For 1400 years, Muslims and Christians in interfaith dialogue have encountered a perennial impasse surrounding the historical account of Jesus’ death. For most Muslims who hold a traditional interpretation of the Qur’an, Jesus did not die on the cross, but was assumed to heaven and another was crucified in his place. For Christians, however, the cross and subsequent resurrection are the center of gospel faith. This article recognizes the impasse over the crucifixion, but proposes that the conceptual distance surrounding the concept of atonement is a prior concern that needs to be addressed before one overcomes the historical question. In order to consider the barriers to communication and mutual understanding surrounding Jesus’ cross, we must first recognize that the qur’anic understanding of atonement presents linguistic, ritual, narrative, and worldview barriers to a biblical understanding of atonement. As such, before one answers the question, “Did Jesus die on the cross?” it is imperative to ask, “Why would Jesus’ death on the cross matter?” This article seeks to explain the distinct understanding of atonement represented in the Qur’an and to propose that the Book of Hebrews is uniquely suited to present a biblical understanding of atonement to one who is influenced by the Qur’an.

It is widely considered that technology gave birth and continues to play a vital role in film production around the globe. Technological advancements have shaped film language and the audience experience throughout history. With the emergence of interactivity and the proliferation of new digital media and technologies, new opportunities, discourses and challenges have arisen. In this context, this paper discusses that current classification approaches are not appropriate for capturing in a comprehensive manner the multidimensional aspects of interactive film history. It is proposed that a new classification system is needed in order to map the history of interactive filmmaking and cinema, alongside the development and affordances of the different interactive technologies in use, like the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and web technologies, 360o video, Virtual and Augmented Reality, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) among others. Other prominent characteristics and practices that are considered include the enablement of either single- and/or collective multi-interaction of the audience with the moving image; the role of complex algorithms and the type of data analysis performed; technologies that make direct use of the audience’s physiology and cognitive state, such as the Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs); as well as the gamification of the film viewing experience. Accordingly, a new approach to identifying a suitable systematic structure is outlined, as opposed to recycling the conventional methods of classification, chronological order and genre categorisation.

Contextualization is a topic of utmost importance in the field of missiology. Over the past several years, the missiological world has debated the merits of one particular approach to contextualization known as the Insider Movement (IM). While much of the discussion has focused on issues of soteriology, hermeneutics, theology of religions, and evangelism, this article intends to assess the potential for IM strategies to produce biblically faithful churches. By leaning on the writings of IM advocates and the recent publication of Jan Prenger's dissertation, Muslim Insider Christ Followers, one can compare IM strategies along with the testimony of insiders themselves with biblical teaching regarding the church. In order to avoid the accusation of historical, doctrinal, or extra-biblical imposition on the biblical teaching of the church, the common historical marks of the church have not been selected as the criteria for assessment. Instead, four biblical passages containing teaching about the church have been selected drive this exploration exegetically: (1) the church built upon the common recognition of Jesus as the awaited Messiah and Son of God; (2) the church as local, identifiable, gatherable, and responsible body of believers; (3) the church as a pillar and buttress of the truth; and (4) the church as an indiscriminate gathering of gospel-professing and communally covenanted believers. Upon considering the texts that drive these four elements of biblical churches, one confronts several barriers that often attend IM strategies. If such barriers are not removed by IM proponents, this article concludes that it is unlikely that they can produce healthy and biblically faithful churches.

Contextualization is fundamentally the process of communicating the unchanging message of the Gospel within the changing contexts of the world. Until Christ returns, contextualization will always be an aspect of the missionary task. One contemporary approach to contextualization, the Insider Movement, has risen to the fore of missiological discussion due to its controversial embrace of existing religious forms and identities as potential conduits of biblical truth. Insider Movement advocates working among Muslims teach that one can remain identified spocio-religiously as a Muslim while still faithfully following Jesus as savior. While the past two decades have played host to multiple layers of discussion surrounding Insider Movements, this essay investigates an under-discussed element of Insider Movement methodology among Muslims: Ecclesiology. This paper analyzes four key biblical texts pertinent to ecclesiology as a rubric for determining whether Insider Movement strategies among Muslims are likely to produce biblically faithful churches.

MS interfaced with LC and ion mobility (IM) is routinely used to measure the level and variation of metabolites within biofluids as data generated through metabolomics studies may yield insight into disease onset and progression. LC-IM-MS based metabolomics generates large and complex data sets with analysis and interpretation of the results being the rate determining steps. This has led to a demand for improved data analysis, including processing and advanced multivariate approaches, which are described for the large scale analysis of metabolomics datasets. Urine from a healthy individual was centrifuged and the supernatant diluted. The urine was divided into control, low dosed (LD) and high dosed (HD) groups. To create a sample set, 11 different drugs were differentially spiked into LD and HD urine, contrasted with blank urine. A reversed phase gradient was applied and MS data acquired in positive ion data independent (LC-DIA-MS) and mobility assisted data independent (LC-IM-DIA-MS) modes. Distinguishing biological variation and metabolic change from analytical interference is key to data processing and analysis. Samples were randomized and measured six times, including QC runs, to ensure statistically valid analysis. LC-MS data were retention time aligned and deconvoluted to produce a feature list. Identified features were compound searched and interrogated with multivariate statistics to provide marker ions of interest. Relative high abundance levels of the standards were reported for LD and HD compared to controls, confirmed by trend plots analysis showing an increase in LD and HD groups compared to control. The standards were identified with an average score of 91 and mass error of 1.2 ppm. Three sample clusters were produced with the standards being the most differentiating features (top 20 based on q value) between groups. Functionality of the software will be demonstrated using biological samples.