1. It was hypothesised that perch material and design may affect utility and maintenance energy demand in laying hens, affecting their feed form preferences and daily feed consumption. Accordingly, perch design and feed form on hen performance, gastrointestinal tract functions and some behavioural and welfare-related traits were studied in laying hens (ATAK-S) reared in enriched colony cages from 24 to 40 weeks of age. 2. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial investigating two perch materials and design (circular steel or mushroom-shaped plastic) and feed form (mash or crumble). A total of 396 hens were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups with nine replicates each (11 birds per replicate). 3. Except for feeding behaviour and prevalence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age, the modification of the perch design did not have a significant effect on the traits examined. Mushroom-shaped plastic perches reduced feeding behaviour (p < 0.01) and the incidence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age (p < 0.001). 4. Performance traits were not affected by feed form. Intake, final body weight and FCR for crumble-fed laying hens were greater than those fed mash (p < 0.01). 5. Hens fed mash had higher (p < 0.01) relative gizzard weights along with lower (p < 0.05) pH values, pancreatic chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase activities (p < 0.05), and duodenal absorption surface areas (p < 0.01). Ultimately, this gave higher protein digestibility (p < 0.05) compared to those receiving crumble. 6. In conclusion, in enriched cage rearing systems, mashed feed was preferred over crumble to efficiently maintain productive performance. Compared to circular steel, plastic mushroom-shaped perches were associated with better footpad health and welfare.

1. The following study was conducted to evaluate the influence of coccidiosis vaccine-induced metabolic stress on the utilisation of minerals in broilers. The starter, grower and finisher phase diets, including macro- and micro minerals at the recommended levels for the breed standards, were fed to chickens between 1 and 39 d of age.2. A total of 486, one-d-old male broilers were randomly distributed into three coccidiosis management programs (CMP) with six replications each. The CMP comprised: monensin sodium (MON), coccidiosis vaccine (VAC), not treated with MON or VAC (CNT).3. No significant differences between CMP were observed for body weight and weight gain among treatments. When compared to the CNT, the VAC program increased feed intake (P < 0.05) between d 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, while FCR worsened in the latter (P < 0.05) and the former (P = 0.05) periods.4. For birds in the MON and VAC programs, tibia bone length at d 13 and bone diameter at d 39 were both enhanced (P < 0.05). Meat yield characteristics were comparable among the CMP.5. Faeces of VAC birds had a lower (P < 0.05) dry matter and ash content than those in CNT program. CMP had no effect on serum or bone mineral concentrations at any point in time. For minerals, Mg, Na, and K faecal excretion was reduced (P < 0.01) as a result of the VAC program at d 13 with a trend at d 26.6. Compared to the CNT, the VAC program decreased the percentage ratio of drip loss (P = 0.08), water holding capacity (P < 0.01) and cooking loss (P < 0.01) in breast meat.7. Overall, the results showed that current broiler industry practices are capable of meeting the mineral needs of broilers vaccinated against coccidiosis.

The aim of this study is to perform biomechanical optimization of the newly designed CEF used in the field of orthopaedics. With this optimized design, the change of amount of pressure on fracture line is examined the effects on the fracture healing. The study was performed in two phases: numerical and clinical. The changes of the determined parameters on the CEF system were considered and their influences on the system and fracture line were investigated using ANSYS software. In clinical study, designed and manufactured CEF system was mounted on the tibia of 36 New Zealand white rabbits and radiological and histological analysis performed at certain periods. This study has been conducted on three different designs including the control group and two experimental groups. Consequently, fracture healing of both early and late periods of developed the new system was found to be more advantageous than the conventional system.

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of lower or higher eggshell temperatures from days 7 to 21 on hatching performance, bone and blood parameters, and egg production along with the age of laying chickens. A total of 3150 eggs obtained from a white egg-type breeder were divided randomly into 3 groups of 1050 eggs. From 7 to 21 days, eggs were incubated at one of three eggshell temperatures: Control (IC) 37.5 degrees C, low (IL) 36.9 degrees C, and high (IH) 38.5 degrees C. At hatch, chicks were weighed, and blood was collected to measure total Ca, inorganic P, and ALP level weights, dimensions, and ash contents of femur, humerus, and tibia were obtained. A total of 240 chicks from each incubation temperature were reared up to 58 weeks. The results showed that hatchability was similar among the eggshell temperature groups. The IL chicks had the heaviest chick weight and yolk free chick weight. The IH group had reduced chick weight compared to IL and IC but increased lengths of tibia and humerus, ash contents of tibia and femur, and blood Ca levels at the day of the hatch. Laying hens from the IH group had impaired body weight during the laying cycle. At 58 weeks, there was no effect of eggshell temperature on egg production, bone length, and width. IH hens had lower tibia ash and serum Ca but higher P and ALP levels compared to IL and IC groups. However, bone mineral content and mineral density were similar for hens from different eggshell temperature groups. In conclusion, it appeared that although chicks from the IH group had reduced chick weight, they had improved bone morphology and ash content of bones compared to IC and IL at hatch. However, IH hens could not maintain the higher ash content during the grow-out and laying periods. The results indicate that the positive effect of IH incubation temperature on bone morphological measurements and ash content of tibia would not be long term.

1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of additional dietary fibre (DF), resulting from partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with high-fibre sunflower meal (SFM), on egg production and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) traits in laying hens. 2. A total of 480 Nick Chick white laying hens (21 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 24 weeks. The hens were fed either the control diet based on corn and SBM, which contained 30 g/kg crude fibre (CF) without SFM, or test diets containing 40 g more CF/kg from adding 47 g/kg SFM or 50 g more CF/kg from adding 97 g SFM/kg. Each dietary treatment was replicated eight times (20 hens per replicate). 3. Body weight (P < 0.05), egg production rate (P < 0.05), egg weight (P < 0.01) and egg mass (P < 0.01) linearly increased but feed conversion ratio linearly decreased (P < 0.01) with increasing SFM supplementation. Feed intake, cracked/broken egg ratios and shell less egg ratios were comparable amongst the groups. 4. The egg quality indices were not influenced by dietary treatments, except for the Haugh units, which decreased (linear, P < 0.01; quadratic P < 0.05) when SFM was added. 5. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but caecum length increased in hens fed SFM (P < 0.05). Digesta pH in the ileum and caecum was reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation. 6. Small intestine morphology traits improved with 47 g SFM/kg supplementation, whereas negative effects were observed with 97 g SFM/kg. 7. Productive performance of laying hens improved with 40 or 50 g/kg more CF in feed, mostly from SFM supplementation. It was concluded that this performance increase was attributed mostly to the increase in fat content, rather than DF level, when high-fibre SFM was included in layer diets.

Aromatic plants and their extracts have become an exciting area of study as a means of improving animal health and productivity. The majority of the respective research has demonstrated plant bioactives (phytogenics) derived from aromatic plants optimize poultry performance by supporting nutrient utilization and general health status. In this context, high priority is given to broiler chickens and to a lesser extent layer hens, and findings obtained from the studies over the last two decades were summarized in comprehensive reviews. Regarding global poultry production, although the share of the turkeys ranks second after to that broiler chickens, ongoing limited research slowly reveals the role of phytogenics as a novel feed additive in turkey production. The available results demonstrate that the use of phytogenics in turkey nutrition is hopeful, since beyond performance they can also act as antioxidants. However, data on gut function and morphology, gut microbiota, digestive secretion and absorption, immunomodulatory activity, and overall meat quality are still lacking and waiting to be elucidated.

SUMMARYA large amount of existing evidence shows that the micro- and macrostructure of feed has a strong influence on the function, development and health of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which, in turn, affects the performance of poultry birds. Notably, the majority of data corresponding to feed structure-induced changes in the productivity of birds has been generated from studies using broiler chickens. However, feed particle size and feed form remain an obscure and undervalued area of study in the feeding of layer chickens, with sparse evidence reported between the 1940s and 2000s. Moreover, feed in the form of crumbles and pellets, which has made a major contribution to broiler production efficiency, has not been the feed of choice for layers, where mash diets have been common practice worldwide for many years. Nonetheless, the role of feed structure in the feeding of layer chickens has recently begun to attract more interest. However, results are divergent and often not as satisfactory as expected, except in the case of gizzard weight, which typically decreases by 8% and 16% on average with finely ground and pelleted feed, respectively. The results for most performance parameters, however, are typically insignificant. In some cases where the effect of the feed form was significant, pelleting increased feed consumption by 6%, whereas a clear 9% reduction was observed in another example. The incongruities in the results are likely due to confounding factors, such as management conditions and ingredient composition of the diets. Nevertheless, the effect of feed form on the investigated parameters was more evident than the effect of feed particle size. The following review provides an overview of data from seven decades regarding the implications of feed structure on the physiology, histology, metabolism and development of the gut and the performance of egg-laying chickens.

1. A trial was conducted to study the effects of partial replacement of sunflower meal (SFM) for soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract traits (GIT) in pullets. 2. A total of 600 pullets (29 d of age) was randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and fed for 84 d. The birds were fed a practical diet with a low level of crude fibre (CF; LF) or test diets containing a medium or high level of CF (MF and HF) by partial (50% to 75%) replacement of SBM with SFM. Accordingly, the grower diets contained 29, 40 and 51 g CF/kg, which corresponded to 31, 45 and 59 g CF/kg in developer diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 8 times (25 pullets per replicate). 3. Body weight did not differ significantly among treatments at d 29, 84 and 112 d but increased (P < 0.05) with SFM supplementation at d 54. From 29 to 112 d of age, daily feed and energy intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratios were comparable amongst the groups. 4. Digestive organ size was not affected by the dietary treatments, but gizzard weight increased in pullets fed MF and HF diets (P < 0.01). Digesta pH in the gizzard, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were reduced linearly (P < 0.01) with SFM supplementation, while a quadratic response was observed for proventriculus pH (P < 0.05). 5. Small intestine morphology traits improved with a moderate level of CF intake, whereas no benefit was observed with a high level of CF consumption. 6. The results showed that use of SFM up to 140 g/kg can be recommended for pullets fed diets based on corn and soybean meal. However, smaller intestinal absorptive capacity with higher SFM supplementation may occur.

The aim of this study was to assess the early therapy response in patients with unresectable CCA who received Y-90 microsphere therapy for CCA and define the factors related to therapy response. Data of 19 patients [extrahepatic (n: 6) and intrahepatic (n: 13)] who received 24 sessions of Y-90 microsphere therapy [glass (n: 13) and resin (n: 11)] were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor load, tumor size, therapy response evaluation by RECIST1.1 criteria (n: 13), tumor lesion glycolysis (TLG), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and metabolic therapy responses were evaluated (n: 8) using PERCIST1.0 criteria. No significant relation was found between therapy response and tumor localization, treated liver lobe, type of Y90 microspheres, the presence of previous therapies, perfusion pattern on hepatic artery perfusion scintigraphy, or patient demographics. The mean overall survival (OS) was 11.9 ± 2.3 months and was similar after both resin and glass Y90 microspheres; however, it was longer RECIST responders (p: 0.005). MTV and TLG values significantly decreased after therapy, and ΔMTV (− 45.4% ± 12.1) was found to be positively correlated with OS. No statistical difference was found between iCCA and eCCA, in terms of OS and response to therapy. Although not quantitatively displayed, better-perfused areas on HAPS images had a better metabolic response and less perfused areas were prone to local recurrences. Both resin and glass microsphere therapy can be applied safely to iCCA and eCCA patients. Early therapy response can be evaluated with both RECIST and PERCIST criteria. Both anatomical and metabolic therapy response evaluations give complementary information.

A total of 640 Lohmann LSL hens were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments arranged in 2 × 2 factorial with 2 feed particle sizes (fine and coarse) and 2 feed forms (mash and crumble). The 2 particle sizes were achieved by grinding whole corn and wheat in the hammer mill to pass through 4- and 8-mm sieves. The laying hen diet was isonutritive, and each diet was fed to 8 enriched cages of 20 hens from 21 to 52 wk of age. Screen size and feed form did not affect feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and quality traits of the eggs, except for yolk color score, which decreased with crumbling of the feed. Feed conversion ratio was greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed the coarsely ground diet than in hens fed the finely ground diet. Crumbling the feed increased (P < 0.01) feed intake and feed conversion ratio compared to those after mashing. The relative weight of the liver and length of the small intestines were greater (P < 0.05) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash. Finely grinding cereals decreased (P < 0.01) the pancreas and gizzard weight compared to those after coarse grinding. The pH of digestive organs showed significant responses to feed form. Crumbling resulted in increased (P < 0.01) pancreatic activities of amylase, while lipase secretion was not affected by the manipulations in screen size and feed form. Ileal villus measurements (villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, villus surface area) were greater (P < 0.01) in hens fed crumble than in hens fed mash, whereas particle size had no effect. Total tract digestibility coefficients of crude ash and ether extracts were improved narrowing screen size from 8 to 4 mm. Data illustrated that grinding cereals to pass through a 4-mm screen could improve the efficiency of feed conversion. However, feeding crumbles provided no benefit to productive performance and egg quality, although the absorptive capacity of laying hens increased.

The influence of the grinding and physical form of diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development and nutrient digestibility was studied in layer pullets from hatch to 112 d of age. Diet formed a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 hammer mill screen sizes to grind cereals (4 and 8 mm) and 2 forms (mash and crumble). A total of 864 1-day-old layer chickens were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates (27 birds per replicate). Cumulatively, pullets fed crumbles consumed less feed (P < 0.05) and had better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.01) than those fed mash. Coarse grinding cereals (CG) improved FCR (P < 0.05) without significant change in cumulative feed consumption compared to that of fine grinding (FG). With regard to body weight gain (BWG), pullets benefited from crumbles from 1 to 56 d of age (P < 0.01). There were interactions (P < 0.05) between screen size and feed form in relation to FCR (1 to 28 d) and overall BWG. At 112 d of age, the relative weight (RW, g/100 g body weight) of the crop, gizzard, pancreas, and liver of crumble-fed birds were lower (P < 0.05) than those for birds fed mash. Pullets fed coarsely ground feed had higher RW of the crop, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, and caecum compared to those fed finely ground feed. Compared to mash feeding, pullets fed crumbles increased (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of ether extract and crude protein and the activities of pancreatic amylase and lipase. Digestibility of ether extract (P < 0.05) and pancreatic amylase activity (P < 0.01) were higher in birds fed a CG diet than in birds fed the FG regimen. Regarding the nutrition of egg-laying pullets, crumbles might be preferred to mash feed when the main objective is to improve FCR. Data also suggested that cereals used for pullet feed can be ground more coarsely than is in current practice.

球虫病是一个世界性的难题,而且由于其较高的死亡率,轻微的亚临床症状以及较差的增长率和饲料利用率,对肉鸡生产者造成严重的经济损失.广泛使用的抗球虫饲料添加剂可有效的控制球虫的感染,尤其适用于大型养殖生产系统.虽然抗球虫药具有一定的功效,但是长期使用这类药物已导致在美国和南美,亚洲和欧洲出现对所有抗球虫药均产生耐药性的菌株.

Bu çalışmada, 3 aylık erkek kıl keçisi oğlakta sekonder enfeksiyonlarla birlikte seyreden coccidiosis olgusu sunuldu. Olgu materyalini, Nisan 2016 tarihinde Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi teşhis ve analiz laboratuarına ölüm sonrası tanı amaçlı getirilen bir oğlak oluşturdu. Anamnezde ölüm öncesi iştahsızlık ve zayıflık görüldüğü bildirildi. Sistemik nekropsisi yapılan oğlakta şiddetli koksidiyal enteritis, kataral bronkopnomoni ve karaciğerde sentral nekroz ile tüm bağırsak bölümlerinin mukozalarında 2-5 mm çaplarında, yüzeyden taşkın, boz-beyaz veya parlak kırmızı renkte, sert kıvamlı çok sayıda nodüller görüldü. Bağırsakların histopatolojik incelemesinde Eimeria etkenlerine ait gelişim dönemleri saptandı. Bağırsaklardan alınan dışkı numunelerinin flotasyonla muayenesinde Eimeria spp. ookistlerine rastlandı. Tür tespiti amacıyla dışkı numunelerine %2,5 potasyum dikromat ilave edilip petri kutusu içerisinde bekletilerek oda ısısında sporlanma sağlandı. Sporlanan ookistlerin mikroskobik incelemesi sonucunda, oğlağın E.christenseni (Eimeria ahsata), E.arloingi (E.ovina), E.ninakohlyakimovae (E.ovinoidalis) ve E.caprina türleriyle enfekte olduğu saptandı. Sonuç olarak, coccidiosisin oğlaklarda diğer hastalıklarla birlikte seyretmesi durumunda hastalık tablosunu ağırlaştırarak ani ölüme yol açabileceği kanaatına varıldı.Sonuç olarak, coccidiosisin oğlaklarda diğer hastalıklarla birlikte seyretmesi durumunda hastalık tablosunu ağırlaştırarak ani ölüme yol açabileceği kanaatına varıldı.

Three-phase bone scintigraphy is sometimes of great value in the detection of uncharacteristic metastases and assists the management of patients in terms of primary focus detection. While evaluating the skeletal system with whole-body bone scintigraphy, other system pathologies may also be detected incidentally. In this case, we present the extraordinary findings on the 3-phase MDP bone scintigraphy and F-FDG PET/CT imaging of the complicated bone metastases in a patient with thyroid carcinoma.

Bu arastirmada, Renal Iskemi/Reperfuzyon Hasari Modelinde Curcuminu0027in etkilerini biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik olarak arastirmak amaclanmistir. Calismada ratlar kontrol (C), sham, iskemi repurfuzyon (I/R) ve curcumin (CUR)  grubu olmak uzere (n=6) toplam 24 disi Wistar Rat kullanilmistir. Genel anestezi altinda Grup I/R ve CUR da laparatomi uygulanarak sol bobrek pedikulu diseke edilmis ve bobrek arteri klempe edilerek 1 saat iskemi ve 6 saat reperfuzyon gerceklestirilmistir. Grup CUR da 500 mg/kg Curcumin iskemi sonrasi intraperitonal olarak verilmistir. Serum MPO, IMA, MDA, NO, SOD, GPx, AOS , ure ve kreatinin olcumleri gerceklestirilmistir. Doku orneklerinde MPO, MDA, NO, SOD, GPx, AOS olculmustur. Histopatolojik inceleme ile bobrek dokusunda I/R hasari skorlanmistir. Serum ve doku AOS Grup I/R Grup CUR ile karsilastirildiginda istatistiksel onemi olacak sekilde Grup CURu0027de yuksel bulunmustur (pu003c0.05). Doku NO duzeyi I/R grubu ile karsilastirildiginda Grup CUR’da istatistiksel onemi olacak sekilde dusuk bulunmustur (15,30±5,41, 4,8±1,37) (pu003c0.05). Histopatolojik skorlamada Grup CUR, Grup I/R ile karsilastirildiginda istatistiksel olarak anlamli olacak sekilde dusuk bulunmustur (pu003c0.05). Sonuc olarak; bu arastirmada Curcumin’in Renal I/R hasari modelinde serum ve doku orneklerinde oksidatif stresi azaltarak I/R hasarini onlemede olumlu etkisi oldugu ve histopatolojik inceleme ile de Curcuminu0027in bu olumlu etkisi desteklenmistir.

1. The aim of this study was to identify a feeding regimen that encourages good pasture use in slow (SG) and fast (FG) growing broiler genotypes under free-range management. 2. SG and FG birds fed on either an ad libitum (ADB) or a meal feeding (MEF) programme were given free outdoor access with or without fresh alfalfa from day 22 to 72 and from day 22 to 45, respectively. In two consecutive trials, 800 birds of each genotype were included in a factorial design using groups of 40 birds replicated 5 times. 3. Fresh alfalfa consumption did not improve growth performance and meat quality attributes, whereas the feeding regimen had significant implications. When compared with their ad libitum-fed counterparts, meal-fed birds showed a significantly lower body weight at a considerably lower feed consumption rate, leading to a more favourable feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the course of the experiment. 4. The MEF regimen with a strong feed limitation significantly increased crop and gizzard weight in both genotypes. In FG birds, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and pH 45 in the breast and thigh meat were adversely affected by MEF; however, feed restriction demonstrated benefits with significant decreases in muscle fat accumulation. In SG birds, decreases in protein and dry matter content of the breast and thigh muscle with meal feeding were conclusive. 5. In both genotypes, there was no treatment-related effect on meat yield, mineral composition of the meat or bone mechanical properties. 6. In conclusion, MEF, irrespective of alfalfa intake, may provide a viable method to decrease FCR; it may be able to contribute to the production of chickens with lean carcasses but it was not capable of improving overall meat quality.

1. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of improving vitamin D status in broiler diets by supplementary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD(3)), alone or in combination with calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP), on live performance, sternum mineralisation and breast meat quality in broilers. 2. A total of 936 1-d-old Ross 308 broilers were used in the study. After gender determination at the hatchery, chicks from each sex were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments. The following dietary treatments were used in the experiment from hatch to 38 d: (1) A control diet formulated to meet all of the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks according to the management guide; (2) The control diet supplemented with 18.7-15.0 mu g/kg of 25OHD(3); and (3) The control diet supplemented with 18.7-15.0 mu g/kg of 25OHD(3) plus Ca + aP. 3. Improvement in vitamin D status by 25OHD(3) supplementation, alone or in combination with Ca and aP, had no effect on body weight and feed conversion ratio of broilers. 4. The serum 25OHD(3) concentration significantly increased with 25OHD(3) and 25OHD(3) plus Ca + aP supplementation (P < 0.05), whereas the ionised Ca and Mg concentrations remained unchanged. 5. Sternum absolute weight, ash content and the concentrations of Ca and P significantly increased (P < 0.01) with supplementation of 25OHD(3), alone or in combination with Ca + aP. 6. Supplemental 25OHD(3), alone or in combination with Ca + aP, slightly increased pH(24) (P = 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.01) squeezable water loss in breast meat, whereas it had no significant effect on lightness, yellowness and sarcoplasmic protein solubility. 7. In conclusion, the results suggested that enhancing vitamin D status by 25OHD(3) supplementation alone or in combination with Ca + aP may improve sternum structure and mineral accretion. Furthermore, supplemental 25OHD(3), even in a nutritionally complete diet, may offer an effective way to improve protein solubility in female broilers.

Although there is substantial amount of information on the mineral composition of the chicken egg, there is currently little literature which investigates the mineral profile of eggs laid by hens reared in alternative systems. It has been hypothesized, but not proven, that outdoor access may impart benefits in additive mineral intake, thus potentially enhancing the mineral profile of eggs produced under an organic system. There are a few studies indicating that the mineral content of eggs is affected by an organic production system. Contrary to the hypothesis, the edible portion of organic eggs as compared to conventional eggs contained lower levels of phosphorus and zinc. Yolk selenium, however, was higher in organic eggs as compared to conventional eggs. Furthermore, egg safety due to contamination with heavy metals through soil contact was compromised in a few organic production systems. This chapter discusses the implications of organic housing systems on the mineral content of eggs.