enhance graphitic carbon formation. Comprehensive characterization using Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CHNS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was conducted to evaluate structural, thermal, and compositional features. Raman deconvolution and TuinstraKoenig (TK) relation calculations revealed crystallinity percentages ranging from 33.72 % to 37.00 %, with the highest graphitic order observed in the sample carbonized at 450 degrees C for 90 min. TGA showed that the 500 degrees C, 60minute condition achieved the highest thermal stability, while XRD confirmed the presence of both amorphous carbon and crystalline mineral phases such as calcium carbonate and magnetite, explaining the 17.3 % discrepancy in elemental CHNS data. Ball milling of the 500 degrees C, 90-minute carbonized sample produced fewlayer graphene with an ID/IG ratio of 0.65 and I2D/IG of 0.33. XPS analysis verified the incorporation of nitrogen atoms, indicating passive self-doping derived from the biomass. This study demonstrates a cost-effective, scalable, and eco-friendly route to producing nitrogen-doped graphene from PKS, addressing agricultural waste valorization while enabling promising applications in energy storage, catalysis, and environmental remediation.