Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is an important marker for determining renal function in both humans and animal models. It has been shown that cardiovascular risk factors additional to renal dysfunction may affect SDMA plasma levels. Hair goats are the most bred breed in goat breeding in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the age-related changes in blood serum SDMA, Urea and Creatinine levels in Hair goats. 40 female Hair goats, housed under the same care and feeding conditions, were used in the study. The study groups were grouped as 0-12 months (Group 1), 1-2 years (Group 2), 2-3 years (Group 3), and 3-4 years (Group 4), with 10 goats in each group. Symmetric Dimethyl Arginine levels in blood serum samples was measured with the commercial ELISA Kit. Serum urea and creatinine levels were measured with an autoanalyzer. SDMA levels in the blood serum of female goats in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 2,43±0,24, 3.21±0.44, 3.74±0.32 and 4.46±0.59 (p =0.013); Urea levels (mg/dL) were 20±1.87, 24.5±1.43, 24.4±1.82 and 19.1±1.75 (p=0.058); Creatinine levels (mg/dL) were 0.35±0.027, 0.32±0.020, 0.34±0.022, 0.36±0.022 (p=0.648) respectively. While the SDMA levels (ng/mL) obtained in groups 3 and 4 were found to be statistically significantly higher than the values obtained in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05), no significant difference was found between urea and creatinine values. The findings contribute to the literature knowledge on both the evaluation of SDMA levels and its comparation together with urea and creatinine levels in female goats of different ages.
This research was planned to determine the silage making ability and to investigate the effect of adding Corn Silage (CS) and Fresh Sugar Beet Pulp (FSBP) to rice straw on digestibility. Six main groups were created within the scope of this research. CS was used in 3 groups and FSBP was used in 3 groups. No additives were added to the control group. NaOH was added to a group containing CS and FSBP, and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) was added to a group. The samples were left to ferment for 60 days. After fermentation, the groups were analyzed. The samples were then incubated in the Daisyıı incubator for 72 hours. After in vitro digestion, the same analyses were repeated on the samples to determine the in vitro digestion levels. It was observed that the addition of NaOH to the silage samples increased the Dry Matter (DM) digestibility. Crude protein (CP) digestibility was found to be higher in the groups containing FSBP, than in the groups containing CS. In vitro digestion experiments showed decreases in Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) levels. It was observed that the highest NDF digestion occurred in the groups containing NaOH. In the study, it was observed that NDF and ADF digestion was higher in the FSBP groups. It was observed that rice straw had higher digestibility in the FSBP groups.
Traumatic pericarditis most commonly develops during the course of traumatic reticuloperitonitis and is associated with an increased oxidative burden; however, the diagnostic contribution of oxidative biomarkers remains unclear. In this study, the oxidative stress profile and dynamic thiol–disulfide homeostasis were evaluated in cattle with traumatic pericarditis. Comparisons between the pericarditis and control groups were performed within the same sex, and sex-related differences were additionally investigated within the pericarditis subgroup. A total of 100 cattle were included in the pericarditis and control group comparisons. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total and native thiol (TT, NT), and disulfide (Ds) levels were measured spectrophotometrically, and Ds/TT, Ds/NT, and NT/TT ratios were calculated. Within the same sex, MDA levels were higher in the pericarditis group than in controls in both females (P<0.01) and males (P<0.05). GSH levels were lower in males with pericarditis (P<0.001), whereas no significant difference was detected in females (P>0.05). TT and NT decreased in the pericarditis group in both sexes (females: TT P<0.01, NT P<0.05; males: both P<0.0001). No significant change in Ds was observed in within-sex comparisons between pericarditis and control groups; however, in the sex comparison within the pericarditis subgroup, Ds levels were higher in females (P<0.01). In the traumatic pericarditis group, ratio biomarkers differed significantly between sexes: Ds/TT and Ds/NT were higher in females than in males, whereas the NT/TT ratio was higher in males (P<0.01). These findings suggest that pericarditis is accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation and a reduction in the antioxidant/thiol pool, and that impairment in thiol–disulfide balance exhibits a sex-specific pattern. The evaluated panels may provide complementary value to clinical assessment; however, prospective, multicenter validation and determination of threshold values are required for clinical implementation.
This research was conducted to determine the fertility characteristics of Saanen goats raised in Bursa Province, Turkey, and their relationships with environmental factors. Insemination, pregnancy, and birth data of goats were recorded for a five-year period (2018-2022). Breeding records included the mating date and identification number of each mated goat. During the study period, pregnancies were monitored by ultrasonography. Birth weight was 3259.34±64.53 g in single-born kids and 3011.97±25.75 g in multiple-born kids. In addition, the birth weights recorded across the study years were 3176.17±60.04 g in Year I, 2813.85±44.39 g in Year II, and 3353.40±50.02 g in Year III. In Years IV and V, the values were 3050.00±53.98 g and 2971.34±51.52 g, respectively. The mean birth weight was 3130.12±36.18 g for male kids, 2988.51±32.95 g for female kids, and 3063.01±24.82 g for Saanen kids overall. The single birth rate, multiple birth rate, survival rate, mortality rate, and litter size were 39%, 61%, 72%, 28%, and 1.7, respectively. In terms of fertility and birth weight characteristics of Saanen goats, compared with the breed's fertility characteristics in breeding regions and other countries, it can be stated that the breed shows similar performance in Bursa province.
Glucocorticoids, frequently preferred for treatment due to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects, are known to have significant side effects on many systems, such as the musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system, depending on their use. This study investigated the effects of dexamethasone administration in rats and the effects of alendronate and vitamin D, administered alone or in combination to reduce its potential effects, on various biochemical parameters. A total of 40 rats were divided into 5 groups and administered 7.5 mg/kg dexamethasone subcutaneously once a week for 6 weeks, in all groups except for the control group. No treatment was administered to the control group, and no treatment was administered to the group receiving dexamethasone. The remaining three groups received treatment with alendronate (0.9 mg/kg 5 days per week), vitamin D (10.000 IU/500 µL), and alendronate/vitamin D combination administered at the same doses via gavage, respectively. With dexamethasone administration, serum LDH activity, triglyceride, magnesium, and iron levels significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group, while chloride levels lowered (p<0.05). The increase in LDH activity and iron levels (p<0.05) also continued with alendronate administration. Triglyceride levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in all treatment groups. The decrease in albumin levels observed in all groups compared to the control group was significant with alendronate and combined use, while the increase in urea levels was significant only in the vitamin D group. The significant decrease in chloride levels observed in the dexamethasone group was observed to continue in the alendronate group, while the high magnesium levels continued in the alendronate and vitamin D groups. In conclusion, it is thought that further studies are needed in which alendronate and vitamin D are administered at different doses and durations to eliminate the effects of dexamethasone on various biochemical parameters.
Flumethrin is an ectoparasiticide drug belonging to the α-cyano pyrethroid group, which is a long-acting drug due to its lipophilic structure. Although its absorption after oral administration is slow, its ability to remain in systemic circulation for a long time causes clinical signs to appear later and persist longer. This case report discusses the acute toxicity observed in a cat that ingested a topical preparation intended for dogs and containing flumethrin. The cat exhibited neurological symptoms such as hypersalivation, tremors, and lethargy. Later laboratory findings revealed elevated hepatic enzyme levels. Clinical improvement was observed on day 14 following symptomatic treatment. Haematological and biochemical parameters returned to normal by day 30. This case demonstrates that exposure to pyrethroids may cause serious toxic effects, particularly in cats.
This study aimed to establish reference values for thoracic radiographic cardiac measurements in clinically healthy calves aged 0-3 months and to evaluate their associations with age, sex, and breed. The assessed parameters included Vertebral Heart Score (VHS), Vertebral Left Atrial Size (VLAS), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR; recorded as CTO in the dataset), long axis (LA), short axis (SA), and caudal vena cava (CVC) diameter. A total of 100 clinically healthy calves (68 Simmental, 17 Brown Swiss/Montofon, 12 crossbred and 3 Holstein; 65 males and 35 females; 1-93 days old) presented to the Animal Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, were included. Sedation was not used. Right lateral and dorsoventral thoracic radiographs were obtained, and measurements were performed using a DICOM/PACS system by two independent observers in a blinded manner, with three repeated measurements. VHS and VLAS were calculated in vertebral units. CTR (CTO) was defined as the ratio of maximal cardiac width to maximal internal thoracic width, while LA, SA, and CVC were recorded as linear measurements. Statistical analyses were conducted using MedCalc. Sex comparisons were performed with the Mann–Whitney U test, breed comparisons (excluding Holstein) with the Kruskal-Wallis test, and age effects with multivariable regression analysis. Absolute measurements (LA, SA, and CVC) increased significantly with age (p<0.01), whereas VHS and CTR (CTO) remained stable (p>0.05). Male calves showed higher LA, SA, and VLAS values than females (p<0.05). No significant breed-related differences were detected. In conclusion, growth significantly affects absolute cardiac dimensions in young calves, while VHS and CTR/CTO remain stable, supporting their reliability as size-normalized radiographic indices during early life.
This study evaluated the survival of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeasts– molds in chicken wings marinated with a homemade sauce enriched with bioprotective lactic acid bacteria (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Latilactobacillus sakei, and Latilactobacillus curvatus) during storage at 4 ºC and 8 ºC. Inoculated chicken wings were divided into three groups: unmarinated control, marinated control (M), and marinated with a LAB mixture (M-LAB). Initial pH values were 6.13 for the control, 4.89 for M, and 4.97 for M-LAB. At 4 ºC, Salmonella counts in M and MLAB were reduced by 0.8 and 1.6 log10 cfu/mL compared with the control, while L. monocytogenes counts were 2.1 and 1.3 log10 cfu/mL lower on day 14 (p<0.05). At 8 ºC, reductions in Salmonella and L. monocytogenes in marinated groups reached 1.3 and 1.8 log10 cfu/mL, respectively, compared to the control (p<0.05). Pseudomonas spp. exceeded the spoilage threshold of 7 log10 cfu/mL on day 8 in the control, day 12 in M, and day 14 in M-LAB at 4 ºC. Enterobacteriaceae counts on day 14 at 4 ºC were 8.5, 6.3, and 6.2 log10 cfu/mL in the control, M, and M-LAB groups, respectively (p<0.05). Yeast–mold counts at 4 ºC on day 14 were higher in M but lower in M-LAB than in the control (p<0.05). Overall, marination with LAB effectively inhibited pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, slowed quality deterioration, improved microbial safety and shelf life of marinated chicken wings.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of major respiratory viral pathogens, including bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine parainfluenza virus type-3, in cattle with respiratory problems slaughtered in abattoirs located in Burdur and Afyonkarahisar provinces. A total of 55 cattle exhibiting respiratory symptoms and brought to the slaughterhouse were sampled postmortem for lung tissue collection. The collected samples were analyzed for the detection of viral pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory infections using an antigen-ELISA kit. According to the findings, antigen positivity was detected in 2 (3.63%) samples for BoHV-1, 3 (5.44%) samples for BVDV, 2 (3.63%) samples for BRSV, and 1 (1.81%) sample for BPIV-3. In conclusion, viruses were determined to play a significant role among the causative pathogens of respiratory infections in cattle. Therefore, conventional vaccination programs should be implemented to prevent infections caused by these viral agents.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodic intratesticular PRP administration on testicular development in male lambs by examining the changes in testosterone levels, testicular morphometry, and supratesticular artery hemodynamic. The control group lambs (n=16) received an intratesticular injection of saline solution, while the experimental group lambs (n=16) were administered autologous PRP. Injections were administered monthly for a period of 10 months. Following the initial PRP injection in June, testosterone levels, testicular morphometric measurements, and spermatic cord Doppler ultrasonography measurements were assessed on a monthly basis for a period of 10 months (July to April). Platelet counts in whole blood and PRP, and growth factor levels in PRP were also analysed. Testicular blood flow in October, scrotal thickness in December, and testicular length in April were significantly higher in the PRP group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the resistance index value among Doppler ultrasonography parameters was observed to be lower in the PRP group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Significant inter-month differences were observed in platelet counts in whole blood (p<0.001) and PRP (p<0.001), as well as in FGF1 levels in PRP (p<0.05). It is hypothesized that the administration of PRP to lambs at an early age may exert a slight beneficial influence on testicular development, attributable to the presence of certain growth factors within the PRP.
Abdominal radiography is widely used for evaluating gastrointestinal disease in dogs, and intestinal diameter measurements play a key role in differentiating ileus, obstruction, and colonic distension. This study aimed to determine whether small and large intestinal diameter measurements differ between right lateral (RL) and ventrodorsal (VD) abdominal radiographs in dogs. Thirty-four client-owned dogs presenting with gastrointestinal signs underwent orthogonal abdominal radiography. Minimum, mean, and maximum diameters of the small and large intestines were measured on both projections. Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Bland–Altman analysis and Passing–Bablok regression were used to evaluate differences and agreement between projections. No significant differences were identified between RL and VD projections for small intestinal diameters (p > .05), and agreement analyses demonstrated minimal bias with narrow limits of agreement, indicating projection independence. In contrast, large intestinal diameters were significantly greater on VD projections (p < .05) and showed consistent negative bias on RL views, reflecting predictable projection-dependent variation. Despite this positional effect, linear relationships between projections remained preserved. These findings indicate that small intestinal diameter measurements are interchangeable between projections, whereas large intestinal measurements are influenced by patient positioning. Awareness of projection-related variability may improve interpretation and standardization of abdominal radiographic assessment in dogs with gastrointestinal disease
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an important viral pathogen commonly associated with the etiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC). This study aimed to investigate the role and prevalence of IDV in the etiology of respiratory system infections in cattle bred by farmers in the region. Therefore, molecular detection of the agent was carried out using the conventional RT-PCR method with oligonucleotide primers specific to the Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion (HEF) gene region in nasal swab samples obtained from 200 cattle of different breeds, ages, and sexes with clinical symptoms of respiratory system infection in the research area. As a result, a prevalence rate of 1.5% (3/200; %95 CI: 0.3-4.3) was reported. Furthermore, it was determined that affected herds contained imported animals and that newly introduced animals had not undergone an appropriate quarantine procedure. The research results are consistent with prevalence and experimental clinical studies conducted worldwide. Considering the limited molecular studies investigating IDV circulation in cattle in Türkiye, this study provides additional epidemiological data from the province of Burdur.
This study examines the prebiotic benefits of lauric acid in the diets of newborn calves. Thirty female Holstein calves were divided into three groups: The Control (C) group received bulk tank milk; the Positive Control (PC) group was given soybean oil mixed with milk; and the Trial (T) group was given milk supplemented with lauric acid. The groups were fed the same basal calf starter feed. The trial concluded on the 60th day of the weaning period. The study monitored calf performance and blood metabolic markers on days 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 after birth. Lauric acid supplementation did not significantly influence calves' initial feed intake, body weight gain, or blood parameters. Although the incidence of diseases in the lauric acid group was not statistically significant, it was numerically lower than in the other groups and was comparable to them (number of cases; 3, 6, 6; T, PC, C, respectively). Furthermore, a comparison was made between all animals affected by the disorders and those who had never encountered any health issues in relation to the performance and blood parameters. The blood glucose level of the calf recovered from illness (CRI) was markedly lower (p<0.001), whereas Triglyceride (p<0.001), Total cholesterol (p<0.1), Haptoglobin (p<0.001), and Serum amyloid A (p<0.001) levels were considerably elevated. The feed intake and live weight gains of sick calves were markedly lower than those of healthy calves (p<0.001). As a result, supplementing calves’ milk with lauric acid reduced disease incidence but had no significant effect on performance or metabolism.
Enterolithiasis is a rare gastrointestinal disorder characterized by mechanical obstruction caused by enteroliths formed within the intestinal lumen. Dietary composition, environmental factors, and breed predisposition have been reported to contribute to enterolith formation, with these structures typically developing through mineral accumulation around foreign materials. Although enterolithiasis is relatively common in horses, it has been rarely reported in cats and dogs. Surgical intervention is considered the most effective treatment option in clinically symptomatic cases. In this case report, two cats presented to our faculty clinic with complaints of lethargy and weight loss were evaluated. Hematological examinations revealed anemia in both cases. Abdominal radiographs demonstrated multiple similarly sized radiopaque structures within the small intestinal lumen. Surgical exploration revealed jejunoileal dilatation and ileocecal stenosis. In one case, removal of the enteroliths alone was sufficient, whereas the other case required enterotomy followed by segmental intestinal resection and anastomosis. These cases indicate that enterolithiasis should be considered among the differential diagnoses in patients presenting with chronic gastrointestinal signs and multiple radiopaque intestinal structures. The aim of this case report was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of enterolithiasis in two cats and to contribute to the limited literature regarding this rare condition in small animal practice.
Sunulan çalışmada, inek ve mandalarda domates serası budama artıklarının in vitro rumen yıkımlanabilirlik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Sera üretiminin artmasından kaynaklı oluşan büyük miktarlardaki domates budama atıklarının hayvan beslemede alternatif kaba yem olarak kullanılması değerlendirilmiştir. Bu sayede hem çevresel sürdürülebilirlik hem de ekonomik kayıpların önlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Domates serası budama atıklarının kimyasal analizleri sonucunda kuru madde (KM; %91,68), ham protein (HP; %15,60), ham kül (HK; %17,80), ham yağ (HY; %3,77) ve nötral deterjan fiber (NDF; %48,22) değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Materyalin ruminal sindirilebilirlik özellikleri manda ve inek rumen içerikleri kullanılarak Ankom DaisyII in vitro inkübasyon sisteminde belirlenmiş ve elde edilen parametrelerin karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Bu sonuçlara göre materyalin uygun lif içeriğine ve yüksek kuru madde içeriğine sahip olduğu, ham protein ve ham yağ oranlarının ise kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İn vitro sindirilebilirlik testleri, mandaların ineklere kıyasla ham yağı ve ham proteini daha iyi sindirdiğini gösterdi (%31,58; %25,25; p<0,01, %23,41; %14,33; p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, domates serası budama atıklarının ruminant beslenmesinde kaba yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği, bu atıkların yem programlarına dahil edilmesinin özellikle mandalarda, yem maliyetlerini azaltabileceği aynı zamanda tarımsal atıkların değerlendirilmesine de yardımcı olabileceği kanısına varılmıştır.
The presented study aimed to investigate the presence of AMH in bitch urine and to determine whether there is a correlation between blood serum and urine AMH levels. Forty-two healthy mixed breed bitches brought to XXX University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with a request for ovariohysterectomy were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from the Vena cephalica antebrachii, and urine samples were collected using a urinary catheter of all bitches. After the blood and urine samples were centrifuged, AMH levels were determined using the ELISA method. The average AMH concentration was determined to be 4.56±0.53 ng.ml-1 in urine and 7.75±1.19 ng.ml-1 in blood serum. No significant correlation was found between blood and urine AMH levels. As a result, this study measured urine AMH levels in bitches for the first time and presented it quantitatively. It was concluded that urine AMH levels were not related to blood serum AMH levels and that estimating ovarian reserve in bitches based on urine AMH levels could be misleading.
The objective of this study was to ascertain the hematological indices in canines that have been infected with the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in an acute phase. The study included ten dogs with acute CDV infection (n=10) and ten healthy dogs (n=10). The results of the study demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in dogs acutely infected with CDV compared to the control group. These findings suggest that distinct hematological responses may occur during the acute phase of CDV infection, and that NLR and MLR levels may serve as reliable inflammatory markers for monitoring this period.
The categorization of diseases identified in Turkish race and breeding horses, as well as the bacterial agents derived from these equines, have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to examine the bacterial agents in samples taken from sick horses brought to the covering stations and animal hospitals operating under the Jockey Club of Türkiye (TJK) between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, and the retrospective distribution of diseases in the horses from which these samples were taken. It was determined that the most frequently sent sample to the TJK Istanbul Equine Hospital Laboratory was tracheal lavage fluid (47.3%) and that the samples were mostly sent in the spring (33.8%) and autumn (30.8%) seasons. It was determined that the most common respiratory system infections (49.37%), followed by genital system infections (29.11%) and gastrointestinal system infections (18.57%) were seen in the horses from which the samples were taken. In all samples sent, the most isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli (15.6%). In respiratory system infections, the most identified pathogens were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (14.53%), followed by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (11.11%) and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (10.26%). In horses diagnosed with gastrointestinal system diseases, the most isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (37.21%), followed by Corynebacterium jeikeium (18.60%). As a result, it is expected that the findings obtained from this study will contribute to taking specific measures against diseases or bacterial agents with high prevalence in enterprises operating within the TJK and minimizing losses due to horse diseases.
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autogenous material produced from the patient's own platelets, used to improve wound healing and tissue regeneration. In this case report, the effect of PRF on wound healing is investigated in a dog with tissue damage associated with infection by different pathogens (Anaplasma, Canine Coronavirus, Pneumonia and Citruvite crystals). PRF was locally applied to the wound area for 21 days, and it was observed that the wound area and the underlying bone tissue healed without any necrotic tissue. It has been concluded that PRF accelerates wound healing and tissue regeneration in material loss tissue injuries accompanied by a multifactorial disease in this case.
The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the effects of colloidal silver and hypochlorous acid solutions on wound healing. To evaluate the wound healing activity of colloidal silver solution and hypochlorous acid solutions, an in vivo excisional wound model was applied in New Zealand rabbits (n = 21). The rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups with seven individuals in each group. Group 1 was used as a negative control and no treatment was applied. Groups 2 and 3 were treated with crystalline (hypochlorous acid) and colloidal silver, respectively. The treatments were applied topically (in the form of spray) to the wound area of each rabbit daily. Wound diameters were measured on days 4, 8 and 12 using calipers and histopathological examinations were performed on days 4, 8 and 12 of the treatment. In terms of wound closure, both hypochlorous acid and colloidal silver solutions showed comparable wound healing activity with the control group. In conclusion, hypochlorous acid and colloidal silver have a positive effect on dermal wound healing in rabbits.
