Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern in human and animal health. Public discussions on these issues have contributed to an increased demand for antibiotic-free food. Studies comparing the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria in foodstuffs originating from farming systems with restrictions on the use of antimicrobials are scarce. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles of generic Escherichia coli isolated from whole chickens originating from farming systems with and without restrictions on the use of antimicrobials. For this purpose, three groups of E. colistrains were formed: (GC) from chickens reared in conventional production systems, without restriction on the use of antimicrobials (n=72); (GL) from chickens reared in farming systems certified as free of any antibiotic use (n=72); and (GO) from chickens from an organic farming system (n=72). Whole chicken units were individually rinsed as recommended by ISO 17604:2015, and E. coliwas isolated from the rinse suspension. To evaluate the resistance profile, E. coli strains were tested against 12 antimicrobials using broth microdilution or disk diffusion tests. Eighty strains (40.7%) were found to be fully susceptible to the tested antimicrobials, and 23.6% were multidrug resistant. The highest frequencies of resistance were observed to tetracycline (GC=37,5%; GL=34,7%; GO=25%) and trimethoprim (GC=27,8%; GL=34,7%; GO=22,2%). In the case of multidrug resistant strains, GC presented 32% (n=23) of strains with multidrug resistance characteristics whereas the GL and GO groups presented 22% (n=16) and 17% (n=12), respectively. As for the totally susceptible strains, a frequency of 56% of Tsus strains was observed in the organic group, whereas this frequency was 33% in the GC and GL groups. Using GC as a reference, the Poisson regression model showed a higher occurrence of fully susceptible E. coli strains, as well as lower frequencies of multidrug resistance and resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in GO. The GL group exhibited the lowest frequency of ampicillin resistance. These observations suggest that the lower selection pressure for antimicrobial use in the farming system may be reflected in the resistance profile of bacteria present in foodstuffs purchased by consumers.

Background: The occurrence of vesicular disease associated with Senecavirus A in a pig-producing region of Santa Catarina increased in 2015, reflected by the number of syndromic notifications to the official animal health service. In view of the recurrence of this event in 2018, the objectives of this study were to analyze the official data related to cases of suspected vesicular disease in pigs and to evaluate whether the experience in conducting the investigations of 2015 was incorporated into the years subsequent to 2015. We addressed this goal by analysis of the performance parameters of the state animal health surveillance system.Materials, Methods & Results: Descriptive analyses of data from official investigations of suspected vesicular disease in swine in different regions were carried out, and statistical models were used to: i) test the effect of the year on the age of the investigated injuries; ii) assess whether there was an association between the year and the type of outcome of the official investigation (discarded case or a probable case of vesicular disease, which resulted in the collection of samples for laboratory diagnosis and interdiction of the affected properties); iii) evaluate whether there was an association between the year and the detection of Senecavirus A RNA among the molecular analyses carried out after a case was classified as probable vesicular disease. From 05/22/2015 to 03/28/2019, there were 2093 notifications of suspected vesicular disease in pigs to the official service of Santa Catarina, with 1538 (73.5%) occurring in 2015 and 555 (26.5%) in subsequent years. After 2015, when compared to the base year, the chances of detecting late vesicular lesions (>3 days) were similar (increased 1.11 times, but there was no statistically significant association), in view of a panorama in which 55.29% of cases had the lesions classified as late throughout the analyzed period. The variation in the odds was relatively homogeneous among the regional units (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC] = 10.9%), but in the São Miguel do Oeste unit, it was significantly lower than the average. It was also lower than the average, in regional units with a high ratio of properties with pigs attended by the official veterinarian. The chances of cases being considered probable increased 32.3 times, but the descriptive analysis of the average interdiction period decreased. The estimated ICC was 34.9%, and in Campos Novos and Caçador, the chances of cases being probable were significantly higher than the average, while in the Canoinhas unit, the chances were significantly lower. The prevalence of cases with molecular detection of Senecavirus A was 78% lower after 2015. Discussion: Despite the increased sensitivity of the surveillance process for suspected vesicular events in the years after 2015, the specificity of the molecular diagnosis of Senecavirus A decreased. This is likely, because there was difficulty in sampling lesions with vesicular fluid and/or when the lesion epithelium had recently been disrupted, conditions most conducive to the identification of viral genetic material. In this context, the western region of the state, the main pig producer, continued to be the most accurate in confirming cases of Senecavirus A. Even with the improvements of laboratory diagnosis and the reduction of the interdiction period, it was important to standardize the differentiation of a late infectious lesion from a traumatic injury, as well as any association with other sample analyses, in order to minimize the disorders linked to the mischaracterization of a manifestation of Senecavirus A, without compromising the syndromic focus of its vesicular character.

Mensagem da Comissão Organizadora: É um prazer recebê-los em Porto Alegre para a 3ª edição do Encontro Nacional de Epi­demiologia Veterinária. Em 2012 tivemos nosso primeiro encontro em São Paulo, ideia que surgiu depois de sucessivas reuniões de integrantes de grupos de epidemiologia veterinária da USP, UFRGS e UnB. Em 2015 aconteceu a segunda edição em Brasília. E cá estamos nós juntos, depois de três anos, para celebrarmos esse encontro que tem o propósito de congregar a academia, serviços oficiais de saúde animal e pública, e de promover o desenvolvimento da epidemiologia veterinária no Brasil. Precisamos avançar, onde queremos chegar? Costumo perguntar em aula: afinal, o que é epidemio­logia? Em 1854 surgia essa ciência (sim! Epidemiologia é uma ciência) por meio de uma minuciosa investigação de uma epidemia de cólera em Londres coordenada por John Snow, pai da epidemiolo­gia contemporânea. No longínquo século 19, esse médico Inglês identificou, com o uso de métodos científicos, que a fonte daquela doença que estava matando centenas de londrinos diariamente era uma certa bomba de água, a famosa “Bomba da Broad Street”. Pois bem, ele chegou a essa conclusão sem que houvesse conhecimento concreto da existência de microrganismos patógenos! A aplicação de um método sistemático de investigação, criação de hipóteses e análise de padrões de ocorrência da doença permitiu tal feito. Ele refutou a teoria miasmática vigente na época, quebrou paradigmas. Po­demos notar, então, o potencial dessa ciência no combate de doenças transmissíveis em populações, seja ela animal ou humana. E nós aqui no Brasil? Onde estamos afinal? Para cada um que está aqui eu lhes pergunto: qual foi o conteúdo ministrado da epidemiologia durante a sua formação acadêmica? Você ficou preso em conceitos semânticos de incidência ou prevalência ou teve a oportunidade de explorar a epidemiologia em sua mais íntima natureza? Precisamos olhar mais adiante, sair um pouco da teoria microbiana e explorar todos os possíveis efeitos que, unidos em uma complexa rede causal, afetam a saúde dos indivíduos. É o momento de explorar o raciocínio científico para criarmos teorias sobre a ocorrência de doenças, de como surgem epidemias, de como as pessoas podem ser expostas a perigos microbiológicos oriundos de alimentos de origem animal. Qual é a probabilidade? O que é risco? Para onde a doença pode ir? Em que áreas eu devo focar meus esforços para aumentar a eficiên­cia das ações? Quais são os riscos à saúde pública se eu decidir mudar todo o método de inspeção de produtos de origem animal? As respostas a esses e outros inúmeros questionamentos nós esperamos encontrar aqui. Nosso intuito maior é promover o desenvolvimento da epidemiologia veterinária no Brasil. Em nome da Cominação Organizadora do 3º ENEPI (01 a 03 de Agosto), lhes desejamos um ótimo encontro e uma ótima estada em Porto Alegre.

The ruminant pestiviral species BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BDV, along with the putative species HoBi-like, may cause substantial economic losses in cattle, sheep and goats. Brazil's large size, variable biomes and wide range of ruminant animal production within different geographic regions suggest that the presence and prevalence of ruminant pestivirus may differ by regions within Brazil. This study investigated the genetic diversity of ruminant pestiviruses and determined the frequency of active infections within two states of the Northeast Region of Brazil, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte. Serum samples from 16,621 cattle and 2,672 small ruminants from 569 different herds residing in this region were tested by RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing. Seventeen positive cattle were detected (0.1%) from fifteen different herds (2.64%). All isolates were classified as HoBi-like pestiviruses based on phylogenetic analysis. All small ruminant samples tested negative. The findings presented herein suggest that the Northeast Region of Brazil has a uniquely high prevalence of HoBi-like viruses. The increasing reports of HoBi-like viruses detected in cattle in the field suggest that natural infection with these viruses may be more widespread than previously thought. The identification of HoBi-like viruses as the most prevalent type of ruminant pestivirus circulating in the Northeast Region of Brazil indicates the need for both continued monitoring and determination of the extent of economic losses associated with HoBi-like virus infections. In addition, it must be taken into account in the choice of diagnostic tests and in vaccine formulations.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease that affects cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. FMD has been a problem for decades, which has led to various measures to control, eradicate and prevent FMD by National Veterinary Services worldwide. Currently, the identification of areas that are at risk of FMD virus incursion and spread is a priority for FMD target surveillance after FMD is eradicated from a given country or region. In our study, a knowledge-driven spatial model was built to identify risk areas for FMD occurrence and to evaluate FMD surveillance performance in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. For this purpose, multi-criteria decision analysis was used as a tool to seek multiple and conflicting criteria to determine a preferred course of action. Thirteen South American experts analyzed 18 variables associated with FMD introduction and dissemination pathways in Rio Grande do Sul. As a result, FMD higher risk areas were identified at international borders and in the central region of the state. The final model was expressed as a raster surface. The predictive ability of the model assessed by comparing, for each cell of the raster surface, the computed model risk scores with a binary variable representing the presence or absence of an FMD outbreak in that cell during the period 1985 to 2015. Current FMD surveillance performance was assessed, and recommendations were made to improve surveillance activities in critical areas.

A Analise de Risco (AR) e um instrumento preconizado pela Organizacao Mundial de Saude Animal (OIE) para que os paises-membros interessados a utilizem para buscar um nivel adequado de protecao na sanidade de seus rebanhos. Empregada ha pouco mais de uma decada na area da saude animal e, portanto, considerada uma tecnica recente, o uso da AR tem crescido rapidamente dentro dos Servicos Veterinarios Oficiais (SVO) dos paises e hoje e utilizada rotineiramente para avaliacao, mensuracao e mitigacao de riscos. Alem da AR de importacao, outras relacionadas com a introducao de patogenos por animais silvestres de vida livre e aves migratorias, bioterrorismo, sistemas de vigilância e tambem com a saude publica, tais como agua e animais de companhia, tem sido relatadas por diversos SVO no mundo. Em 2012, o Departamento de Defesa Agropecuaria da Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Agronegocio e a Superintendencia de Agricultura do Rio Grande do Sul do Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento em conjunto com o Laboratorio de Epidemiologia Veterinaria da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul iniciaram uma AR utilizando a tecnica de analise multicriterios para avaliar as areas com maior probabilidade de entrada do virus da febre aftosa (VFA) no RS e as suas consequencias (ou seja, areas de maior risco), bem como propor medidas de mitigacao. Inicialmente, utilizando uma adaptacao da tecnica de priorizacao de riscos (risk priority number), foi efetuada a classificacao dos caminhos com maior risco para a entrada e disseminacao do VFA no RS. Posteriormente, foram definidas 28 variaveis para compor a analise multicriterio, visando a caracterizar as areas de maior risco para a doenca. A ponderacao dos pesos por variavel foi realizada pela consulta de 13 especialistas da area. Utilizando-se os dados das variaveis e de seus respectivos pesos, com a utilizacao do software Idrisi® versao Selva, foram modelados os mapas de probabilidade de introducao, probabilidade de disseminacao e de risco da febre aftosa no RS nos municipios. Ainda, a partir de outras quatro variaveis e dos seus respectivos pesos, foi avaliado o sistema de vigilância no Rio Grande do Sul, que foi incorporado ao modelo de risco, resultando numa caracterizacao espacial das regioes com seu respectivo risco residual para a febre aftosa. Esse estudo podera auxiliar tecnicamente os tomadores de decisao a determinar medidas que possam mitigar o risco da introducao e disseminacao do VFA nas areas de maior risco no Estado e, ainda, na decisao de se alterar o status sanitario para a febre aftosa, passando para area livre de febre aftosa sem vacinacao, o que possibilitara a abertura de novos mercados para os produtos da pecuaria gaucha.

Nos ultimos anos, a OIE tem produzido recomendacoes para a formacao curricular e fomentado a educacao continuada de medicos-veterinarios, tanto oficiais como particulares. Com o objetivo de buscar uma educacao continuada dos medicos-veterinarios que compoem a Rede de Informacoes Zoossanitarias no Rio Grande do Sul (RIZ-RS), o Servico Veterinario Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul (SVO-RS) e a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com o apoio financeiro do Fundo de Desenvolvimento e Defesa Sanitaria Animal, firmaram um Acordo de Cooperacao Tecnica (ACT) para capacitar os medicosveterinarios que compoem a RIZ-RS para desenvolver projetos de pesquisa e assessorias em epidemiologia aplicada ao SVO-RS. Alicercado em tres pilares: (1) Assessorias tecnicas, (2) Desenvolvimento de estudos e (3) Capacitacoes continuadas, o ACT foi responsavel por quatorze assessorias tecnicas, entre elas a construcao do programa estadual de sanidade ovina, a avaliacao de risco para aumentar o prazo de validade do teste de Anemia Infecciosa Equina de dois para seis meses, alem de diversas analises populacionais, de ocorrencia de enfermidades e de movimentacao animal, demandadas pelo SVO-RS. No que se refere ao desenvolvimento de estudos, foram realizados tres inqueritos de prevalencia estaduais com a determinacao dos fatores de risco para cada doenca, tres estudos epidemiologicos que estao em andamento, alem de uma analise de multicriterios. No campo das capacitacoes continuadas, ha uma programacao de ate 360h, estratificada em tres niveis (basico, intermediario e avancado) que visa a abranger a grande maioria dos medicos que compoem a RIZ-RS, voltada para profissionais da area de defesa sanitaria animal, inspecao de produtos de origem animal, laboratorio, tanto oficiais como particulares. Ate o momento, foram capacitados 160 profissionais no modulo de epidemiologia aplicada ao SVO. O estabelecimento do ACT criou uma relacao estavel entre o Servico Veterinario Oficial e a Universidade, proporcionando sinergia pela reuniao de conhecimentos de distintas origens em prol da geracao de solucoes aplicadas aos temas de saude animal do RS. Esse ambiente foi forca motriz para o ACT ultrapassar os seus aspectos formais, possibilitando que todas as partes encontrassem amplo espaco para a producao de solucoes customizadas ao universo de saude animal do RS. Em adicao, a horizontalidade da cooperacao tem permitido que a formacao dos medicos-veterinarios da RIZ-RS e dos academicos envolvidos, em seus diversos estagios de conhecimento e aperfeicoamento, ocorra em um ambiente de coordenacao entre producao cientifica e atendimento de demandas tecnico-gerenciais do SVO-RS, o que e ainda incomum no Brasil.

Between 2007 and 2009, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in Maranhao State, Brazil to estimate the seroprevalence of and risk factors for bovine brucellosis. In total, 749 herds and 6779 cows greater than two years of age were blood sampled. At the time of sampling a questionnaire to collect details on possible risk factors for bovine brucellosis was administered to the participating herd manager. A logistic regression model was developed to quantify the association between herd demographic and management characteristics and the herd-level brucellosis status. Spatial analyses were carried out to identify areas of the state where the presence of brucellosis was unaccounted-for by the explanatory variables in the logistic regression model.The estimated herd-level prevalence of brucellosis in Maranhao was 11.4% (95% CI 9.2-14) and the individual animal-level prevalence was 2.5% (95% CI 1.7-3.6). Herds with more than 54 cows older than two years of age, herds that used rented pasture to feed cattle, and the presence of wetlands on the home farm increased the risk of a herd being brucellosis positive. Infected farms were identified throughout the state, particularly in the central region and on the northwestern border. Spatial analyses of the Pearson residuals from the logistic regression model identified an area in the center of the state where brucellosis risk was not well explained by the predictors included in the final logistic regression model. Targeted investigations should be carried out in this area to determine more precisely the reasons for the unexplained disease excess. This process might uncover previously unrecognized risk factors for brucellosis in Maranhao. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Silva F.J., Conceicao W. L. F., Fagliari J.J., Girio R.J.S., Dias R. A., Borba M. R. & Mathias L. A. 2012. [Prevalence and risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in the State of Maranhao, Brazil.] Prevalencia e fatores de risco de leptospirose bovina no Estado do Maranhao. Pesquisa Veterineria Brasileira 32(4): 303-312. Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva e Reproducao Animal, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil. E-mail: fjsepi@gmail.com Prevalence and risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in the State of Maranhao were investigated. Based on production parameters that vary across different production systems, management practices, the purpose of exploitation, the average size of herds and market systems, the state was divided in four sampling circuits. The study aimed to investigate the epidemiological features of bovine leptospirosis in the State of Maranhao, in order to determine the prevalence of the infection in cattle and herds, to determine the occurrence of serovars of Leptospira spp., to identify risk factors associated with leptospirosis in cattle and to differentiate the livestock circuits itself regarding the prevalence of leptospirosis. The survey was conducted in 136 herds in the circuit I, in which 841 >= 24 months old females were analyzed; 238 in the circuit II and 2,582 females were analyzed; 122 in the circuit III and 869 females were analyzed; 77 in the circuit IV and 540 females were analyzed; a total of 573 herds and 4,832 females were analyzed. The presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. was verified by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Of the 4,832 cows examined, 1,904 (35.94%, CI 95% = 33.01% -38.98%) were positive. Of the 573 herds, 380 (64.81%, CI 95% = 61.10% -68.35%) were positive. Serovars Hardjo and Wolffi were the most frequent in the state. The circuit III showed the lowest prevalence of leptospirosis in all comparisons. The variables presence of horses (p = 0.000), presence of capybaras (p = 0.034) and herds with up to 32 adult females (p = 0.002) were identified as risk factors for leptospirosis.

Sonne L., Raymundo D.L., Boabaid F.M., Borba M.R., Snel G.G.M., Gomes M.J.P. & Driemeier D. 2012. [Systemic infection by Yersinia enterocolitica in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger).] Infeccao sistemica por Yersinia enterocolitica em chinchilas (Chinchilla laniger). Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 32(5):379-382. Setor de Patologia Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.br Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium, which causes infections in several mammalian species. It is often recognized as an agent causing intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes lesions. However, Yersinia enterocolitica infection may also become systemic, with lesions in others organs such as liver and spleen. This paper describes outbreaks of systemic infection due to Yersinia enterocolitica in two commercial chinchilla breeders in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Owners reported that affected animals showed apathy, anorexia prior to death. Macroscopic examination performed in 13 animals revealed splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and multifocal whitish pinpoint foci in liver, spleen, lung, kidney and intestine. Microscopically, the affected tissues had infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as fibrin and necrosis with central areas containing cocobacilli bacteria. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from liver, spleen, lung and intestine samples from animals of both breeders, and from feces of chinchillas of one of the breeders. Therefore, yersiniosis is a disease to be investigated in cases of mortality of chinchillas.

A longitudinal study was carried out to describe the size and spatial distribution of the stray dog population in the University of São Paulo campus, Brazil from November 2010 to November 2011. The campus is located within the urban area of São Paulo, the largest city of Brazil, with a population over 11million. The 4.2km2 that comprise the university grounds are walled, with 10 access gates, allowing stray dogs to move in and out freely. Over 100,000 people and 50,000 vehicles circulate in the campus daily. Five observations were made during the study period, using a mark-resight method. The same route was performed in all observations, being traveled twice on each observation day. Observed animals were photographed and the sight coordinates were obtained using a GPS device. The estimated size of the stray dog population varied from 32 (CI 95% 23–56) to 56 (CI 95% 45–77) individuals. Differences between in- and outward dog movements influenced dog population estimates. Overlapping home ranges of docile dogs were observed in areas where most people circulate. An elusive group was observed close to a protected rain forest area and the estimated home range for this group did not overlap with the home ranges for other dogs within the campus. A kernel density map showed that higher densities of stray dog sighting is associated with large organic matter generators, such as university restaurants. We conclude that the preferred source of food of the stray dogs on the University of São Paulo campus was leftover food deliberately offered by restaurant users. The population was stable during the study period and the constant source of food was the main reason to retain this population within the campus.

The Pneumocystis genus is comprised of pathogens dwelling in the lungs of terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic mammals. Occasionally they induce severe pneumonitis, particularly in hosts with severe impairment of the immune system and progressively may fill pulmonary alveolar cavities causing respiratory failure. Molecular genetic studies revealed that Pneumocystis gene sequences present a marked divergence with the host species concerned. In the present study, the genetic diversity of Pneumocystis obtained from lungs of swines was examined by analyzing mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) and small subunit (mtSSU) rRNA sequences. The samples were obtained from two slaughterhouses located in two Brazilian states. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that genetic groupings within Pneumocystis organisms were in accordance with those of the corresponding hosts and that two clusters were formed. In conclusion, these data show that there are genetically distinct porcine Pneumocystis genotypes with at least two separate clusters in Brazil.

ABSTRACT.- Bandarra P.M., Bezerra Junior P.S., Oliveira L.G.S., Correa G.L.F., Borba M.R., Reck Junior J., Cruz C.E.F. & Driemeier D. 2011. [ Experimental Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) poisoning in horses. ] Intoxicacao experimental por Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) em equinos . Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 31(11):991-996 . Setor de Patologia Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.brThe aim of this study was to conirm the toxicity and characterize the clinical and pathologi-cal aspects of poisoning by Trema micrantha in horses. The green leaves of the plant were spon-taneously consumed by three ponies at single doses of 20, 25, and 30g/kg. The three ponies developed clinical disease characterized by apathy, equilibrium deicit, deglutition dificulty, sternal or lateral recumbency, paddling, coma and death. Affected ponies had also enhanced seric activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, seric ammonia apart of diminished glycemia. An additional pony, that received 15 and 25g/kg of

Pneumocystis spp. are fungi that are able to infect a variety of host species and, occasionally, lead to severe pneumonia. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important viral pathogen which affects both swine and wild boar herds worldwide. Co-infection between PCV2 and other pathogens has been reported, and the secondary immunodeficiency caused by the virus may predispose to these co-infections. In the present study, postmortem tissue samples obtained from wild boar herds in Southern Brazil were analyzed by histopathology, ultra-structural observation, and immunohistochemistry. Forty-seven out of seventy-eight (60%) wild boars showed clinical signs, gross, and histopathological lesions characteristic of infection by PCV2. Pneumocystis was detected by immunohistochemistry in 39 (50%) lungs and viral antigens of PCV2 were found in 29 (37.2%) samples. Concomitant presence of Pneumocystis and PCV2 were observed in 16 (20.5%) of the wild boars. Cystic and trophic forms of Pneumocystis were similar to previously described ultra-structural observations in other mammals.

In a commercial herd of 1250 wild boars, 56 animals were affected by anorexia, diarrhea, and wasting. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes, thickening of ileal wall, and a white-yellowish ileal content were observed in two of the four animals necropsied. Microscopically, ileal crypts showed epithelial hyperplasia, moderate decrease in goblet cell density, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the lamina propria, and moderate depletion with histiocytic infiltrate in Peyer's patches. Curved rod-shaped organisms within the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes were observed in both Warthin-Starry and Lawsonia intracellularis-immunostained sections. PCV2 antigen was observed in ileal Peyer's patches of 3 wild pigs. Trichuris suis nematodes were found in the cecum of the four wild pigs. This report describes clinicopathological findings in cases of enteritis associated with Lawsonia intracellularis and PCV2 infection in a commercial herd of wild boars.Neste trabalho, são relatados os achados clínico-patológicos de casos de enterite associados com infecção por Lawsonia intracellularis e PCV2 em um rebanho comercial com 1250 javalis, sendo que 56 foram afetados por anorexia, diarréia e emagrecimento progressivo. Em dois dos quatro animais necropsiados, foi observado aumento de linfonodos mesentéricos, espessamento da parede do íleo e conteúdo branco-amarelado no íleo. Microscopicamente, as criptas do íleo apresentavam hiperplasia epitelial, decréscimo moderado na densidade de células caliciformes, infiltrado linfo-histiocitário na lâmina própria e depleção moderada das placas de Peyer com infiltrado histiocitário. Bastonetes curvos no ápice citoplasmático dos enterócitos foram observados em preparações coradas com Warthin-Starry e pela imunoistoquímica contra Lawsonia intracellularis. Antígeno de PCV2 foi observado nas placas de Peyer do íleo de três animais e nematódeos Trichuris suis estavam presentes no ceco dos quatro javalis necropsiados.

In a commercial herd of 1250 wild boars, 56 animals were affected by anorexia, diarrhea, and wasting. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes, thickening of ileal wall, and a white-yellowish ileal content were observed in two of the four animals necropsied. Microscopically, ileal crypts showed epithelial hyperplasia, moderate decrease in goblet cell density, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the lamina propria, and moderate depletion with histiocytic infiltrate in Peyer's patches. Curved rod-shaped organisms within the apical cytoplasm of enterocytes were observed in both Warthin-Starry and Lawsonia intracellularis-immunostained sections. PCV2 antigen was observed in ileal Peyer's patches of 3 wild pigs. Trichuris suis nematodes were found in the cecum of the four wild pigs. This report describes clinicopathological findings in cases of enteritis associated with Lawsonia intracellularis and PCV2 infection in a commercial herd of wild boars.