Background: Malnutrition the silent emergency is more clearly revealed its impact on children those who are the most vulnerable to suffer. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the risk factors of protein energy malnutrition of severely malnourished children admitted in a Hospital. Methods: An open case–control study was carried out between June 2023 and November 2023 at the Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit of Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute in Dhaka. As cases, the study comprised 50 hospitalized children with severe malnutrition, while 50 well-nourished children served as controls. An anthropometric assessment was carried out soon following admission. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data, which included variables including age, gender, nutritional status, socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial history, as well as parents' monthly family income. At the outset of the study, demographic and nutritional information was gathered. Result: This present study showed majority of malnourished children were below 12 months of age more in male, came from urban slum from poor socioeconomic class and majority were partial immunized. Most of the mother and father were none educated and mothers were garments worker and fathers were day labor in case group. In case group 90% did not practice hand washing before feeding and 94% after defecation, 54% used tap water, 84% did not use save drinking water and 70% used Kancha latrine. In control group 92% practice hand washing before feeding and 62% after defecation, 86% used tap water and 78% used sanitary latrine. Sanitation and safe drinking water were poor in case group in comparison to control group. Conclusion: From the findings of the present study it can be concluded that poverty, illiteracy, immunization, poor sanitation, lack of safe drinking water, bottle feeding with dilute formula milk and poor hygienic situation are the important risk factors of severely malnourished children. J Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2025; 31 (02): 17-23

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality, ranking third after sepsis and prematurity. It is also a major contributor to childhood morbidity. However, the most concerning consequence is its impact on the brain, which can lead to long-term neurological impairment. Objective: The objective of this study was to observe the short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates affected by perinatal asphyxia. Methodology: This study was a prospective cohort study conducted at department of neonatology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute (BSH&I) from January 2023 to December 2023; Total 429 newborn were screening among them 46 newborns with perinatal asphyxia fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were; Term (37-41 week gestational age) and late preterm (34-36 week gestational age) newborns. Newborns satisfying the American Academy of Pediatrics/American College of Obstetrician criteria of perinatal asphyxia. Exclusion criteria were; Early preterm and Babies with an antenatally diagnosed significant congenital malformation or clinically suspected TORCH infection. Results: Among 429 newborn babies 46 were found perinatal asphyxia and their prevalence rate was 10.7%. Regarding hospital outcomes, 39(84.8%) were discharged, while 7(15.2%) were expired. The duration of hospital stay varied, with 10 newborns (21.7%) staying for less than 7 days, 22 (47.8%) staying between 7-14 days, and 14 (30.4%) staying for more than 14 days. A significant association was found between the HIE stage and hospital outcomes (p<0.05). In majority cases (87.5%) low HINE scores were predominantly observed in HIE Stage III, while high scores were associated with HIE Stage I. Conclusion: There is a significant association between the severity of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and both neurological outcomes and hospital discharge status. Infant who presented with more severe brain injury at birth tended to have high risk of development of significant neurological impairment. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2024; 16(1): 28-32

Breeding wheat varieties that are resilient to arid climates, which impart a complex combination of stresses, including excessive Ca, high pH, nutrient deficiency, and aridity, is important. Afghan landrace wheat is assumed to have evolved with a specific prototypical pattern of traits to adapt to its challenging, composite stress environment. Here, a useful semi-hydroponic double cup screen aiding proteomic analysis was exploited to reconstruct the combined excessive Ca2+ (100 ppm) and extreme pH (11.0) of the soils and to dissect specific morpho-physiological characteristics and adaptation strategies in Kihara Afghan wheat landrace (KAWLR). When compared to other cultivars and growth habits, several winter-type KAWLR showed lower unused N-K-P and greater rhizosphere pH stability in the bottom cup and higher tolerance in terms of greater root allocation shift, and most of their above ground traits (shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance) were strongly correlated with root length and biomass under stress conditions. Quantitative proteomics on the roots of a tolerant winter-type KAWLR, Herat-740 (KU-7449), showed a strong decreasing trend in changed proteins (12 increased/816 decreased). The proteins (such as mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein, cytoskeleton-related α-, and β-tubulin) that increased in abundance were associated with energy transport and cell growth. A metabolism overview revealed that most proteins that were mapped to glycolysis, fermentation, and the TCA cycle decreased in abundance. However, proteins related to cell wall and lipid metabolism pathways remained unchanged. Our results suggest that winter-type KAWLR adopts a homeostatic stress adaptation strategy that globally downshifts metabolic activity, while selectively maintaining root growth machinery. Root allocation shift, rhizosphere pH stabilization (nutrient solubilization), and a selective proteome response maintaining the root growth machinery in winter-type KAWLR could be breeding selection markers for early-stage screening in calcareous-alkaline arid land.

Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil), a short day plant, has been used for studying flowering times. Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for days from sowing to flowering (DTF) of F2 between I. nil var. Tokyo Kokei Standard (TKS) and I. hederacea line var. Q65, an early flowering variety, revealed seven QTLs: QTL Ipomoea Flowering 1-7 (qIF1-7). The position of qIF3, which had the most significant effect among the seven QTLs, corresponds with that of I. nil (or I. hederacea) CONSTANS (InCO/IhCO) in the linkage map. There is a single-base InDel in the coding sequence of InCO/IhCO. The single-base deletion (SBD) causes a frame-shift mutation and loss of function in TKS allele (inco-1). I. nil accessions bearing inco-1 tend to flower early, similarly to rice varieties bearing the loss of function allele of CO ortholog, hd1. The TKS allele of qIF3 reduces DTF and corresponds with the inferred effect of inco-1. Based on the distribution of inco-1, a hypothesis was proposed that the SBD in inco-1 might have played an important role in the expansion of Japanese morning glories, originally native to the tropical regions of the Americas, into temperate Asia.

Japanese morning glory ( Ipomoea nil ), a short day plant, has been used for studying flowering times. Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for days from sowing to flowering (DTF) of F2 between I. nil var. Tokyo Kokei Standard (TKS) and I. hederacea line var. Q65, an early flowering variety, revealed four QTLs: QTL Ipomoea Flowering 1–4 ( qIF1–4 ). The position of qIF3 , which had the most significant effect among the four QTLs, corresponds with that of I. nil (or I. hederacea ) CONSTANS ( InCO / IhCO ) in the linkage map. There is a single-base In/Del in the coding sequence of InCO / IhCO . The single-base deletion (SBD) causes a frame-shift mutation and loss of function in TKS allele ( inco-1 ). I. nil accessions bearing inco-1 tend to flower early, similarly to rice varieties bearing the loss of function allele of CO ortholog, hd1 . Consequently, inco-1 was inferred to reduce DTF. This inferred effect of inco-1 corresponds with the effect of the TKS allele of qIF3 . Because inco-1 is found exclusively in Asian accessions, the SBD in inco-1 might have played an important role in the expansion of Japanese morning glories, originally native to the tropical regions of the Americas, into temperate Asia. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

As the geotechnical investigation is a challenging task due to natural heterogeneity and the limited data so the cheap surface geoelectric resistivity method is widely applied to know the complex subsurface information. To produce the electrical images for a site located at Balukhali Rohingya Refugee Camps area in Ukhiya-Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, a field data acquisition technique along with RES2DINV software has been performed. Two Wenner soundings on the 25 m and 50 m image lines at every 1 m and 2 m electrode spacing respectively reveal the shallow subsurface lithological variations. On the other hand, 34 samples were collected from two boreholes at different depths and tested under field and laboratory conditions to measure some basic geotechnical properties such as moisture content, grain size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and specific gravity. These geotechnical parameters were compared with the constructed electrical images and confirmed the significance of the electrical resistivity values. Therefore, the geoelectrical resistivity method can be applied as an additional tool to support and enhance conventional geotechnical interpretation purposes as well as shallow landslide site characterization in Bangladesh.

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars grown in Japan are highly valued for their excellent sweetness, high quality, and good texture. The export volume of sweetpotato from Japan has been rising rapidly, with a 10-fold increase on a weight basis over the last 10 years. However, since sweetpotato is propagated vegetatively from storage roots, it is easy to cultivate and propagate this crop, prompting concerns that Japanese sweetpotato cultivars/lines are being exported overseas, cultivated without permission, or reimported. Therefore, a rapid and accurate cultivar identification methodology is needed. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the insertion sites of Cl8 retrotransposon to develop a cultivar identification technique for the Japanese cultivars 'Beniharuka' and 'Fukumurasaki'. These two cultivars were successfully distinguished from other cultivars using a minimum of two marker sets. Using the chromatographic printed array strip (C-PAS) method for DNA signal detection, 'Beniharuka' and 'Fukumurasaki' can be precisely identified using a single strip of chromatographic paper based on multiplex DNA signals derived from the amplicons of the Cl8 insertion sites. Since this method can detect DNA signals in only ~15 minutes, we expect that our method will facilitate rapid, reliable, and convenient cultivar discrimination for on-site inspection of sweetpotato.

Given the importance of prioritizing genome-based breeding of sweet potato to enable the promotion of food and nutritional security for future human societies, here, we aimed to dissect the genetic basis of storage root starch content (SC) when associated with a complex set of breeding traits including dry matter (DM) rate, storage root fresh weight (SRFW), and anthocyanin (AN) content in a mapping population containing purple-fleshed sweet potato. A polyploid genome-wide association study (GWAS) was extensively exploited using 90,222 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from a bi-parental 204 F1 population between 'Konaishin' (having high SC but no AN) and 'Akemurasaki' (having high AN content but moderate SC). Through the comparison of polyploid GWAS on the whole set of the 204 F1, 93 high-AN-containing F1, and 111 low-AN-containing F1 populations, a total of two (consists of six SNPs), two (14 SNPs), four (eight SNPs), and nine (214 SNPs) significantly associated signals were identified for the variations of SC, DM, SRFW, and the relative AN content, respectively. Of them, a novel signal associated with SC, which was most consistent in 2019 and 2020 in both the 204 F1 and 111 low-AN-containing F1 populations, was identified in homologous group 15. The five SNP markers associated with homologous group 15 could affect SC improvement with a degree of positive effect (~4.33) and screen high-starch-containing lines with higher efficiency (~68%). In a database search of 62 genes involved in starch metabolism, five genes including enzyme genes granule-bound starch synthase I (IbGBSSI), α-amylase 1D, α-amylase 1E, and α-amylase 3, and one transporter gene ATP/ADP-transporter were located on homologous group 15. In an extensive qRT-PCR of these genes using the storage roots harvested at 2, 3, and 4 months after field transplantation in 2022, IbGBSSI, which encodes the starch synthase isozyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of amylose molecule, was most consistently elevated during starch accumulation in sweet potato. These results would enhance our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of a complex set of breeding traits in the starchy roots of sweet potato, and the molecular information, particularly for SC, would be a potential platform for molecular marker development for this trait.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.), which are nutritionally and commercially important tuberous crops, possess a perplexing heredity because of their autopolyploid genomes. To reduce cross-breeding efforts for selecting superior cultivars from progenies with innumerable combinations of traits, DNA markers tightly linked to agronomical traits are required. To develop DNA markers, we developed a method for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using whole-genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) in autopolyploid crops. To apply the NGS-based bulked segregant method, QTL-seq was modified. (1) Single parent-specific simplex (unique for one homologous chromosome) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which present a simple segregation ratio in the progenies, were exploited by filtering SNPs by SNP index (allele frequency). (2) Clusters of SNPs, which were inherited unevenly between bulked progenies with opposite phenotypes, especially those with an SNP index of 0 for the bulk that did not display the phenotypes of interest, were explored. These modifications allowed for separate tracking of alleles located on each of the multiple homologous chromosomes. By applying this method, clusters of SNPs linked to the potato cyst nematode resistance H1 gene and storage root anthocyanin (AN) content were identified in tetraploid potato and hexaploid sweetpotato, respectively, and completely linked DNA markers were developed at the site of the presented SNPs. Thus, polyploid QTL-seq is a versatile method that is free from specialized manipulation for sequencing and construction of elaborate linkage maps and facilitates rapid development of tightly linked DNA markers in autopolyploid crops, such as potato and sweetpotato.

: The identification of genetic factors affecting deep root systems is needed to improve adaptability to drought stress. In wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), seminal root angle (SRA), which can be easily measured at the seedling stage, is a useful proxy for understanding the mature root system architecture. In the present study, we attempted to find a genetic variation in the vertical distribution of seminal roots and to determine chromosomal positions involved in a variation of SRA using ditelosomic (Dt) lines and deletion lines of wheat cultivar Chinese Spring (CS). SRA of CS and 31 Dt lines were estimated in a pot experiment using the basket method. When SRA was measured separately for the primary, first pair, and second pair of semi nal roots, it was found that the genetic variation was the largest in the first pair of seminal roots fol lowed by the second pair of seminal roots. In con-trast, there were no genetic differences in the SRA of the primary root between the CS and CS Dt lines. Compared to CS, which had a small SRA, Dt5BL, Dt6AS, Dt6BS, and Dt6DS displayed significantly larger SRA, indicating that the deficient chromosome arms 5BS, 6AL, 6BL, and 6DL appeared to carry quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affect ing SRA. Furthermore, the terminal regions of chromosome arms 6AL and 6BL were found to carry QTLs responsible for a small SRA. Using the QTLs information obtained in this study, novel genes may be isolated from wheat.

Genetic studies on the purple-fleshed sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.), which is rich in anthocyanin (AN) in the storage root, were performed by polyploid GWAS based on the allele dosage probability using 59,675 SNPs obtained from 94 F-1 progenies between the cultivars 'Konaishin' ( which has a high yield but no AN) and 'Akemurasaki' (which has a high AN content but low to moderate yield). The distribution of relative AN content was highly biased, with 60% of clones showing a low to undetectable level (A(530) < 0.5). Fifty-nine SNPs from six signals on homologous groups (HGs) 3, 5 (one major and one smaller signal), 7, 13, and 15 were strongly associated with the relative AN content. Twelve SNPs from the major signal and one from the smaller signal of HG 5 were further detected by QTL analysis. In a database search of the AN biosynthesis gene, transcription factors IbMYB1 and IbWD40 and AN structural genes IbF3H and IbDFR were located on HG 5, suggesting that an SNP marker or markers from HG 5 might be tightly linked to candidate gene(s) homologous to one of these transcription factors and AN structural genes as a major factor in determining AN accumulation in the storage roots. These results would enhance our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of AN accumulation in the storage roots of sweetpotatoes, and the SNP markers found here, especially 13 SNPs from HG 5, would be a potential platform for future marker-assisted selection for breeding high-AN sweetpotato varieties.

While sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) improvement has generally been done by field-based selection, molecular genetic studies on traits of interest, i.e., molecular markers are needed for enhancing the breeding program of this world's 7th most important crop, as such markers facilitate marker-assisted selection. Here, we performed a combined approach of QTLs analyses and GWAS of storage root β-carotene content (BC), dry-matter (DM) and starch content (SC) using the genetic linkage maps constructed with 5,952 and 5,640 SNPs obtained from F1 progenies between cultivars 'J-Red' and 'Choshu'. BC was negatively correlated with DM (r = -0.45) and SC (r = -0.51), while DM was positively correlated with SC (r = 0.94). In both parental maps, a total of five, two and five QTL regions on linkage groups 7 and 8 were associated with BC, DM and SC, respectively. In GWAS of BC, one strong signal (P = 1.04 × 10-9) was observed on linkage group 8, which co-located with one of the above QTL regions. The SNPs markers found here, particularly for β-carotene, would be useful base resources for future marker-assisted selection program with this trait.

Common wheat has three sets of sub-genomes, making mutations difficult to observe, especially for traits controlled by recessive genes. Here, we produced hexaploid wheat lines with loss of function of homeoalleles of Qsd1, which controls seed dormancy in barley, by Agrobacterium-mediated CRISPR/Cas9. Of the eight transformed wheat events produced, three independent events carrying multiple mutations in wheat Qsd1 homeoalleles were obtained. Notably, one line had mutations in every homeoallele. We crossed this plant with wild-type cultivar Fielder to generate a transgene-free triple-recessive mutant, as revealed by Mendelian segregation. The mutant showed a significantly longer seed dormancy period than wild-type, which may result in reduced pre-harvest sprouting of grains on spikes. PCR, southern blotting, and whole-genome shotgun sequencing revealed that this segregant lacked transgenes in its genomic sequence. This technique serves as a model for trait improvement in wheat, particularly for genetically recessive traits, based on locus information from diploid barley.

To enhance a root trait-based selection program for rain-fed wheat breeding in Afghanistan, we simulated an efficient pre-breeding drought system. Plants were grown in 1 m pipes as control or 2 m pipes to simulate drought conditions soaking ground water up by capillary action supplemented by two different life supporting irrigations from top of the pipes (T1 and T2 droughts). T1 was used for studying genetic diversity in 360 Kihara Afghan wheat landraces (KAWLR). Both drought treatments were used to evaluate root traits in 30 selected genotypes. KAWLR showed large root length variations under T1, categorized as long root (>200 cm; LR), medium root (100-150 cm; MR) and short root (20-100 cm; SR) systems. LR genotypes were more drought resistant in terms of greater plant survivability under T1 and T2 compared with other groups and were capable of adjusting their root biomass partitioning at deepest part of the soil profile. Majority of the LR genotypes originated from predominantly rain-fed provinces, and most of their agronomic traits were strongly correlated with root biomass deep in the soil in response to drought. Three LR genotypes, including the longest root genotype LR-871 (KU7604), are recommended for rain-fed wheat breeding in Afghanistan.

In this study the application of alpha-ketol derivative of linolenic acid, KODA, was investigated in terms of root growth, plant development and crop production in response to CaCO3-imposed high pH (8.5) and drought, two major abiotic stresses for wheat production in Afghanistan. Two spring wheat cultivars, the Japanese cultivar Yumeshiho and a cultivar from Kihara Afghan wheat landraces (KAWLR) with long root (LR-504; KU11202Bb), were used in a CaCO3 experiment. Another set of spring wheat cultivars, a KAWLR with short root (SR-823; KU7542), a KAWLR with long root (LR-744; KU7453), and a non-Japanese modern cultivar Lalmi-2, were used in the drought experiment. KODA significantly enhanced root elongation in Yumeshiho under CaCO3-imposed alkalinity conditions. For the drought experiment, KODA significantly increased seed germination in all cultivars. KODA-treated plants had increased root and shoot growth in normal culture conditions and greater recovery from drought, with the greatest root length in Lalmi-2 (43-51%). Interestingly, KODA-treated plants tends to increase production, in terms of an increase in productive tillers, number of grains per spike, and grain weight per plant. The recovery rates for plants that received KODA, in terms of grain weight per plant, were 2.5-3% in Lalmi-2, 13-15% in SR-823, and 11-13% in LR-744. In preliminary investigation, KODA-treated root showed moderate increasement and stability in wheat root expansin genes under normal culture condition. These KODA-mediated physiological traits could be useful to efficiently uptake water and nutrients, and promote stable production in response to drought and high carbonate alkaline soils worldwide. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Maize, the highest-yielding cereal crop worldwide, is particularly susceptible to drought during its 2- to 3-week flowering period. Many genetic engineering strategies for drought tolerance impinge on plant development, reduce maximum yield potential or do not translate from laboratory conditions to the field. We overexpressed a gene encoding a rice trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) in developing maize ears using a floral promoter. This reduced the concentration of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), a sugar signal that regulates growth and development, and increased the concentration of sucrose in ear spikelets. Overexpression of TPP increased both kernel set and harvest index. Field data at several sites and over multiple seasons showed that the engineered trait improved yields from 9% to 49% under non-drought or mild drought conditions, and from 31% to 123% under more severe drought conditions, relative to yields from nontransgenic controls.

Objective: To determine perinatal mortality and its related risk factors in Dhaka National Medical College Hospital. Study design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department in Dhaka National Medical College Hospital from January to December 2011. Patients and Methods: All perinatal deaths including stillbirths (SBs) and early neonatal deaths (ENNDs) within 0-7 days of delivery after 28 wks of gestation were studied during the study period, while pregnancies <28 wks of gestation were excluded from the study. The relevant information was collected through a pre-designed data sheet. Results: A total number of 1882 deliveries were analysed for perinatal mortality (PNM). Among them, there were 41 perinatal deaths (PNDs) giving a perinatal mortality of 21.78/1000 births. There were 36 SBs and 05 ENNDs. Out of all patients, 58.53% women were multipara and 75.61% were booked case. Common risk factors for PNM were hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (26.82%), followed by antepartum haemorrhage (9.75%) and congenital anomalies (9.75%). Malpresentation were found in 7.31% of PNDs, while prolonged labour and prematurity both contribute to 4.87% . In 2.43% cases, septicaemia of neonate and maternal medical disorder (Gestational diabetes mallitus) was the underlying cause. However, in 31.7% cases cause was unknown. Conclusion: The perinatal mortality in present study is not so high. Many of the causes of perinatal death though unknown but other risk factors can be prevented. J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2014;20(01):41-46

Once candidate genes are available, the application of genetic transformation plays a major part to study their function in plants for adaptation to respective environmental stresses, including waterlogging (WL). The introduction of stress-inducible genes into wheat remains difficult because of low transformation and plant regeneration efficiencies and expression variability and instability. Earlier, we found two cDNAs encoding WL stress-responsive wheat pathogenesis-related proteins 1.2 (TaBWPR-1.2), TaBWPR-1.2# 2 and TaBWPR-1.2# 13. Using microprojectile bombardment, both cDNAs were introduced into "Bobwhite". Despite low transformation efficiency, four independent T-2 homozygous lines for each gene were isolated, where transgenes were ubiquitously and variously expressed. The highest transgene expression was obtained in Ubi: TaBWPR-1.2# 2 L#11a and Ubi: TaBWPR-1.2# 13 L#4a. Using quantitative proteomics, the root proteins of L#11a were analyzed to explore possible physiological pathways regulated by TaBWPR-1.2 under normal and waterlogged conditions. In L#11a, the abundance of proteasome subunit alpha type-3 decreased under normal conditions, whereas that of ferredoxin precursor and elongation factor-2 increased under waterlogged conditions in comparison with normal plants. Proteomic results suggest that L#11a is one of the engineered wheat plants where TaBWPR-1.2#2 is most probably involved in proteolysis, protein synthesis and alteration in the energy pathway in root tissues via the above proteins in order to gain metabolic adjustment to WL.

We examined the role of pathogenesis-related protein TaBWPR-1.2 in the context of molecular and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots under waterlogging stress. Two cDNAs corresponding to the TaBWPR-1.2 gene, TaBWPR-1.2#2 and TaBWPR-1.2#13 were cloned from seminal roots. These cDNAs were predicted to encode proteins of 173 and 172 amino acids, respectively. In a time-course experiment, TaBWPR-1.2 gene expression was highest in whole seminal roots after 1 day of waterlogging treatment and higher than the control for at least 10 days; significantly increased protein abundance was observed after 7 days of waterlogging. Drought, another abiotic stress, did not influence TaBWPR-1.2 gene expression in wheat seminal roots at 5-d-old seedlings. Tissue-specific studies revealed that the highest TaBWPR-1.2 gene expression and protein levels were in the aerenchymatous root zone. TaBWPR-1.2 expression in seminal roots was also increased by the signalling molecules 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; an ethylene precursor), H2O2, jasmonic acid (JA), and nitric oxide (NO); however, treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethanol did not alter its expression. Interestingly, aerenchyma formation in the seminal root cortex was induced only by ACC and H2O2. Taken together, these results indicate that TaBWPR-1.2 is a waterlogging-responsive gene that might be associated with root cortex tissue alteration in wheat plants through ACC and/or H2O2 regulatory mechanisms.