In the present era, a significant amount of research work is focused on eco-friendly technologies and advanced liquid waste management strategies. Notably, industries primarily textile chemical processing sectors which are inherently involved with a wide array of dye usage, are integral focal points for these transformative endeavors. Against this backdrop, we have successfully synthesized an innovative photocatalyst with a remarkable capability to rapidly neutralize deleterious dyes within an astonishingly brief span of 4-6 minutes, facilitated by exposure to UV-visible irradiation. Briefly, our approach entails the hydrothermal synthesis of a composite material based on zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) nanoparticles integrated with the copper-decorated metal-organic framework (ZnSnO3@H3BTC-Cu MOF). The resulting material is endowed with a crystalline and porous architecture that confers a specific surface area measuring 437.25 m2 g(-1), a value surpassing that of unadorned nano-ZnSnO3 by a factor of approximately 15 (29.11 m2 g(-1)). Noteworthy beyond its enhanced surface features, the newly synthesized ZnSnO3@H3BTC-Cu MOF exhibits remarkable antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli bacterial strains. It might also be considered a stable photocatalyst to be used in wastewater treatment, as evidenced by the photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic investigation.

The chromium and scandium co-substituted nickel-cobalt nanospinel ferrites (NSFs) having general formula of Co0.5Ni0.5ScxCrxFe2-2xO4 (CoNiScCr) (x <= 0.10) have been fabricated through the sol-gel route and citric acid as fuel and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD),Fe- 57 Mossbauer spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and finally by scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques (SEM and TEM, respectively). The crystallite size (D-max) values of the products were estimated to lay between 31 and 46 nm, which was calculated by the Scherrer formula. It was observed that the doping ions' concentration did not have a linear impact on the expansion of the lattice constant. SEM and TEM present the cubic shape of CoNiScCr NSFs. All ratios demonstrate highly agglomerated cubic particles with diverse sizes. Both XRD and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analyses confirmed the absence of any impurity/phases. Through an analysis of hysteresis loops at 300 (RT = room temperature) and 20 K, along with a probe of temperature-induced alteration in magnetization M, the magnetic properties of CoNiScCr (x < 0.10) NSFs have been thoroughly investigated. Notably, all products exhibited complementary soft and hard magnetic behaviors at RT and 20 K, respectively. At 20 K, the observation of squareness ratio values surpassing 0.5 exhibits a single-domain behavior at this specific temperature. Magnetic parameters, in general, exhibit fluctuations with increasing doping content. Across the entire range of materials studied, a notable trend emerges as the temperature decreases, the magnetization in the zero field cooling curves shows a non-linear decrease, eventually stabilizing in the field cooling branches. The findings suggest that the inclusion of Sc3+/Cr3+ dopants can be utilized to manipulate and achieve desired magnetic properties in Co-Ni ferrites. The spectra of Mossbauer analysis, which was utilized to establish the distribution of cations, presented four magnetic sextets for all samples. Doped ions are substituted with Fe3+ ions at the B site.

This study focuses on addressing the growing concern of electromagnetic interference (EMI) pollution caused by the widespread use of electronic devices. An effective shielding material using barium hexaferrite nanoparticles {BaFe12O19 (BaM) NHFs} and its nanocomposite (NC) with polyaniline (PANI) applied to cotton fabric was developed. The BaM NHFs and BaM/PANI NCs were synthesized by using modified sol-gel and self-assembly coating methods. The hexagonal structure of BaM NHFs was confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) analysis. High-resolution electron microscopy was utilized to study the morphology of BaM/PANI NCs. The ferromagnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated by using alternating gradient magnetometry. The BaM NHFs and BaM/PANI NCs were treated with the cotton fabric using the pad-dry-cure method with low loading percentages of 0.1 and 1% add-on to the fabric's weight. The treated fabrics were then evaluated for their EMI shielding behavior. Remarkably, the fabric treated with BaM/PANI NCs demonstrated excellent EMI shielding effectiveness in the X-band frequency region, even at a lower concentration of 1% compared with pure PANI and BaM NHFs. This suggests that further increasing the loading percentage of BaM/PANI NCs on cotton fabric could significantly enhance the shielding performance for various important applications.

Nanomaterials are the most promising materials for different applications, including biotechnology, life sciences, agriculture, drug delivery, and other research areas. In the field of life sciences, plant and algae growth is an evolving discipline for the agricultural field. It is estimated approximately 40% of crops are damaged annually due to the uncontrolled growth of plants. Therefore it is essential to overcome such challenges, different nanoparticles (NPs) as nutrients are urgently required to develop plants and algae. This chapter covers the impact of various NPs on the growth of seeds and plants. In addition, the molecular interaction of NPs with chloroplast of both species has also been covered.

In this study, magnetic, structural, and hyperfine interactions of Sc3+ ion substituted Sr0.5Ba0.5Fe12O19 (Sr0.5Ba0.5ScxFe12-xO19 (x <= 0.1)) nanohexaferrites (Sc -> SrBa NHFs) have synthesized through the sonochemical approach. The structure and morphology were studied by XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, and TEM along with EDX. XRD analysis confirmed the hexaferrite formation having crystallite within the range of 45 to 79 nm. Both TEM, HR -TEM, and SEM analyses proved the hexagonal morphology of all products. All products show ferrimagnetic hysteresis loops at both Ts. The evaluation of M(H) hysteresis loops indicated that the Ms (saturation magneti-zation), Mr (remanence), Hc (coercivity), and nB(Bohr magneton number) gradually decline with the incorpo-ration of Sc3+ ion. Higher doping contents (x >= 0.08) revealed a considerable decline in Mr and Hc, showing significant changes from hard to soft magnetic behavior at higher contents. Mo center dot ssbauer spectra show that Sc3+ ions are located at commonly octahedral (Oh) 4 f2 site. It was also determined that a small amount of Sc3+ occupied the 2b site. The microwave features of the products were determined by measuring S-parameters within the 2-10 GHz range. It was presumed that the energy losses resulting from reflection encompass both electrical and magnetic loss components. The average value of the reflection coefficient is -14.48-14.24 dB. A note-worthy attenuation of the reflected wave energy opens up broad prospects for practical applications as coatings for providing electromagnetic compatibility.

Optical instruments such as X-ray optics, high-power laser systems, synchrotron beamlines, lithography, and laser-based sensors, require a superfine optical surface to meet their tight optical performance tolerances. This study describes the development of a nanocomposite-based nanoabrasive that can provide a superfinish optical surface via optical polishing. The Malic acid as an organic surface modifier is functionalized with the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). Strong chemical attachment between SPION nanoparticles and the Malic acid is verified through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A significant enhancement in the surface area and zeta potential value of SPION nanoparticles is observed when it is functionalized with the Malic Acid. The particle size distribution of the functionalized nanoabrasive is also narrowed down to 8-26 nm. The polishing performance of the functionalized SPION nanoabrasive has been investigated on the BK7 and Fused Silica glasses for precision optical polishing. The polishing results showed superfine surface finishing of the BK7 glass and the Fused silica glass down to the Ra value of 0.23 nm and 0.1 nm, respectively.

Efficacy and the outcome of the magnetorheological finishing (MRF) related processes depends on two crucial factors, (i) a finishing abrasive and (ii) a magnetic particle. However, the magnetic particles although necessary, become a hindrance for non-magnetic abrasive particles in directly reaching the surface to be finished. This study relates to the development of SPION-based smart material for MRF and all their variant processes. The SPION particles possess dual nature such as nanoabrasives and magnetic nanoparticle. The superparamagnetic property of the developed SPION particle has been confirmed by alternating gradient magnetometer with the saturation magnetization value of 82.23 emu/g. The polishing performance of the developed SPION-based particle as abrasive has been investigated on a BK-7 optical glass and the polishing is done via a 5-axes automated ball end magnetorheological finishing (BEMRF). The developed SPION abrasive enhanced the finishing process of the BEMRF technique and provided surface finishing on the BK-7 substrate up to the surface roughness (Ra) values of 22.3 nm with the Ra improvement of 88.14%.

Herein, a simplistic co-precipitation method was utilized to synthesize SPION@L-Tryptophan (LT)-Cu2+/Cu0 nanocomposite and probed as a novel nano-photocatalyst for the sequestration of aromatic contaminants and azo dyes. Magnetically recyclable nano-photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–teller (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD shows the presence of new peaks, which justifies the formation of SPION@LT-Cu0 nano-photocatalyst. In XPS, the peak at a binding energy of 931.93 eV shows the reduction of Cu2+ into Cu0. The catalytic efficacy of SPION@LT-Cu2+/Cu0 was thoroughly investigated for the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitrophenol, methylene blue, methyl orange, and congo red in the presence of NaBH4. In addition, the synthesized nano-photocatalyst is highly efficient for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The results show that the synthesized nanocatalyst exhibits high catalytic efficacy and can be easily separated using an external magnetic field. Efficient catalytic activity, economic feasibility, and efficient reusability even after seven cycles ascertained that SPION@LT-Cu2+/C0 is a potential nano-photocatalyst for removing NB, 4-NA, 4-NP, MB, MO, and CR from wastewater.

Conventional polishing processes such as chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) is explored to fabricate superfine optical glass or metal surfaces. These superfine surfaces are used for many advance optical engineering applications. The CMP process depends on two crucial factors, (i) slurry made of small abrasive particles and (ii) precision polishing pad. However, the commercially available polishing abrasives are non-recyclable and non-reusable. Therefore, nanomaterials are attracting considerable research interest from both academia and industries. The related research provides safe, reliable, sustainable, and efficient products for the required applications. Green nanotechnology and nanoscience make the chemical process cleaner and environment friendly. Thus, this study relates to the polishing performance of the recyclable and reusable hybrid nanoparticles-based polishing abrasive for optical polishing. The hybrid structures of nanoparticles have been prepared via a chemical route. The spherical morphology of the nanoabrasive has been observed via FE-SEM images. The particle size of the nanoabrasive was estimated as 32.24 nm, confirmed by the TEM image. The overall uniform spherical structure and high surface area of the prepared nanoabrasive provide uniform cutting tools effect and homogenous distribution on the surface of the polishing substrate, respectively. The BK-7 optical glass has been polished with the prepared hybrid nanoabrasive. The polishing performances and roughness in terms of time have improved to sub-nanometers. Due to the magnetic nature of the nanoabrasive, the used slurry was successfully recycled with the help of an external magnetic field.Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Sustainable Materials and Practices for Built Environment.

This work reports the successful functionalization of l-proline on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) synthesized via a simple, cost-effective hydrothermal method. Moreover, the chemical attachment of Cu2+/Cu0 nanoparticles on the surface of SPION@l-proline was done by an in-situ deposition method. The developed nano-photocatalyst was characterized in detail by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, BET, TGA, and VSM. XRD of SPION@l-proline-Cu reveals peaks of both SPION and copper nanoparticles which confirms the formation of nanophotocatalyst. TGA demonstrates a major weight loss between 250 and 310 °C due to l-proline which ensures the successful immobilization of SPION on the surface of l-proline. The band energy at 932 eV suggests a complete reduction of Cu2+ ion to Cu0 metal on the surface of SPION@l-proline nanocomposite as confirmed by the XPS technique. Under UV light irradiation, the photocatalytic reduction performance of the developed Cu2+ metal ion-based and Cu0 nanoparticle-based magnetic nano-photocatalysts was demonstrated and compared for the first time for the photocatalytic reduction of 4-NP, 4-NA, NB, MO, MB, and CR. The results show that Cu0-based magnetic nanophotocatalyst has slightly enhanced catalytic activity. Furthermore, solar-driven photocatalytic degradation of CR azo dye by synthesized nano-photocatalyst was also investigated, with a 95 % degradation efficiency in just 40 min. The developed magnetic nano-photocatalyst can easily be separated by using an external magnet due to the superparamagnetic nature of core material (SPION) at room temperature as confirmed from VSM and can be reused for multiple cycles without losing considerable catalytic activity. Because of its high photocatalytic efficiency, cost-effectiveness, good magnetic separation performance, non-toxicity, and strong thermal and chemical stabilities, Cu2+/Cu0-based magnetic nano-photocatalyst has potential application in wastewater treatment.

Superfine optical components are necessary for advanced engineering applications such as x-ray optics, high-power lasers, lithography, synchrotron optics, laser-based sensors, etc. Fabrication of such superfine surfaces is one of the major challenges for optical and semiconductor industries. This research focuses on the development of a magnetic nanoparticle-based nanoabrasive for superfine optical polishing. The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based nanoabrasive is synthesized via a hydrothermal route by employing cost-effective precursors. Detailed characterizations of the prepared nanoabrasive are presented. Transmission electron microscopy results confirm the irregular cubic and spherical shaped morphology of the SPION nanoabrasive along with particle size distribution varying from 10-60 nm, enabling the homogenous cutting effect of the aqueous slurry for polishing. Furthermore, the high surface area and pore size are determined by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller analysis and found to be 30.98m2/g and 6.13 nm, respectively, providing homogenous distribution of the nanoabrasive on the surface of a BK7 substrate for material removal. Application of the developed SPION abrasive is demonstrated for superfinish optical polishing on a BK7 optical disc. The experimental polishing results show superfine surface finishing with an average roughness value of 3.5 Å. The superparamagnetic property of the developed nanoabrasive is confirmed by alternative gradient magnetometry, and it helps in recovering the used nanoabrasive after polishing. Moreover, the polishing performance of the SPION nanoabrasives is compared with a cerium nanoabrasive, which is also synthesized in this study.

In current work, the tungsten carbide mold insert is developed by diamond turning process followed by chemical mechanical polishing. The developed mold can be used for sustainable mass production of glass optics by molding.

Lot sizing problem aims to effectively utilize the production resources for meeting the demand targets. In this article, we compare the computational performance of the lot sizing formulation available in literature (see Verma and Sharma (2009): denoted as [S]) with the new formulation. New formulation [NF] has been developed by eliminating the backordering variables from the standard formulation (see Sharma and Sinha (2018)). Our numerical analysis on the random problems reveals that objective function value for the new formulation [NF] is better than the objective function value of standard formulation [S] with a statistical significance of 0.054, however CPU time of the formulation [S] is inferior to standard formulation with the statistical significance of 0.144. Thus it can be seen that new formulation [NF] has merit.

This study relates to the development of highly efficient super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanosize (SPION) abrasive, prepared via hydrothermal route. The developed nano abrasive have been applied for the precision optical polishing.

This study reports the preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline spinel powder of cubic copper ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) which have been fabricated via a cost-effective citrate sol–gel approach. The structural and morphological properties of the nanoparticles are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whereas magnetic properties and Mössbauer analysis were performed using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Mössbauer spectra, respectively, and were characterized in detail. The empirical aim of this study is to perceive the transition phase of CuFe 2 O 4 as cubic symmetry which was confirmed by SEM images, and a couple of studies reported on the cubic structure of copper ferrite and discussed the magnetic properties. However, the present study gives the detailed information of the formation of cubic structure and magnetic behavior of the CuFe 2 O 4 cubic structure. X-ray diffraction measurements of resulting NPs show that the grain size of the particles is about 42.08 nm while SEM analysis showed that the particles have cubic nanostructured shapes with non-homogeneous sizes in around 80–100 nm. From 57 Fe, Mössbauer parameters consist of one superparamagnetic doublet and superposition of four sextets. VSM result shows the enhanced superparamagnetic nature of the CuFe 2 O 4 NPs.

In this study, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated via auto citric acid sol–gel route at three different temperatures (900, 1000 and 1100 °C). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared were utilized to analyze the structural properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). XRD patterns reflect the formation of spinel ferrites without the existence of any kind of secondary phases. Morphological features of resultant MNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The XRD results show that the crystallite size increases from 30.75 to 42.32 nm with increasing the temperature of the calcination process in a distinct linear trend. The enhancement of the saturation magnetization and magnetic moment of the uniaxial NiFe2O4 NPs were studied and varying from 35 to 40 emu/g and 1.47–1.68 µB, respectively, as the temperature increases. Mössbauer parameters for different calcination temperature have been determined. The occupation ratio of Ni2+ ions at the A sites decreases from 53 to 49% with increasing calcination temperature from 900 to 1100 °C.

In this study, Zn2+ substituted (into Ba position) barium hexaferrites with the chemical composition Ba1−xZnxFe12O19 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) were produced by sol-gel approach. The Rietveld refinement of XRD powder patterns revealed both purity and the hexagonal structure of all products which have crystallite size within the range of 17–48nm. The effect of Zn2+ ion substitution on the temperature-dependent and magnetic properties of Ba1−xZnxFe12O19 hexaferrites have been investigated in the temperature range 10–300K and a magnetic field of ± 50kOe. Magnetization measurements revealed that all samples have hard ferromagnetic type magnetization and uniaxial anisotropy. As a result of Zn2+ substitution, the saturation magnetization gradually increases both at room temperature and at 10K whereas coercivity decreases initially and then increases sharply reaching to a saturation at the highest zinc amount. On the other hand, as the temperature decreases both the saturation magnetization and the coercivity increase. The increase in the saturation magnetization was explained by weakened fluctuations of magnetic moments due to the low thermal energy and the increase in coercivity was due to the changing magnetic anisotropy with Zn substitution.

The study demonstrates the potential application of caffeic acid-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (CA-Fe3O4 NPs) as an effective electrode modifying material for the electrochemical oxidation of the 6-thioguanine (6-TG) drug. The functionalized Fe3O4 NPs were prepared using simple wet-chemical methodology where the used caffeic acid acted simultaneously as growth controlling and functionalizing agent. The study discusses the influence of an effective functionalization on the signal sensitivity observed for the electro-oxidation of 6-TG over CA-Fe3O4 NPs in comparison to a glassy carbon electrode modified with bare and nicotinic acid (NA)-functionalized Fe3O4 NPs. The experiment results provided sufficient evidence to support the importance of favorable functionality to achieve higher signal sensitivity for the electro-oxidation of 6-TG. The presence of favorable interactions between the active functional moieties of caffeic acid and 6-TG synergized with the greater surface area of magnetic NPs produces a stable electro-oxidation signal within the working range of 0.01–0.23 μM with sensitive up to 0.001 μM. Additionally, the sensor showed the strong anti-interference potential against the common co-existing drug molecules such as benzoic acid, acetaminophen, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucose, ascorbic acid and l-cysteine. In addition, the successful quantification of 6-TG from the commercial tablets obtained from local pharmacy further signified the practical capability of the discussed sensor.

In this study, nanocrystalline BaCryFe12-yO19 (0.0 <= y <= 1.0) hexaferrite powders were prepared by sol-gel auto combustion method and the effect of Cr3+ ion substitution on morphology, structure, optic and magnetic properties of Barium hexaferrite were investigated. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the purity of all samples. The XRD data shows that the average crystallite size lies between 60.95 nm and 50.10 nm and same was confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy analyses presented the hexagonal morphology of all products. The characteristic hysteresis (sigma-H) curves proved the ferromagnetic feature of as grown nanoparticle samples. Specific saturation magnetization (sigma(s)) drops from 46.59 to 34.89 emu/g with increasing Cr content while the coercive field values lie between 770 and 1652 Oe. The large magnitude of the magnetocrystalline (intrinsic) anisotropy field, (H-a) between 11.0 and 12.6 kOe proves that all products are magnetically hard. The energy band gap values decrease from 2.0 eV to 1.84 eV with increasing Cr content. From Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy, the variation in line width, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and hyperfine magnetic field values were determined and discussed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.