A comprehensive study was conducted to advance zero-waste and net-zero emission production of LiFePO4 (LFP), with a focus on optimizing its structure as a cathode active material (CAM). While previous research has investigated certain aspects of LFP synthesis, our work presents an integrated pathway for developing highperformance LFP chemistry. To address gaps in the existing literature, we assessed the environmental impact of LFP production by analyzing energy consumption, carbon emissions, and waste generation. Elemental analysis of waste materials and their promising opportunity for lithium recovery and reuse were also carried out. A combined optimization of synthesis conditions yielded a product comparable to commercialized ones, with minimized emissions and energy consumption, and controlled waste generation and reuse. Our goal was to demonstrate an environmentally conscious and scalable approach that others can follow to achieve efficient, high-purity LFP synthesis under practical manufacturing constraints.

Next-generation batteries demand architectural innovations that overcome the design limits of electrochemistry alone in conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This review summarizes architectural design strategies for LIBs and emerging battery systems, classifying them into 1D fiber-based, 2D planar, and 3D architectures. 1D designs, such as coaxial fibers, twisted assemblies, and winding configurations, offer flexibility and mechanical resilience for wearable and microscale batteries. 2D architectures, including interdigitated, pillar-based, and mesh frameworks, are reviewed alongside deformable (serpentine and origami/kirigami) and nature-inspired (e.g., accordion-like) geometries that enhance stretchability and flexibility while preserving electrochemical performance. 3D structural batteries, focused on volumetric design and energy densification, are examined for their potential to combine mechanical resilience with electrochemical functionality. Each architectural class is assessed for its design principles, performance trade-offs, and fabrication feasibility. By correlating architectural designs with advancements in additive manufacturing, this review outlines pathways to address electro-chemo-mechanical coupling challenges and guide the development of next-generation architected batteries.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) represent the frontier of high−energy−density energy storage, promising gravimetric energy densities exceeding 400 Wh kg−1 and volumetric densities exceeding 1000 Wh L−1, substantially outperforming conventional lithium−ion batteries, which are constrained by the graphite anode. Despite growing interest in solid−state chemistries, liquid electrolytes remain central to near−term LMB development due to their superior ionic conductivity and compatibility with existing manufacturing infrastructure. However, practical commercialization requires solving several fundamental electrolyte design challenges, such as ensuring compatibility with both Li metal anodes and high−voltage Ni−rich cathodes, suppressing uncontrolled lithium deposition and dendrite formation, and maintaining compatibility with existing Li−ion manufacturing infrastructure. This review synthesizes advanced strategies in liquid electrolyte design that address these challenges, including solvent−family selection, fluorination and concentration engineering, and solvent−functionality engineering. Emphasis is placed on landmark studies demonstrating practical high−voltage, long−life−cycle LMB architectures with thin lithium anodes and lean electrolyte loadings, thereby establishing emerging benchmarks for commercial viability.

Supercapacitors are a class of energy storage devices characterized by high power density, fast charge-discharge rates, and long cycle life, making them indispensable in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy integration. This review comprehensively covers manganese sulfide (MnS) as a potential electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors and explores various strategies to address its limitations and enhance its electrochemical performance. MnS exhibits a higher theoretical capacitance (1370 F/g) and better electrical conductivity than traditional manganese oxides. It has three polymorphic phases: α-MnS (rock salt), β-MnS (zinc blende), and γ-MnS (wurtzite). Pristine MnS faces challenges, including low electrical conductivity, limited cycling stability, and manganese ion dissolution in aqueous electrolytes, which hinder its practical applications. This review systematically classifies enhancement strategies based on the formation of binary and ternary composites. Binary composites, formed with carbon-based materials (graphene, reduced graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes), improve conductivity and surface area, while metal dopants (Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe) introduce additional redox sites. Ternary composites exhibit synergistic effects by combining multiple functional materials to simultaneously optimize electronic transport, redox kinetics, and structural integrity. The impact of various synthesis methods, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, electrodeposition, and chemical bath deposition, on the morphology, phase formation, and electrochemical properties was evaluated. Device fabrication studies, including symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor configurations, are presented, with successful LED demonstrations validating real-world applicability. Finally, the review addresses the challenges of commercial viability, environmental concerns, and future research directions. Sustainable synthesis methods, computational modeling, and hybrid device development are emphasized as key areas for further exploration to unlock the full potential of MnS in advanced energy storage applications.

The negative-to-positive (N/P) capacity ratio is a critical yet often overlooked parameter in lithium-ion battery (LIB) design. It strongly influences performance, safety, and long-term aging. This review highlights how the N/P ratio affects key factors such as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, lithium plating, dendrite formation, and irreversible capacity loss in liquid-electrolyte LIBs. We focus on systems using LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiFe PO4 (LFP) cathodes paired with graphite, as well as LiMn2O4 (LMO) and LFP cathodes paired with Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). Studies and modeling approaches for determining the optimal N/P ratio are summarized, including its influence on electrode potential and electrochemical performance. For graphite-based cells, an N/P ratio above 1.0 is essential to minimize lithium plating and extend cycle life, whereas LTO-based cells can operate at an N/P ratio of 1.0 or lower without plating concerns. We also review simulations demonstrating how the N/P ratio impacts internal potential distribution, thermal behavior, and lithium transport. Overall, this review presents a practical framework for the engineering of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that facilitate ultra-fast charging capabilities, while ensuring safety and long-term durability are not compromised.

Graphite is a critical mineral used to produce anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Battery-grade anode active material (AAM) is derived from natural graphite. As the electric vehicle (EV) market continues to expand across North America, establishing a local AAM supply chain has become increasingly important. This new supply chain must be sustainable if critical minerals are to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrain in vehicles. Canada possesses abundant critical mineral resources, including natural graphite, which is mined and processed in the province of Qu & eacute;bec. To better understand the environmental implications of this emerging supply chain, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on a Qu & eacute;bec-based graphite mine and processing facility. The results showed that producing one ton of AAM in Qu & eacute;bec generates approximately 1.44 tons of CO2-equivalent (long-term) emissions, significantly lower than the 9.6 tons of CO2 emitted per ton of graphite produced in China. Natural gas used for purification and coating at the process plant was the largest contributor of CO2 in this study. Although this LCA in Qu & eacute;bec represents a substantial reduction in carbon intensity, further opportunities must be explored to enhance sustainability and strengthen North America's graphite supply chain.

Advanced additives have become a key strategy for pushing the practical limits of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by tuning not only electrode materials but the entire cell structure. Instead of being passive bystanders, modern additives are intentionally designed to participate in electrochemical reactions, buffer mechanical stress, regulate ion and electron transport, and form robust interphases. This review offers a comprehensive overview of how additives are used in anodes, electrolytes, and cathodes to improve energy density, rate capability, cycle life, and overall safety. We explain how tailored additives can stabilize active materials that undergo significant volume changes, facilitate the formation of thin, stable, and conductive interphases, and enhance Li⁺ solvation and transport, thereby mitigating lithium plating and side reactions. Special attention is given to multifunctional additives that provide structural reinforcement, redox activity, and interface engineering, along with the interplay between bulk modifications and surface design strategies. Finally, we discuss ongoing challenges, including compatibility with high-voltage chemistries, scalability, and performance in practical cell formats, and we propose future directions for data-driven, rational additive development. By viewing additives as active, designable components of the entire battery system, this review aims to support the development of advanced LIBs with improved durability, safety, and performance under real-world conditions.

Lithium manganese iron phosphate [LiMnxFe1-xPO4 (x <= 0.5)]-based cathode materials were synthesized via a hydrothermal method to investigate their composition effect on structure and electrochemical performance. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed a single-phase olivine structure (Pnma) for all the compositions, with minor lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) impurities detected at high manganese (Mn) contents (x >= 0.4). The morphological evolution from small particles with low Mn content to compact rod-like particles at x = 0.3 indicates optimized crystal growth and improved interparticle connectivity. Electrochemical testing revealed that the discharge capacity initially increased with the substituted Mn content to a maximum of 140 mAh g(-1) at 0.5 C for LiMn0.3Fe0.7PO4/C with remarkable cycling stability. This high capacity is attributed to the activation of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couples and the minimal formation of electrochemically inactive phases. Further Mn incorporation (x > 0.3) caused structural distortion, Li3PO4 formation, and overall capacity loss. Codoping with Mg (LiMg0.05MnxFe1-xPO4) improved stability but lowered discharge capacity owing to the electrochemical inactivity of Mg2+ and impurity formation. Notably, an optimal x value of similar to 0.3 exhibited an effective balance between high energy density, rate capability, and structural integrity in Mn-doped LiFePO4 cathodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

Rare earth metals (REMs), including lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium, are crucial for civilian and defense applications owing to their superior magnetic, optical, and catalytic properties. Their strategic importance extends to clean energy, electric vehicles, corrosion protection, agriculture, catalysis, and advanced weaponry. Although abundant in Earth’s crust, rare earth elements (REEs) are geologically dispersed and economically challenging to extract owing to similar ionic properties, creating supply chain risk largely attributed to China’s refinery capacity. In this review, we analyze the entire REM value chain, including classification, global distribution, mining, mineral processing, beneficiation (physical and chemical), leaching, and separation and purification, along with their high-performance applications. The geopolitical impact, market pressures, and processing complexities, including environmental hazards, purity management, and scale-up, are also discussed within the context of international policy responses. In response, strategies such as green metallurgy, closed-loop recycling, and green extraction techniques have been proposed to reduce environmental impact and supply vulnerability. A dual-use perspective is adopted, linking REEs 4f-driven properties to essential roles in both advanced civilian industries and defense technologies. Future pathways such as AI-enabled separation, digital tracking, and circular economy models are identified as routes to resilient and sustainable supply chains. By fostering innovation, diversification, and recycling, nations can reduce reliance on limited suppliers while meeting rising demand, thereby supporting sustainable growth and national security.

Natural graphite is widely recognized as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its high theoretical capacity, low lithiation potential, natural abundance, and affordability. However, to use natural graphite effectively, impurities must be removed to meet battery-grade standards and ensure stable electrochemical performance. In this study, natural graphite was carefully purified by using chemical and thermal processes. A new chemical method was developed using 30% H 2 SO 4 and 30% NH 4 F, heated to 90°C, to meet battery-grade standards, achieving a final purity of nearly 99.9%. SEM-EDS characterization was performed to confirm impurity removal and morphology remained unchanged after purification, while XRD analysis was used to verify the graphite structure.Importantly, there were no significant changes in particle shape or size after purification. Higher purity not only improves the reversible capacity but also enhances cycling stability. This is mainly because impurity reduction helps prevent electrolyte decomposition and promotes a more stable electrode/electrolyte interface. The performance of the purified graphite aligns well with expectations for high-quality battery anode materials. Overall, this work emphasizes that purification is a crucial step in turning natural graphite into a reliable, high-performance material for lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used for their high energy density, long cycle life, and broad applications in portable electronics and electric vehicles. However, they still face important challenges related to cost and environmental impact, which has increased the interest in polymeric binders for composite electrodes. Binders play a key role in maintaining electrode integrity, improving adhesion, controlling slurry properties, and influencing electrochemical performance. This review focuses on binders used in graphite anodes, with a particular emphasis on water-soluble binders such as CMC, SBR, PTFE, alginate, chitin, and some polysaccharide alternatives to conventional binders like PVDF and PNA. Special attention is given to their functions and mechanisms, their main properties (e.g., tensile strength, elasticity and flexibility, adhesion, electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability), and their roles in electrode stability. The review also discusses the limitations of conventional binder systems and highlights major challenges. Overall, water-soluble binders appear as promising candidates for developing safer, greener, and high-performance negative electrodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.

The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) capable of extreme fast charging (XFC) while preserving safety, durability, and practical energy density remains a central challenge for next-generation electric transportation and grid-scale storage. Conventional graphite anodes are fundamentally limited at high current densities by sluggish intercalation kinetics, which cause lithium plating, motivating the exploration of alternative insertion materials. This review provides a comprehensive and internally consistent assessment of titanium-based oxide anodes, encompassing TiO2 polymorphs, lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12), and Wadsley–Roth titanium niobium oxides, through the combined lenses of crystal topology, diffusion pathways, redox chemistry, interfacial behavior, and resource scalability. By systematically comparing structural frameworks and electrochemical mechanisms across these material classes, we demonstrate that fast-charging performance is governed not by nano-structuring alone, but by the intrinsic coupling between operating potential, framework rigidity, and multi-electron redox activity. While Li4Ti5O12 establishes the benchmark for safety and cyclability, and TiO2 polymorphs provide structural versatility, titanium niobium oxides uniquely reconcile high theoretical capacity with minimal lithiation strain and open diffusion channels, positioning them as highly promising candidates for sub-10 min charging without catastrophic degradation. This review highlights the persistent obstacles these materials suffer, such as limited round-trip energy efficiency (RTE), interfacial gas evolution, poor dopant stability, and unsustainable extraction, while simultaneously exploring targeted design strategies to overcome them. Finally, this review provides a materials design and comparison framework for the development of safe, high-power, and commercially viable ultrafast-charging LIBs.

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) use in electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage systems has intensified the need for sustainable end-of-life management. While most research and industrial efforts have focused on recovering valuable metals, graphite anodes, despite constituting a significant portion of battery mass, remain relatively overlooked. This review evaluates current progress in graphite anode recycling, emphasizing technical challenges, scalability, and economic and geopolitical considerations. Conventional recycling methods, including hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling processes, offer viable routes for material recovery but are often constrained by high energy demands, chemical consumption, and degradation of graphite quality. Regenerated graphite exhibits competitive electrochemical performance, with initial Coulombic efficiencies above 90% and reversible capacities comparable to those of commercial materials. In addition, strategies such as surface modification and defect engineering have proven effective in restoring structural integrity and enhancing cycling stability. Despite these advances, major challenges persist in achieving cost-effective, large-scale implementation and consistent material quality suitable for reuse in battery manufacturing. Given increasing supply risks and rapidly rising global demand for graphite, advancing sustainable recycling technologies has become essential. This review emphasizes the need for integrated technological innovation and supportive policy frameworks to enable the development of a circular economy for graphite.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as a programmable platform for solid electrolytes in solid-state lithium batteries, since their crystalline, periodically ordered nanochannels can be engineered to enable directional ion transport. These low-resistance pathways promote directional lithium-ion (Li+) migration through a narrower, more spatially ordered distribution of coordination environments, achieved via site-to-site hopping and/or guest-assisted vehicular motion within the channels. This review presents a design-oriented framework linking COF structural descriptors to ion-transport metrics through a cause-effect-performance relationship. We first summarize the Li+ transport mechanism in confined COF channels, covering site-to-site hopping along pore walls and guest-assisted vehicular motion in filled channels. We then correlate (i) topology and channel architecture, (ii) pore-wall chemical functionality and framework charge, (iii) crystallinity, stacking registry, and channel alignment, and (iv) hybrid COF architectures with performance indicators including ionic conductivity (σ), activation energy (Ea), lithium-ion transference number (tLi+), transport anisotropy, and effective conductivity in working membranes (σeff). Through representative case studies, we highlight cases where high intrinsic channel transport does and does not translate into device-relevant σeff. Finally, we propose standardized reporting practices and device-level benchmarks to accelerate the shift from empirical materials discovery toward predictive ion-highway engineering for next-generation solid-state lithium batteries.

Separators have evolved from passive polymeric barriers into multifunctional components that critically govern the performance, safety, and lifetime of liquid and quasi-solid lithium rechargeable batteries. This Review provides a comprehensive analysis of separator materials and architectures spanning commercial polyolefins and their ceramic coatings, high‑temperature polymers (PI, PEEK), nanofiber and bio‑derived membranes, and cross-linked gel/polymer-ceramic composites for quasi-solid systems. Design principles linking pore size, porosity, tortuosity, wettability, and Li+ transference to ionic conductivity and rate capability are systematically discussed, alongside mechanical and thermal requirements such as puncture resistance, dimensional stability, shutdown behavior, and flame retardance. We compare major fabrication routes-including dry and wet stretching, phase inversion, electrospinning, ceramic/oxide coating, UV/thermal crosslinking, and vacuum filtration/solution casting-and relate their process windows to separator microstructure, electrochemical performance, and scalability. Separator-electrolyte-anode interactions are analyzed with emphasis on dendrite suppression, flux homogenization, and interface stabilization in lithium‑metal and quasi‑solid cells. Finally, market and techno‑economic trends are summarized, highlighting the trade‑offs between advanced functionality and roll‑to‑roll manufacturability, as well as emerging directions toward intelligent (advanced) separators and PFAS‑free, recyclable architectures. This review outlines quantitative targets and design strategies needed to translate next‑generation separator concepts into safe, high‑energy, and commercially viable lithium battery technologies.

With the rapid growth in global energy demand, renewable energy has emerged as a promising solution. However, the intermittency and irregularity of renewable energy sources pose significant challenges for nextgeneration, large-scale energy-storage systems. Aqueous rechargeable batteries with multivalent cations have attracted attention as candidates for grid-scale energy storage because of their high energy densities enabled by their multi-electron redox reactions, low cost, operational safety, and environmentally benign nature. Among such batteries, rechargeable aqueous aluminum-ion batteries (AAIBs) show promise, offering high gravimetric and volumetric capacities (2981 mAh g(-1) and 8056 mAh cm(-3), respectively) through a three-electron redox process. However, the practical application of AAIBs remains constrained by several critical challenges, including parasitic chemical reactions between the Al anode surface and the electrolyte, sluggish reaction kinetics of Al3+ ions, low reversibility and poor utilization of the Al anode, as well as instability in the crystal structure due to the high charge density of Al3+ ions. These issues contribute to poor cycling life and inferior rate performance in AAIBs. To address these limitations, research has focused on advanced strategies, such as the design of aqueous electrolytes to extend the output voltage window and improve the electrochemical stability window (ESW), preaddition or pre-intercalation of multivalent ion, and structural optimization of active materials to enhance kinetics with electrolytes. This review highlights the latest progress in the field of advanced aqueous electrolyte design, covering approaches such as metal alloy strategies, eutectic engineering, amorphization, electrolyte additive modulation, hybrid electrolyte optimization, and surface modification technologies. These strategies are employed to control the overpotential and reduce the polarization-voltage gap to achieve high Al plating/ stripping reversibility in AAIBs. Furthermore, the challenges, limitations, and promising pathways for enhancing performance in advanced aqueous environments are discussed. Finally, critical challenges and prospects for advanced aqueous electrolyte design and anodic surface modification strategies in AAIBs are proposed to inspire future research directions.

The production of electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly expanding, particularly in North America, where new lithiumion battery (LIB) and original equipment manufacturing (OEM) plants are being built. This has increased the demand for critical minerals, especially lithium. As the supply chain shifts from Asia, particularly from China to North America, there is a growing focus on sourcing these minerals locally, especially in Canada and the United States. Thus, establishing a sustainable LIB supply network is essential to minimize the detrimental environmental impacts. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is a key tool in achieving this goal. Quebec, Canada, holds one of the world's largest deposits of spodumene ore, a major source of lithium. This study conducted an LCA of batterygrade lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH center dot H2O) produced from Quebec spodumene. Results show that producing one ton of LiOH center dot H2O emits approximately 5.46 tons of CO2-equivalent. This assessment serves as the foundation for a broader series of LCAs on all critical materials in battery production. Understanding the full environmental impact of EV batteries requires evaluating each stage, from raw material extraction to manufacturing, use, and disposal. Identifying emissions hotspots within the supply chain allows for targeted improvements. By applying this holistic approach, the EV industry can develop strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure the transition to electric mobility is both sustainable and environmentally responsible.

Rechargeable batteries are essential to satisfy the increasing needs generated by electric vehicles, portable devices, and large-scale energy storage systems. A comprehensive understanding of the realistic operating conditions in batteries is necessary for performance, safety, and cycle life enhancement. In-situ/operando characterization techniques are currently essential instruments to investigate the structural, chemical, and morphological changes of electrode and electrolyte materials in real-time under actual operating conditions. Here, recent advancements in using in-situ/operando techniques to emphasize the origins and behaviors of electrodes and electrolytes in metal-ion, solid-state, and aqueous batteries are examined. State-of-the-art techniques offer significant advantages in battery research. In-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) is utilized to explore phase transition, crystal structure evolution, and degradation mechanisms of electrodes. In-situ electron microscopy techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) enable direct visualization of electrode morphology changes, Li dendrite formation, and composition transformations at the Micro to atomic scale. These imaging techniques allow for detecting defects or cracks within the active material particles. In-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers valuable information on the interface, such as mechanical properties, SEI morphology, and the growth of Li dendrite. In-situ neutron-related methods unravel lithium distribution and transport path in electrode materials. Additionally, the application of in-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which has been used to elucidate redox reactions, electronic structure changes, and local atomic arrangements, is discussed. Critical challenges are highlighted, including the necessity of improving spatial and temporal resolution, the complexity of interpreting data from multi-component systems, and the compatibility of techniques with commercial cells. Opportunities are also explored for integrating multiple in-situ/operando techniques, developing a stable SEI layer, and achieving reversible Li plating. The experimental setup and working principles are comprehensively explained. This work guides future research directions for next-generation rechargeable batteries by providing a detailed understanding of the fundamental processes at the electrode and electrolyte levels. Keywords: in-situ/operando, lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, characterization techniques, aqueous batteries

Carbon is essential for advancing battery materials in energy storage research. Its superior conductivity, chemical stability, and adaptability significantly enhance the performance of devices like lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The rising need for sustainable energy solutions has heightened interest in Carbon's potential for electrochemical applications. Kim Kinoshita is a prominent scientist whose innovative research on carbon materials has substantially progressed lithium-ion battery technology, among other domains. Over many decades, his study has significantly influenced our comprehension of carbon electrode behavior in energy storage technologies. In the early 1980s, Kinoshita made foundational contributions to understanding carbon's function in electrochemical systems, establishing the basis for its extensive use in LIBs. His book Carbon: Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties is a key reference in the field. Kinoshita's work on characterizing carbon materials for LIBs was crucial for improving anode performance and significantly advancing the understanding of lithium-ion intercalation in various carbon structures. His work on forming the solid electrolyte interphase on carbon electrodes provided great insight into battery life and safety. Beyond LIBs, Kinoshita explored using carbon material in supercapacitors, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. His works on nanostructured carbons, including carbon nanotubes and graphene, developed novel paths for next-generation energy storage technology. Published over 200 peer-reviewed publications, the research work of Kinoshita bridges the gap between fundamental science and practical applications. This work highlights his contributions to electrochemical energy storage, particularly his research on carbon materials in LIBs. We also explore potential pathways for advancing rechargeable battery technology inspired by his innovative vision.

This strategic review examines the pivotal role of sustainable methodologies in battery recycling and the recovery of critical minerals from waste batteries, emphasizing the need to address existing technical and environmental challenges. Through a systematic analysis, it explores the application of green organic solvents in mineral processing, advocating for establishing eco-friendly techniques aimed at clipping waste and boosting resource utilization. The escalating demand for and shortage of essential minerals including copper, cobalt, lithium, and nickel are comprehensively analyzed and forecasted for 2023, 2030, and 2040. Traditional extraction techniques, including hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and bio-metallurgical processes, are efficient but pose substantial environmental hazards and contribute to resource scarcity. The concept of green extraction arises as a crucial step towards ecological conservation, integrating sustainable practices to lessen the environmental footprint of mineral extraction. The advancement of green organic solvents, notably ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, is examined, highlighting their attributes of minimal toxicity, biodegradability, and superior efficacy, thus presenting great potential in transforming the sector. The emergence of organic solvents such as palm oil, 1-octanol, and Span 80 is recognized, with advantageous low solubility and adaptability to varying temperatures. Kinetic (mainly temperature) data of different deep eutectic solvents are extracted from previous studies and computed with machine learning techniques. The coefficient of determination and mean squared error reveal the accuracy of experimental and computed data. In essence, this study seeks to inspire ongoing efforts to navigate impediments, embrace technological advancements including artificial intelligence, and foster an ethos of environmental stewardship in the sustainable extraction and recycling of critical metals from waste batteries.