Un electrolito de bateria de litio o iones de litio que comprende una sal de litio conductora disuelta en al menos un compuesto ionico que es un liquido ionico y es de formula (I): **(Ver formula)** en la que: CAT+ representa un cation, conteniendo el cation un atomo monocargado positivamente, que es nitrogeno, fosforo o azufre, preferiblemente nitrogeno; R, R1 y R2 son independientemente grupos alquilo, alquenilo o alquinilo C1-C8, preferiblemente grupos alquilo o alquenilo C1-C8, mas preferiblemente grupos alquilo o alquenilo C1-C4, aun mas preferiblemente grupos alquilo C1-C4, incluso mas preferiblemente grupos alquilo C1-C2, lo mas preferiblemente metilo; L representa un ligador, en el que L es un grupo alquileno, alquenileno o alquinileno C1-C12, que comprende opcionalmente una o mas funciones eter, y opcionalmente sustituido con uno o mas atomos de halogeno, y ANI- representa un anion.

An alkoxysilyl-functionalised precursor, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetra-(2-(3-trimethoxysilyl)propylsulfanyl) ethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane was synthesized to produce protective coatings. The addition of bis-end-capped 1,2-bis (trimethoxysilyl)ethane and various alkoxysilanes led to formation of more crosslinked coatings as evidenced by Si-29 NMR and IR reflection-absorption spectroscopy. The structural changes during forced anodic polarization were followed using ex situ IR reflection-absorption and in situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The former technique shows hydration of coatings and cleavage of some siloxane bonds. In situ Raman bands revealed decrease in intensity, while imaging enabled to follow pit formation. The potentiodynamic polarization, impedance spectroscopy and exposure in salt chamber showed that coating with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane is the most efficient.

The aim of this work was to investigate the protective behaviour of bis-(3-(3-(3-triethoxysilyl)propyl)thioureido)propyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMSTU) pre-treatment coatings on the AA 2024 aluminium alloy. The silane solution was modified by the addition of bis-([3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphide) (BTESPT) and trisilanol-heptaisooctyl-POSS (TS-iOc(7)-POSS) in order to introduce better crosslinking and improved mechanical and electrochemical stability in the silane primer coating. The corrosion behaviour of the protected AA 2024 alloy was studied during immersion in 0.5 M NaCl solution, using potentiodynamic polarisation measurements and eventual structural changes were followed using in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical technique. The electrochemical experiments showed that the presence of BTESPT and TS-iOc(7)-POSS molecules improves the protective behaviour of the silane coating, while Raman imaging was used to determine their distribution in coatings. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Velenje Coal Mine is building a new shaft NOP II for the transportation of coal from the mine. The entrance of the shaft, which is determined on the surface, and the bottom of the shaft, which is expected in the point determined at the bottom of the shaft, must be within the same vertical and horizontal coordinate system. The starting points for the measurements are the points determined on the surface, which are stable or have a determined direction and velocity. The transfer of the coordinate system from the surface into the shaft can be carried out with the measurements using various methods. The results of the measurements and the calculations are the coordinate points in the shaft that are in the same coordinate system as those on the surface. They are very suitable for the determination of the designed NOP II shaft. At the beginning of this task, we planned to determine the coordinates of the starting points with a maximum precision. Based on the results of an analysis, we can conclude that we performed each phase of the work very well and achieved the tasks set.

Electrochromic (EC) devices assembled using two complementary optically active electrodes, i.e. sputtered tungsten (VI) oxide (WO3) and sol–gel substoichiometric nickel oxide–polyaniline (NiO1−x–PANI) films, were used for the evaluation of several ormolytes during coloring/bleaching switching. Electrolytes were prepared from bis end-capped bis(ethoxysilyl)/poly(ethylene oxide) di-uretanesil precursor via solvolysis and condensation with glacial acetic acid. Different amounts of mesylate imidazolium-based ionic liquid co-solvent were added to modify the viscoelastic properties of the ormolytes. An extensive IR spectroscopic investigation was conducted to follow the formation of a gel structure of di-urethanesil precursor through decrease of etoxysilyl modes (1165, 1103, 1079 and 955cm−1), remaining silanols (910cm−1), while the presence of silylacetate mode (1724cm−1) could not be ascertained unequivocally. Formation of siloxane bridging (prevailing T2 type) was confirmed independently by using 29Si NMR spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction showed an amorphous character of the electrolytes. Rheology measurements of the electrolyte were combined with the time-dependent determination of the conductivities (of the order of magnitude 10−4S/cm), and the dependence of the phase shift angle δ fitted using a five-parameter logistic function. It was found that adequate viscoelastic properties are essential (δ>0) in obtaining a sufficiently high conductivity for application in EC devices, and their cycling was examined up to 980 voltammetric and chronocoulometric cycles. The calculation of color coordinates revealed the shift of a⁎, b⁎ to green-blue space with coloration. The coloration efficiency (101st cycle) confirmed the differences in consistency of electrolytes, i.e. 74.3cm2/C for EC device with viscoelastic liquid-like electrolyte, but decreased to 54.7cm2/C for device with gel character of electrolyte.

A mechanism for Li-S battery operation with a composite electrode and an adsorption additive obtained by using operando ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms the role of the adsorption additive and reflects the conversion mechanism of sulfur into Li2S. Operando UV/vis spectroscopy shows a reversible appearance of the long-chain polysulfides in the separator in the fifth cycle, whereas the appearance of mid- and short-chain polysulfides suggests a polysulfide shuttle mechanism. By using a nonsulfur-containing electrolyte, a high-precision analysis of sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra is possible. The XANES analysis shows that polysulfides reach the maximum concentration at the end of the high-voltage plateau, and the low-voltage plateau is characteristic of the polysulfides/Li2S equilibrium. The relative amount of Li2S increases linearly until the end of discharge and reaches a relative amount of 75%. This is confirmed by sulfur K-edge EXAFS analysis. Additionally, a quantitative analysis of EXAFS spectra measured during discharge evidences a decrease of the average S-S coordination number. This can be interpreted as a decrease of the chain length of polysulfides. EXAFS analysis showed that there are no specific interactions of the polysulfide species with the matrix or with other species in the electrolyte.

The Velenje Coal Mine is building a new shaft NOP II for the transportation of coal from the mine. The entrance of the shaft, which is determined on the surface, and the bottom of the shaft, which is expected in the point determined at the bottom of the shaft, must be within the same vertical and horizontal coordinate system. The starting points for the measurements are the points determined on the surface, which are stable or have a determined direction and velocity. The transfer of the coordinate system from the surface into the shaft can be carried out with the measurements using various methods. The results of the measurements and the calculations are the coordinate points in the shaft that are in the same coordinate system as those on the surface. They are very suitable for the determination of the designed NOP II shaft. At the beginning of this task, we planned to determine the coordinates of the starting points with a maximum precision. Based on the results of an analysis, we can conclude that we performed each phase of the work very well and achieved the tasks set.

Another class of ionic liquids was obtained by a combination of bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide anions and O-silylated choline like cations. The protection of the hydrophilic hydroxyl group of hydroxyalkyl substituted quaternary ammonium salts with a trialkylsilyl group changes cations' properties from hydrophilic to hydrophobic; both constituents (cations and anions) of resulting ionic liquids have a hydrophobic character. Their essential physical and chemical properties were investigated. Moderate viscosity and conductivity of ionic liquids follow the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher model of their dependency on the temperature. All ionic liquids show similar electrochemical stability as anticipated from CV measurements. The cathodic stability for most compounds is below 0 V vs. Li/Li+, and anodic decomposition starts typically over more than 5 V vs. Li/Li+. These properties suggest that these ionic liquids have potential for the preparation of electrolytes for high voltage lithium batteries.

Electrochromic (EC) devices represent an effective way to modulate the intensity of incoming solar radiation in buildings or through the sun roofs of cars, but can also be used in helmets, sunglasses and home appliances. Herein we report on the development of all sal-gel WO3-based EC devices of a battery type, in which all three internal layers were prepared via sol-gel processes. A comparison of the performance of EC devices assembled with two different counter electrode films, i.e. V-oxide (150 degrees C) and Sn/Mo-oxide (500 degrees C) films deposited on fluorine dopped tin oxide (FTO) glass, is presented. The applicability of both types of counter electrodes for flexible polymeric substrates is also demonstrated. The sal-gel electrolyte (ormolyte) based on (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane was applied in EC devices; additionally, three different lithium salts were introduced, i.e. lithium perclorate (LiClO4), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB). The spectroelectrochemical characterisation of the EC devices revealed that the optical modulation at 634 nm increased when electrolytes with LiClO4 < LiCF3SO3 < LiBOB were used. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fluoropolymer conformal coatings were applied to electronic boards (EBs) and cured at room temperature or 80°C. The coatings were first deposited on model substrate, i.e. aluminium alloy AA 2024 and tested for their anticorrosion properties with a potentiodynamic polarisation technique. The cathodic current densities ranged from 10 −9 –10 −10 A/cm 2 , approaching the lower current limit after the addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles into the formulation. Application of fluoropolymer-based formulation was performed via spray-coating deposition. Examination of the coverage of EBs under UV light, which is commonly used in industry, revealed that some components might not be entirely covered. In the search for other possible analytical tools of coverage with protective coatings, optical microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy were investigated.

Due to its non-destructive character and high spatial resolution, confocal Raman spectroscopy was found to be a good technique for detecting spray-deposited sol-gel coatings on electronic boards (EBs). EBs are demanding substrates to cover because of their non-flat surfaces, containing various metals, alloys, pins and other elements. Nanocomposite coatings were made on the basis of his end-capped organic-inorganic hybrid precursors, bis-(3-(3-(3-triethoxysilyl)propyl)thioureido)propyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMSTU) and bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulphide (BTESPT), imparting a hydrophobic character to the produced anticorrosion coatings. Reactions of hydrolysis and condensation were initiated with an addition of the 0.1 M HCl catalyst. Nanoparticles were introduced in the sols as trisilanol-heptaisooctyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (up to 5 nm). The obtained sols were spray deposited on the test substrate, i.e., the aluminium alloy AA 2024, and also on EB. The coatings on AA 2024 were used for potentiodynamic electrochemical and surface (SEM, AFM) characterisation of the prepared coatings. Extensive Raman spectroscopy measurements of the uncovered and covered EBs revealed that the sol-gel coatings on various elements and pins of EBs are clearly visible in the Raman spectra and that this is an appropriate technique for detecting the coatings on such demanding substrates.

N-Heterocyclic carbenes could be used as powerful catalysts for the preparation of various polyhedral silsesquioxanes. NHCs also catalyze a rearrangement of existing cages and a scrambling between two different cages at a concentration as low as 1 mol%.

This chapter contains sections titled: Outline of Content General Remarks about Selective Paint Coatings Preparation of Selective Paints Application Techniques for Spectrally Selective Paints Conclusions References

The influence of the addition of a mixture of PUSS compounds substituted equally by 3-aminopropyl and isobutyl groups (AP(4)IB(4) POSS) on sol-gel coatings prepared from (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) was evaluated from the point of view of their anticorrosion properties. AP(4)IB(4) PUSS belong to a group of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and their functionalisation with amino groups enables cross-linking with the epoxy groups of GPTMS. Additionally, GPTMS molecules react among themselves through hydrolysis and condensation processes of trimethoxysilane groups when catalysed by 0.1 M KF. The results of the Raman and IR measurements revealed that a molar ratio of GPTMS:H(2)O = 1:3 is more beneficial than a molar ratio of 1:1.5 for the preparation of sol-gel coatings. The anticorrosion properties of the mixed GPTMS/POSS coatings deposited on AA 2024 aluminium alloy were tested using potentiodynamic electrochemical measurements and a salt-spray chamber test. It was found that the mixed GPTMS/POSS coatings showed improved corrosion protective properties vs. either pure GPTMS or PUSS coatings. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.