Correction for ‘Microstructure and high frequency electromagnetic parameters of the soft/soft (CoFe2O4)x : (Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4)y nanocomposites’ by Alex V. Trukhanov et al., RSC Adv., 2022, 12, 34020–34027, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA06711K.

The controlled substitution of Ag into Mn-Zn spinel ferrites offer a promising strategy to tailor their magnetic and dielectric properties for advanced functional devices. In this study, Mn0.5Zn0.5Ag3xFe2-xO4 (x <= 0.08) nanospinel ferrites were synthesized via a sol-gel route to investigate the influence of Ag on structure, cation distribution, magnetic behavior, and charge transport. X-ray diffraction confirmed a cubic spinel phase with crystallite sizes ranging from 18.1 nm (x = 0.02) to 26.4 nm (x = 0.00), accompanied by lattice expansion due to Ag + incorporation at octahedral sites. Mo & uml;ssbauer spectroscopy revealed Fe3+ site redistribution and the presence of a minor alpha-Fe2O3 phase starting from x = 0.02. Magnetic measurements showed a non-monotonic variation in saturation magnetization, peaking at 209.29 emu/g (RT) for x = 0.02, linked to optimized Fe3+-O2--Fe3+ superexchange and secondary phase effects, while all samples exhibited soft magnetic nature at 10 K. AC conductivity followed Jonscher's law, with the lowest activation energy (Ea) (0.39 eV) for the undoped ferrite and maximum conductivity at x = 0.06 due to enhanced Fe2+/Fe3+ hopping. Dielectric analysis indicated Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization with composition-dependent trends, and impedance spectroscopy confirmed dual grain and grain-boundary relaxation. These findings establish Ag substitution as an effective means to engineer the coupled magnetic-dielectric response of Mn-Zn ferrites, enabling application-specific tuning in soft magnetic and spintronic systems.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have wide-ranging applications, including biomedicine, healthcare, environmental remediation, agriculture, food industry, etc., and their performance can be significantly affected by rare earth elements (REEs) doping. Accordingly, ZnO-NPs co-doped with varying amounts (x = 0.0-0.05) of heavy Er and Y REEs were prepared to assess their dual biological role: targeted anticancer efficacy and environmental phytotoxicity. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful formation of REEs co-doped ZnO samples. The morphological results revealed that REEs co-doping caused changes in the microstructure of ZnO-NPs, resulting in reduced particle sizes. Additionally, colloidal stability was found to be affected by REEs co-doping. The cytotoxicity assays against HCT-116 cancerous cells and HEK-293 non-cancerous cells showed that the anti-cancer activity highly depended on the content of co-dopants. The optimal concentration for Y and Er co-doping was x = 0.01, achieving the best cytotoxicity performance, with a 2.57-fold higher selectivity for killing cancer cells (IC50=11.45 ± 2.40 µg/ml) compared to non-cancerous cells (29.45 ± 3.58 µg/ml). Simultaneously, assessments in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant model revealed that while the NPs promoted root growth and mitigated pigment loss, they also induced localized membrane injury and genomic instability. This biological paradox implies that the co-integration of Er/Y REEs into ZnO lattice enhances therapeutic selectivity and plant physiological traits (like chlorophyll recovery) through hormetic mechanisms, yet simultaneously initiates stress-response pathways. These findings underscore the necessity of balancing high-performance biomedical applications with stringent ecological monitoring to ensure sustainable nanotechnological practices.

The structural, morphological, dielectric, and magnetic properties of the composition Ni0.5Zn0.5InxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07,0.09) were investigated to understand the influence of indium substitution on the behavior of Ni–Zn ferrites for high-frequency applications. They were effectively synthesised utilising the sol-gel method, and the development of a cubic spinel structure with lattice parameters ranging from 7.865 Å to 7.923 Å was verified by X-ray diffraction results. As the indium concentration increased, the crystallite size decreased from 25.00 nm to 15.78 nm, and the microstrain increased from 0.98 × 10−3 to 1.53 × 10−3. Raman analysis confirmed phonon softening by revealing distinctive spinel modes at lower wavenumbers, while FTIR spectra indicated two absorption bands at 524–547 cm−1 and 440-470 cm−1, which correspond to tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization has been identified to influence significant frequency and temperature dependency in dielectric investigations. At high temperature, the dielectric constant was a maximum of around 720 at x = 0.07 in the kHz region, while less than 100 in the MHz range. The results of the impedance study showed that when the temperature increased, the real impedance decreased from 0.58 MΩ to 0.09 MΩ (x = 0.01) and from 1.52 MΩ to 0.12 MΩ (x = 0.03), respectively, demonstrating the presence of thermally activated conduction and non-Debye relaxation. The AC conductivity increases at 0.0142 Ω−1m−1 at x = 0.07, suggesting semiconducting properties. Magnetic measurements have confirmed soft magnetic behaviour with narrow hysteresis loops. The specific saturation magnetization decreased from 68.98 emu/g (x = 0.01) to 19.79 emu/g (x = 0.09), and the coercivity ranged from 84.43 Oe to 59.84 Oe. Composition x = 0.07 exhibited the most balanced dielectric and magnetic characteristics among the investigated samples, indicating its potential for high-frequency applications.

In this research, the structural, morphological, magnetic, electromagnetic properties, and Mössbauer study of In and Mo co-doped CoNi spinel ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Co0.5InxMoxFe2–3xO4, InMo → CoNi (x ≤ 0.1) SFNPs), synthesized via a sol-gel auto-combustion method, have been investigated. The formation of InMo → CoNi (x ≤ 0.1) SFNPs phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the morphology of the NSFs. Magnetic characterization of InMo → CoNi (x ≤ 0.1) SFNPs revealed a strong dependence on both temperature and doping concentration. The saturation magnetization (Ms), Bohr magneton number (nB) and remanence (Mr) all decrease monotonically with increasing x due to the occupancy of Mo6 + and In3+ ions across the spinel B sites and the accompanying charge compensation mechanisms. At 300 K (RT: Room temperature), the samples exhibit moderate coercivity (Hc ∼ 266–612 Oe) consistent with ferrimagnetic behavior above the blocking temperature (TB). Conversely, at 10 K, the materials show hard magnetic behavior with dramatically enhanced coercivity (Hc up to ∼ 8316 Oe), confirming the dominance of magneto-crystalline anisotropy (Keff). Crucially, the Hc and Keff decrease at 10 K with increasing x, ascribed to the substitution-induced structural disorder and the likely formation of Fe3+ ions. Hyperfine parameters are determined from fitting RT Mössbauer spectra. The Mössbauer spectra are composed of five sextets. The In3+ ions occupy the A-site while Mo6+ ions occupy the B site. The investigation of electromagnetic properties, conducted in the 2 – 18 GHz range, demonstrates that In/Mo co-substitution significantly enhances the EMI shielding effectiveness (SET) and microwave absorption behavior. The sample with x = 0.10 exhibited the highest shielding performance, driven by a synergistic combination of improved return loss and absorption capabilities (SEA) at higher frequencies. The co-substitution of In/Mo affected magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity, which resulted in enhanced return loss characteristics. The co-substitution of In/Mo affected magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity, which resulted in enhanced return loss characteristics.

This work reports the successful preparation of highly efficient CeO2/YAlO samples with various yttrium aluminum oxide (YAlO) ratios (x = 0, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%) for the photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutant. Various characterization techniques suggest the formation of a single-phase solid solution with increased structural disorder and defect concentrations, as indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals the presence of Ce, Y, Al, and O, as well as the coexistence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ ions, which provide a strong link to the generation of oxygen vacancies. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared CeO2/YAlO samples was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye under UV irradiation. The results show that CeO2/YAlO samples display higher photocatalytic degradation performance than pristine CeO2. The optimal degradation efficiency of 84.20% within 75 min is reached by the x=3 wt% sample. Kinetics analysis indicates a pseudo-zero-order behavior for all samples, and the optimal x = 3 wt% photocatalyst displays excellent reusability and stability over multiple cycles. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy analysis exposes a significant decrease in PL emission intensity for x=3 wt% sample, demonstrating enhanced separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The formation of an enhanced Type-II staggered gap heterojunction wherein the YAlO component acts as an effective electron sink, combined with the presence of the active Ce4+/Ce3+ redox cycle and defect sites, collectively suppresses charge recombination and increases the availability of reactive species for pollutant degradation. They serve as the primary factors for the improved photocatalytic performance. Scavenging experiments identify photogenerated holes (h+) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) as the dominant reactive species, while the superoxide radicals (O2·−) are minor contributors. Moreover, possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the compound at different concentrations (100–2000 mg/L) were assessed on barley plants. The analyses indicate that the composite material has no significant acute toxicity to barley plants at the tested concentrations, but this requires further long-term study.

Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized with varying Ag contents, and their structural, optical, and antibacterial properties were studied. The average crystallite sizes were determined to be 79 ± 0.9 nm for pristine ZnO, 76.5 ± 1.4 nm for ZnO-Ag1.5

Large-scale perovskite applications require a lead-free matrix with tolerable properties. Rare earth doping can be an effective way to achieve an enhanced performance. While previous studies have primarily focused on low rare-earth doping levels, research into reaching the maximum solubility limit of the guest rare earth into the perovskite host is still notably sparse. This work investigates the structural, morphological, magnetic, electrical, and dielectric properties of leadfree BaTiO3 (BTO) perovskite ceramic modified with high weight fractions (2-20 wt%) of amphoteric Yb2O3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a composite-like microstructure where Yb2O3 persists as a separate phase across all concentrations, while the host lattice exhibited an oscillatory volume response, highlighting the amphoteric transition of Yb3+ ions between A and B sites. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) mapping revealed typical quasi-spherical and polyhedral BTO grains alongside irregular Yb2O3 precipitates. The magnetization versus applied magnetic field (M(H)) analysis showed hysteresis loops, reflecting ferromagnetic behavior of the samples, likely governed by the bound magnetic polaron (BMP) model. The electrical and dielectric properties of BaTiO3/xYb(2)O(3) ceramics were also systematically examined over a temperature range from 20 degrees C to 120 degrees C. AC conductivity exhibits characteristic dispersive behavior tracking universal Jonscher power law (UJPL), confirming a thermally activated hopping conduction explained by the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model. The frequency exponent (0 <= s <= 1) reduces with rising temperature, indicating enhanced charge-carrier mobility. DC conductivity obeys Arrhenius performance, with the activation energy greatly dependent on additive concentration; moderate Yb2O3 contents (2-10 wt%) improve charge transport, while higher concentrations stimulate defect-induced carrier trapping. A pronounced reduction in dielectric constant (from similar to 1500 to similar to 5-20) is observed due to the construction of a composite microstructure and dominance of ferroelectric polarization. In the meantime, the dielectric loss and dissipation factor are significantly diminished. Impedance analysis reveals non-Debye relaxation, dominated by grain-boundary and interfacial effects. These findings demonstrate that Yb2O3 modification and composite formation provide an effective strategy for tailoring the electrical performance of BaTiO3 ceramics for advanced dielectric applications.

In the published publication [...]

Rare earth co-doping enables a precise pathway for tuning the functional properties of metal oxides through unique electronic and structural modulations. This study investigates the synergistic effects of co-doping ZnO nanomaterials with yttrium (Y, a non-lanthanide) and erbium (Er, a 4f-lanthanide). Samples were synthesized via a sol-gel auto-combustion route, with dopant contents x = 0.00 to 0.05. Structural analyses (XRD, SEM-EDS, and TEM) confirmed the successful integration of Er/Y co-dopants into the hexagonal wurtzite lattice, resulting in a reduction in particle size. UV-Visible spectroscopy revealed a shift in the absorption edge, indicating a modulation of the band structure. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency was evaluated against rhodamine B (RhB) dye, taken as an organic pollutant model. Notably, x = 0.01 photocatalyst demonstrated superior performance, reaching a 96.60% photodegradation efficiency of RhB dye within 30 min under UV light illumination and maintaining high stability of about 91.18% after five consecutive cycles. Scavenging experiments established hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH) and photogenerated holes (h+) as the dominant reactive species, while superoxide radicals (center dot O2-) are the secondary significant reactive species. The enhanced performance is attributed to the creation of intermediate energy levels that act as charge carrier traps, effectively suppressing electron-hole recombination. This work demonstrates that the 4f-lanthanide and non-lanthanide (Er/Y) co-doping could be a robust strategy for engineering high-performance and stable photocatalytic materials.

This study thoroughly investigates the impact of magnetic fields on the electrochemical properties of hydrothermally synthesized cobalt ferrite (CFO) for energy storage solutions. Structural characterization was conducted using XRD, FESEM, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Electrochemical investigations, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were conducted under two conditions: with and without a 50 G magnetic field. The results demonstrate a notable enhancement of up to 24 % in the specific capacitance (from 321 F g-1 to 399 F g-1) at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1, attributed to the importance of internal magnetic behavior of the electrode material. Aligned magnetic domains at the electrode surface are hypothesized to reduce hindrance and improve electrode/electrolyte interface, facilitating smoother ionic adsorption. This enhancement is further supported by complementary capacitive and diffusive electrochemical analyses conducted in the presence as well as absence of an external magnetic field.

The distinctive feature of this work lies in the role of co-adding different types of nanoparticles (NPs) systems to enhance magnetic flux pinning (MFP) and critical physical parameters (CPP). Two different types of NPs inclusion in YBa2Cu3O7-d (Y123) material are considered, namely metal-semiconductor (M _ SC) or semiconductor-semiconductor (SC-SC). The primary metal and semiconductor additives selected are Ag and PbO, while TiO2 and WO3 serve as secondary SC additives. Phase purity was confirmed through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Electrical conductivity analysis near the beginning of the superconducting transition (ST) was used to calculate key CPP at temperature 0K, such as the critical current density Jco, the lower and the upper critical magnetic fields, Bco1 and Bco2, respectively, and the flux creep activation energy (Ua) was extracted from electrical resistivity close to the end of ST. Despite the presence of Ag along with SC that advances the transition to the superconducting state, mixing PbO and WO3 in the Y123 proved to work better for vortex pinning traits, and strengthening the CPP and characteristics of the grain coupling barriers.

The single inclusion of nanoparticles (NPs) into high-temperature superconductor materials was widely reported and proved its ability to enhance the pinning properties. The current research work aims to evaluate the influence of the combined addition effect of conductor (Ag) and insulator (Dy2O3) NPs on the structure, morphology, critical current densities, and flux pinning properties of Ya2Cu3O7-d (Y123) superconducting ceramics. We established that adding this route has a positive effect on the superconducting and pinning properties of the material. Specifically, it is observed that the co-addition of Dy2O3-Ag-NPs substantially enhances the critical current density by >330 % for in-field up to 3 Tesla and by 450 % for in-field up to 5 Tesla as compared to the pristine Y123 sample. Moreover, the energy of the centers that pin the vortex was strengthened and the critical current density at grain boundaries has also risen by more than ten times.

Investigating the impact of co-introducing two distinct types of nanoparticles (NPs) with specific characteristics into high-temperature YBa2Cu3O7-d (Y123) superconductor ceramics is an engaging area of research. In this work, we used Ag and PbO NPs as the primary additives, while Al2O3, Dy2O3, SiO2, and WO3 NPs served as secondary additives. Two separate sample sets (identified as Ag-sample set and PbO-sample set) were produced via solid-state thermal sintering to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of this dual-additive approach on the superconductivity of Y123 ceramics. Samples were subjected to comprehensive structural characterizations using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transport characterization using PPMS (Physical Property Measurement System) to measure resistivity-temperature (ρ-T), a.c susceptibility (χ-T), and d.c magnetization (M-H). The co-introduction of NPs was found to have a positive impact on the superconductivity and pinning capabilities of Y123. Well-oxygenated orthorhombic superconducting materials with onset critical temperature (Tcon) of around 93.2 K were successfully produced. Importantly, the presence of PbO-NPs with specific other NPs (like SiO2 and WO3) proved to be more effective than the presence of Ag-NPs in enhancing critical current density (Jc) and pinning energy. Notably, the PbO-WO3 sample exhibited the highest value of Jc = 6000 A/cm2. Ag-NPs demonstrated their great effectiveness in upgrading the assemblage of grains and reinforcing their connectivity. The incorporation of both PbO and Ag with secondary oxide NPs created better pinning configurations, increasing, for instance, the Jc value by more than a factor of 5 for an applied field up to 1 Tesla for the PbO-WO3 sample in comparison to the non-added control sample. These findings have the potential to contribute to the advancement of second-generation high-temperature superconductor technologies.

In this study, Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Zn0.25RuxFe2-xO4 (Ru-x -> Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Zn0.25Fe2-xO4) (x <= 0.1) nanospinel ferrite (NSFs) were manufactured via sol-gel combustion route, with varying Ru content x <= 0.1. The cubic spinel structure was confirmed for all products by XRD analysis. The cubic morphology of the products was confirmed via SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), HR-TEM (High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) analyses. The chemical composition of the product has been confirmed by EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis. The cation distribution was analyzed using the Bertaut method by comparing observed and calculated intensity ratios of selected X-ray diffraction reflections. The ionic radii of tetrahedral (T-d) A-site and octahedral (O-h) B-site cations, theoretical lattice constants, and oxygen positional parameters were determined. Results indicate that Ru substitution leads to a slight expansion in the B-site ionic radius and a subtle increase in the lattice constant, while the A-site configuration remains unaffected. The oxygen positional parameter showed minimal change, indicating structural stability. Additionally, dielectric properties were examined, revealing that the dielectric constant increases with Ru content and T, following Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization. AC conductivity analysis indicated thermally activated hopping mechanisms with enhanced polaron hopping due to Ru substitution. Dielectric measurements showed that the dielectric constant increased with Ru content, reaching a maximum of 150,000 at low frequencies for x = 0.10. AC conductivity analysis demonstrated thermally activated hopping mechanisms, with conductivity values increasing from 0.3 S/m for x = 0.00-1.2 S/m for x = 0.10 at 120 degrees C. This study presents insights into the structural and electrical features of Ru-x -> Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Zn0.25Fe2-xO4 (x <= 0.1) NSFs, which could be valuable for magneto-optical applications.

In the original publication [...].

Herein, we synthesised Sn-doped copper zinc (Cu–Zn) ferrite nanoparticles [Zn0.5Cu0.5SnxFe2-xO4 (ZCFO) with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5] using green synthesis–assisted sol gel auto-combustion method where Phyllanthus emblica extract is used as a fuel. X-ray diffraction pattern showed the formation of cubic structure, and the crystallite size ranged from 44.1 nm to 37.7 nm. Rietveld Refinement pattern revealed the formation of cubic structure with the Fd3m space group. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the development of grains in all samples. Raman spectra showed the presence of five Raman-active modes that also confirmed the cubic structure. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Visible) analysis demonstrated an increase in bandgap from 2.37eV to 2.83eV with an increase in doping concentration. Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements showed ferrimagnetic behaviour in all samples, as evident by a squareness ratio (SQR) of around 0.04 and a coercivity (Hc) of nearly 25 Oe with highest value of saturation magnetisation (Ms) around 52.4 ± 0.5 emu/g. Frequency-dependent dielectric is studied in the range of 10–107 Hz. The highest value of real component of the dielectric constant (ε′) is found to be 91.1 at 132.50 Hz, and the value of ε″ is found to be 576.3 at 36.50 Hz and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) is 0.588. The variation of dielectric parameters with frequency showed the dominance of hopping mechanism in all samples.

In this study, the influence of different La and Ce co-doping amounts on the structural, morphological, optical, and photodegradation properties of ZnO nanostructures was evaluated. Zn1-2xLaxCexO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using sol-gel auto-ignition process, where x = 0.00 (pure ZnO), 0.01 (LC1), 0.03 (LC3), and 0.05 (LC5). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman results revealed that the prepared ZnO NPs crystallize in the hexagonal wurtzite structure. The size of crystallites is affected by the increment of La and Ce and it decreased from 24.29 nm to 10.40 nm with the increase in the concentration of La and Ce. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the samples exhibit an irregular distribution of NPs with a dominant spherical shape morphology. The simultaneous incorporation of La and Ce in ZnO NPs led to a slight variation in the absorption edge and a slight shift in the values of the band gap energy from 3.20 to 3.24 eV. Furthermore, a reduction in the recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers and the creation of fewer additional defects upon the appropriate insertion of Ce and La ions are highlighted by the analysis of photoluminescence spectra, Nyquist plots, and transient photocurrent measurements. The photocatalytic activity of samples was evaluated against rhodamine B organic dye under UV light irradiation. The analysis showed that LC1 sample exhibited superior photocatalytic performance with 99.1 % degradation efficiency and a degradation rate constant of 0.0762 min(-1). This enhancement has been ascribed to the surface defects and the optimized crystallite size achieved, which help to generate reactive entities such as center dot OH and O-2(center dot-) in addition to the great role of holes (h(+)) and impede the recombination of charge carriers e(-)/h(+).

In this study, nanofibric cobaltites were synthesized using the electrospinning technique. The research focuses on how Ni and Fe cation substitutions affect the magnetic and dielectric properties of ACo2O4. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that all synthesized samples possess a cubic spinel structure. FESEM revealed that the cobaltite samples have a nanofibric morphology composed of interconnected nanoparticles. The dielectric properties of these spinel cobaltites were examined in low magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 10 mT. Using the Maxwell–Wagner model, the study demonstrates that the transport properties of spinel cobaltites can be modulated by an external magnetic field. Dielectric plots of various magnetic spinel cobaltites showed reduced resistance in the presence of a magnetic field, underscoring the significant impact of magnetic fields on the transport properties of these materials. The research also highlights the crucial role of interconnected grains and grain boundary effects on the transport mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights into the tunable transport properties of spinel cobaltites, potentially leading to advancements in their application in magnetic and dielectric devices.

Composite ceramics of a BaTiO3 (BTO) matrix incorporated with varying quantities of BaFe11.96V0.04O19 (BVFO) hexaferrite were investigated. The successful creation of the intended composites was verified using XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX spectroscopy, which revealed the coexistence of the two-component phases. There were no further phases other than the initial components, indicating that the adopted approach is efficient in obtaining the desired composites. The BTO phase is represented by spherical grains, while the BVFO hexaferrite phase is represented by plate-like grains. The dielectric properties were tested in a frequency range of 1 Hz–3 MHz and at different temperatures of 30–120°C using an impedance spectroscopy instrument. At low frequencies, temperature-dependent dipolar and interfacial polarizations have a remarkable effect. Conversely, ionic and electronic polarizations are less temperature-dependent, which became more effective at high frequencies. The observed effects in dielectric measurements are a result of combined electron and polaron jumping conduction mechanisms. The Cole-Cole plots showed the dominant effect of grains and grain boundaries for all compositions but also revealed the negligible influence of the electrode. Additionally, it was crucial to avoid extremely large losses, which is shown by the determined dielectric tangent loss.