Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm commonly affecting the skin and oral cavity of dogs, whereas laryngeal involvement is considered rare. Neoplasms arising in the larynx may cause severe upper airway obstruction and present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the anatomical and functional constraints of this region. An 11-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was evaluated for a one-month history of progressive upper airway obstruction characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and dysphagia. Clinical examination revealed a solitary mass protruding into the laryngeal lumen in the arytenoid region. Surgical excision was performed, and intraoperative frozen section evaluation indicated compromised surgical margins. Definitive histopathology confirmed an invasive SCC. Adjunct electrochemotherapy was applied following identification of compromised surgical margins, and the dog showed favorable short-term clinical recovery following surgery. No evidence of recurrence or metastasis was observed during a three-month follow-up period. This case highlights the clinical relevance of laryngeal SCC in dogs and emphasizes the importance of thorough clinical examination and early detection, as well as the integration of clinical evaluation, histopathology, and intraoperative margin assessment in the management of upper airway neoplasms. The combined use of surgical excision, frozen section analysis, and adjunct electrochemotherapy may be considered a potential therapeutic approach in anatomically constrained regions where complete tumor removal is limited.

Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution and is important because it presents a risk to One Health, despite being neglected by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, it was investigated the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in 44 free-ranging wild boars slaughtered in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A fecal sample from each animal was collected directly from the rectal ampulla after slaughter. The parasitological investigation was carried out using the malachite green negative staining technique for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. An aliquot of all stool samples was subjected to genomic DNA extraction using the GenElute™ Stool DNA Isolation kit and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed, amplifying the fragments of the 18S rRNA subunit gene, to the molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Samples positive in the 18S gene for the last agent mentioned above were also subjected to amplification of specific fragments of the heat shock protein HSP70. To verify the association between the positivity and negativity of Cryptosporidium spp. and the variables analyzed (sex and age group), statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's Exact Test. In this research, it was not observed infectious evolutionary forms of the protozoan mentioned in the coproparasitological exams. However, it was detected Cryptosporidium spp. in 6.8 % (3/44) of the animals investigated, by amplification of the 18S rRNA and HSP 70 genes, and by genetic sequencing, two samples with 100 % similarity to Cryptosporidium scrofarum were verified. Therefore, it was detected this species for the first time in free-ranging wild boars in the Americas.

The genital system of female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) commonly shows lesions on the external genitalia (vulva and vagina). This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response in segments of the reproductive tract of female dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum, and to correlate these findings with hormonal status (high or low progesterone levels), local parasitism, and local inflammatory infiltrate immunophenotype. Sixteen unspayed, non-pregnant adult female dogs naturally infected with L. infantum, without any other disease, were used. Animals were divided into two groups: G1 (n = 5, high-progesterone phase) and G2 (n = 11, low-progesterone phase). Parasite presence and the immunophenotype of leukocytes infiltrating the genital system (CD3, CD4, CD8, and MCA874) were determined by immunohistochemistry. Chronic inflammatory infiltrate was the predominant lesion and was mainly found in the vulva and vagina. Internal genitalia segments (cervix, uterus, ovary) presented fewer lesions. Animals of G1 group exhibited higher number of immunolabeled parasites in the internal segments of the reproductive tract and of cells positive for CD3 (T lymphocytes) and MCA874 (macrophages) than G2 group. There was no difference for CD4 and CD8 between groups. However, multivariate analysis showed positive correlations with T lymphocyte subtypes, macrophages, and parasite presence in different segments of the reproductive tract of G1 animals. Leukocyte population and number of parasitized cells in the reproductive tract increased with escalating progesterone levels (G1 group), suggesting that estrus and diestrus stages are most favorable to infection maintenance.

ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the genus Cryptococcus that affects humans and animals. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological and anatomopathological profiles, occurrence, and distribution of the infection by Cryptococcus spp. in 30 dogs and 110 cats residing in the State of São Paulo, from 2014 to 2020. The study evaluated the results from 140 necropsies and histopathology and cytopathology tests provided by Veterinary Pathology services. A higher occurrence of positive diagnosis was observed in females of both cats and dogs, adults, and mixed breeds of both species. The main diagnostic method used was histopathology, with a predominance of integumentary lesions in dogs and cats (skin pattern), with no significant difference between species and lesion location (p≤ 0.827). The time-spatial distribution showed a significant increase in the diagnoses in dogs and cats over the seven years, the identification of areas with a higher rate of diagnosis of cryptococcosis such as Campinas and São José do Rio Preto, and the positive correlation of a diagnosis with climatic data. Retrospective studies of anatomopathological data help to identify suspected cases of cryptococcosis and demonstrate the importance of monitoring and surveillance of cryptococcosis.

Although previous studies have characterized the helminth fauna of wild boars kept in captivity in Brazil, records on these helminths in free-ranging animals are still scarce. In view of this, we aimed in our work to investigate the occurrence and morphological and morphometric characteristics of gastrointestinal helminths in wild Sus scrofa from the northwest region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The digestive systems of 10 animals (5 males and 5 females of different ages) were used in this study. Each anatomical segment was washed and sieved under running water, and the helminths were separated and identified using light and scanning electron microscopy, according to their morphological characteristics. A total of 2750 (1152 males and 1598 females) nematode specimens were collected from the small intestine of these wild boars, and all of them presented the morphological characteristics of Globocephalus urosubulatus. However, one characteristic is of particular interest because it has not yet been reported in the literature: a marked asymmetry between the lobes and their respective rays of the copulatory bursa, with the left one being larger than the right one. In this research, we identified the presence of G. urosubulatus in all the examined free-ranging wild boars and reported for the first time in the literature the asymmetry in the copulatory bursa.

Caracteriza-se a endometrite como enfermidade uterina que causa quadros de inflamação e infecção, podendo estar associado ao acúmulo de conteúdo serosanguinolento intraluminal. Com a ascensão de animais não convencionais no mercado pet e a escassez de relatos, observa-se a necessidade de maiores estudos nesta área, abrangendo a parte reprodutiva. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de endometrite em uma fêmea de Rattus norvegicus de 1 ano e 3 meses de idade, atendida no Hospital Veterinário Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira, localizado na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba (UNESP – FMVA). O animal encontrava-se com secreção vulvar de aspecto sanguinolento, onde foi estabilizado e encaminhado para a realização de ultrassonografia abdominal, sendo constatada a distensão do corno uterino direito com conteúdo anecogênico a hipoecogênico intraluminal associado a presença de discretas estruturas puntiformes ecogênicas em permeio. A paciente foi encaminhada para a cirurgia, onde a ovariohisterectomia terapêutica foi adotada. Posteriormente ao procedimento cirúrgico, o animal veio a óbito durante a recuperação pós-cirúrgica, confirmando-se o diagnóstico de endometrite pelo exame histopatológico. Apesar do óbito da paciente, o exame ultrassonográfico foi eficaz identificação da afecção uterina relatada e decisivo para intervenção cirúrgica, bem como o exame histopatológico foi essencial para o diagnóstico do acometimento, ressaltando-se a necessidade de mais estudos sobre os pets não convencionais, principalmente as patologias do aparelho reprodutor, visto a escassez de relatos na literatura.

In Brazil, the wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the main invasive exotic species, responsible for causing various economic, environmental, and health damages to biodiversity. In view of the above, we aimed in our study to investigate the occurrence of endo and ectoparasites in free-ranging wild boars in the northwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In total, 45 animals of different sexes and ages were examined in this research. Fecal and urine samples were processed using coproparasitological techniques. Multiple incisions in muscles, liver, and pancreas were also made to investigate cestodes and trematodes, and the entire epidermal region of the animals was analyzed for ectoparasites search. In our study, we demonstrate an occurrence of 97.77

The search for alternative ingredient options in the animal diet that have antimicrobial activity is due to many factors, such as pathogens increasing resistance and the presence of antibiotic residues in animal products consumed by humans. Therefore, there is a rising demand for natural additives that do not interfere with animal development or human health. Here, we compare studies on the use of essential oils as antimicrobial agents in broiler chicken diets. First, 90 papers were found using the key words “broilers”, “antimicrobial”, and “essential oils”. The second step was to select the papers according to the scales of Jadad and Medeiros and Stein, where six remaining researchers were selected to describe the antimicrobial activity of essential oils in response to enteric pathogens. Essential oils (EOS) have antimicrobial activity against different pathogens, such as E. coli, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and C. perfringens, and are considered alternatives to antibiotics used in animal production. The EOs that showed the greatest effectiveness were oregano essential oil (EO), cinnamaldehyde and thymol concentrates; when used together with additives such as sodium butyrate and xylanase, there was better antimicrobial action and improved animal performance. Ginger and carvacrol EOS also demonstrated antimicrobial activities, as did thymol, cinnamaldehyde and eucalyptus EO concentrates, but studies on the specific action of plant species that produce EOS for certain pathogens are still lacking; thus, the topic lacks an ongoing study addressing the addition of EOS in the feed of poultry production.

O exame citológico, é um método simples que fornece informações importantes para o diagnóstico, tratamento, medidas de controle e prevenção. Este estudo teve como objetivo, determinar a prevalência de diagnósticos citológicos não-neoplásicos em cães e gatos na região de Araçatuba, São Paulo (SP), realizados pelo Setor de Patologia Veterinária (SPV) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba/SP (FMVA) da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), no período de 2010 a 2020. Foram contabilizados 13.037 diagnósticos citológicos oriundos de 8.868 animais, sendo a maioria cães 8.395 (94,66%) e 473 (5,34%) gatos. As fêmeas em ambas as espécies foram mais prevalentes com 5.464 (61,61%) animais e a média de idade em cães foi de 85,36 meses (7 anos) e para gatos 81,18 meses (6,7 anos). A raça mais prevalente em cães e gatos foram os animais sem raça definida (SRD). Foram classificados 8.696 diagnósticos citológicos não-neoplásicos em cães e gatos, sendo os não-inflamatórios os mais prevalentes com 3.692 (42,46%) diagnósticos, seguidos dos inconclusivos com 2.186 (25,14%), 1.622 (18,65%) infecciosos, 964 (11,09%) inflamatórios e 232 (2,67%) diagnósticos sem alteração. Em cães os diagnósticos citológicos não-inflamatórios foram os mais prevalentes com 3.630 (43,77%), em gatos os inflamatórios com 111 (27,54%). Os membros pélvicos foram a localização anatômica com maior número de diagnósticos citológicos em cães com 2.323 (28,01%) e em gatos a cabeça com 185 (45,90%).

Primary tracheal neoplasms are uncommon and poorly documented in veterinary medicine, being most frequently reported in domestic cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the stratified squamous epithelium, considered one of the most common skin neoplasms in dogs and cats. This paper aims to report the anatomopathological and immunohistochemical findings of a clinical case of primary SCC in the trachea of a female Schnauzer canine, attended at the Veterinary Hospital Luiz Quintiliano de Oliveira of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA – UNESP), complaining of choking, coughing and dyspnea for 1 month. The tracheal portion affected by the neoplasm was sent to the Veterinary Pathology department of the FMVA after surgical excision. Fragments of the neoplasm were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for further histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopically, the neoplasm was well differentiated, being characterized by the presence of keratin pearls, low degree of pleomorphism and rare mitotic figures. In the immunohistochemical analysis, there was immunoexpression of anti-cytokeratin antibodies AE1AE3, 34BE12, CK14 and CK5/6, confirming the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. In about 30% of the cells there was immunostaining for Ki67 antibodies, justifying the low mitotic index of tumor cells and the few images of mitosis seen. Due to the rare occurrence of primary tracheal SCC in dogs, the use of diversified diagnostic techniques is important in order to better understand the biological behavior of this neoplasm in unusual anatomical locations.

The Leishmania infantum (synonym, Leishmania chagasi) causes life-threatening infection, namely canine leishmaniosis (CanL), which is a chronic zoonosis prevalent in various countries and spread by the bite of the infected Lutzomyia female sandfly in South America. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a polymer matrix collar containing made up of 10% imidacloprid and 4.5% flumethrin for the prevention of canine leishmaniosis from the hyperendemic region falling under Araçatuba municipality (Brazil). The research included a total of 146 dogs chosen from 75 households. Test were initiated via physical examination; weighing and biological sample collection (blood, popliteal lymph node and conjunctival swab) of these dogs were done in March 2018 (Day 0; GA, control = 69, GB, treated = 77) to initiate laboratory tests. Post-inclusion, the animals were monitored on the 120th, 240th, 360th and 480th days, respectively. The usage of collars continued between 0 and 480 days before being substituted in second (D240) and fourth (D480) follow-up visits. On the whole, 25 dogs in GA (36.2%) and three in GB (3.9%) were found positive for L. infantum infection in a minimum of one diagnostic test used in the research. Therefore, the average collar effectiveness for protection from L. infantum infection was 89.2% (p < .01). In the last follow-up, the average incidence density rate for GA was 30.7%, whereas for GB, it was 2.9%. The imidacloprid/flumethrin collars evaluated in the research were found to be safe and extremely efficient for the prevention of L. infantum infection through Lutzomyia species among the large population of dogs in highly prone endemic regions. This is a dependable and efficient technique aimed at reducing the occurrence and propagation of this illness among the population of canines, which would eventually reduce the human-health-related hazards. In Brazil, Lutzomyia spp. is a leading vector of the infection; thus, the collar can be used to limit infection in dogs and humans.

Here is described a 9-years-old, intact female dog with cytopathological analysis from mammary tumors containing Leishmania spp. amastigotes in macrophages. The animal was submitted to euthanasia and necropsy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was a mammary carcinoma in a mixed tumor, grade I, with myeloid metaplasia component containing macrophages laden with a large amount of amastigotes. For confirmation, immunohistochemistry was used in neoplastic tissue and resulted in strong positivity for Leishmania antibody. Myeloid metaplasia portion of mammary carcinoma in a mixed tumor may be, rarely, a site for diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis.

Onychogryphosis is one of the main clinical findings in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL); however, research focusing on the subungual area of infected dogs is scarce. This study aims to assess the subungual area of dogs with VL that presented or not onychogryphosis by means of histopathological analyses and immunohistochemical studies (parasite burden). The third digit of the thoracic and pelvic limbs of Leishmania infantum naturally infected dogs was collected regardless of sex, breed or age. The animals were split into two groups, dogs with onychogryphosis (G1; n=7) and without onychogryphosis (G2; n=9). The digits were evaluated in four areas (dorsal epidermis/dermis, ventral epidermis/dermis, dorsal matrix/dermis and ventral matrix/dermis). All lesions observed (mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, vacuolar degeneration of basal keratinocytes, dermoepidermal clefting and pigmentary incontinence) were present in both groups, being more severe in the digits of G1 group. Immunostaining of the amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum were observed in the different areas of the digit, with statistical difference between the dorsal epidermis/dermis area and the dorsal matrix/dermis of G1 group. In conclusion, the main histopathological alteration of the digit of dogs with VL is mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and parasite burden, especially in cutaneous tissue adjacent to the nail matrix. This aspect can influence the onychogryphosis development, due to the presence of the parasite and by inflammatory mediators released in the nail microenvironment.

The objective of this report is to describe the clinical, histological and surgical treatment of a case diagnosed as congenital melanocytoma, located in perivulvar region in a half-breed cow (zebu).This neoplasia is considered rare in cattle, of variable histological classification and hard to predict biological behavior.

Mesothelioma is a rare tumor of mesothelium and usually spread by implantation in the same cavity it arises.Regarding bovine mesotheliomas, the abdominal cavity is the most affected site.This article describes a case of diffuse papillary mesothelioma within both thoracic and abdominal cavity with nodal metastasis in an adult cow -based on cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis.A 7-years-old cow, Nelore breed (Brazilian beef cattle), with clinical signs of tachypnea, abdominal distention, and positive jugular venous pulse was slaughtered and necropsied due to persistent weight loss.The main gross findings were several verrucous and yellowish nodules spread on pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.Mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged and hemorrhagic with multiples yellowish spots on cut surface.The diagnoses of diffuse mesothelioma with nodal metastasis was established and ratified by the microscopic analysis.Immunohistochemical results had strong positivity for cytokeratin and the Ki-67 showed proliferative index of 28%.Vimentin was positive only in the cells of fibrous tissue.In this case, the initial site of the mesothelioma was not recognized.Although it is a post-mortem study, cytology may be very helpful in vivo investigation.Equally important, is the IHC to better comprehend this tumor and its behavior.

Os casos de mastite em caninos ocorrem mais comumente no período pós-parto ou como complicação de casos de pseudociese. Os microrganismos mais isolados nestes casos têm sido enterobactérias, estreptococos e estafilococos. Neste relato, são descritos três casos de cães com mastite aguda que evoluíram para óbito. Os animais apresentavam vômitos, abatimento, dificuldade respiratória e hálito urêmico. Na necropsia havia mastite gangrenosa e abscessos mamários nas mamas abdominais caudais e inguinais. No exame histopatológico, encontrou-se extensas áreas de necrose e hemorragia associadas à inflamação purulenta e presença de cocos gram positivos. Trombos sépticos foram encontrados em órgãos parenquimatosos. As glândulas mamárias com lesão macroscópica foram encaminhadas para exame bacteriológico. Houve crescimento de colônias circulares, lisas, brilhantes e com presença de hemólise parcial e total no ágar sangue. Em todos os casos relatados, foi isolado o Staphylococcus intermedius, que é o principal representante do grupo dos agentes bacterianos coagulase positivos encontrados em cães. Apesar de não ser possível descartar a hipótese de uma bacteremia, os casos observados podem estar associados à produção de toxinas. Este relato objetiva levantar a hipótese de associação de toxinas com os casos aqui descritos.

ABSTRACT: Dendritic cells have attracted great interest from researchers as they may be used as targets of tumor immune evasion mechanisms. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the dendritic cells (DCs) subpopulation in simple type mammary carcinomas in female dogs. Two groups of samples were used: the control group consisted of 18 samples of mammary tissue without changes and the tumor group with 26 simple type mammary carcinomas. In these groups, we evaluated the immunodetection of immature and mature myeloid DCs, plasmacytoid DCs and MHC-II. In mammary tumor, mature myeloid DCs predominated in the peritumoral region, while immature myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs were evident in the intratumoral region. Immunostaining of MHC-II was visualized in mammary acini (control group), in tumor cells and inflammatory infiltration associated with tumors. The comparison between the control and tumor groups showed a statistically significant difference between immature myeloid DCs, mature myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. The immunodetection of MHC-II was not significant when comparing the groups. The predominance of immature DCs in the tumor group is possibly related to an inefficient immune response, promoting the development and survival of tumor cells. The presence of plasmacytoid DCs in the same group suggests a worse prognosis for female dogs with mammary tumors. Therefore, the ability of differentiation of canine dendritic cells could be influenced by neoplastic cells and by the tumor microenvironment.

The objective of this study was to analyze morphological changes and parasite loads in the adrenal gland from 45 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were from the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, which is an endemic region for the disease. These animals were euthanized due to positive diagnoses of VL. The dogs were classified into asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The parasite load was determined by immunohistochemistry, using VL-positive dog hyperimmune serum. Nine dogs showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed, predominantly, of plasma cells and macrophages. However, only eight dogs showed macrophages with amastigote forms of the parasite, immunolabeled in the cytoplasm. The medullary and reticular layers were the most affected areas, possibly due to a favorable microenvironment created by hormones in these regions. The density of parasites in the glandular tissue was not associated with clinical signs of VL (P > 0.05). However, the presence of the parasite was always associated with the presence of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. This gland may not be an ideal place for the parasite's multiplication, but the presence of injuries to the glandular tissue could influence the dog's immune system, thus favoring the parasite's survival in the host's different organs.

O fígado desempenha uma função central no metabolismo devido à sua interposição entre o trato digestivo e a circulação geral do organismo. Ele é também o principal órgão envolvido na biotransformação de substâncias exógenas (xenobióticos), com capacidade de converter compostos hidrofóbicos em hidrossolúveis, mais facilmente eliminados pelo organismo. O gossipol é uma substância fenólica tóxica presente na semente de algodão (Gossypium sp). Com o objetivo de estudar os mecanismos envolvidos na hepatotoxicidade do gossipol avaliou-se os seus efeitos no sistema antioxidante do fígado de ratos no que diz respeito ao estresse oxidativo e aspectos histopatológicos. Foram utilizados ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, separados em dois grupos, sendo que um recebeu óleo de canola (veículo, grupo Controle) e o outro recebeu gossipol na dosagem de 40 mg/kg de peso vivo do animal por 15 dias (grupo Tratado). O tratamento com gossipol promoveu alterações na atividade sérica das enzimas marcadoras de dano hepático e um significativo estresse oxidativo caracterizado pela diminuição nos níveis da glutationa reduzida (GSH) e consequente aumento da glutationa oxidada (GSSG), incluindo, ainda, danos à membrana plasmática e de organelas demonstrados pela peroxidação lipídica. O resultado da avaliação histopatológica demonstrou degeneração dos hepatócitos.The liver plays a central role in metabolism due to its interposition between the digestive tract and the general circulation of the organism. It is also the main organ involved in biotransformation of exogenous substances (xenobiotics), with ability to convert hydrophobic compounds in water-soluble, more easily eliminated by the body. Gossypol is a toxic phenolic substance present in cotton seed (Gossypium sp.). Aiming to study the mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity of gossypol we evaluate its effects on the antioxidant system of rat liver performing an experiment that investigated the oxidative stress and the histopathological alterations. In this study, we used Wistar rats, divided into two groups, one that received canola oil (vehicle, Control group) and another that received gossypol at a dose of 40mg/kg body weight of the animal for 15 days (Treated group). The treatment with gossypol caused alterations in the activity of seric enzymes that indicate hepatic injury and a significant oxidative stress characterized by a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and a consequent increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG), including further damage to the plasma membrane and organelles showed by lipid peroxidation. The result of histopathological evaluation showed degeneration of the hepatocytes.