BACKGROUND:The implementation of concurrent vaccination strategies presents a promising approach to simplify complex immunization schedules while maintaining vaccine safety and efficacy. This study evaluates both the safety profile and economic impact of co-administering 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and rotavirus vaccines in Shanghai, China. METHODS:The study focuses on infants under 2 years old. The safety of concurrent PCV13 and rotavirus vaccination was assessed across urban and suburban clinics, with adverse events monitored on the day of vaccination and via 7-day follow-up. The economic evaluation, conducted from a societal perspective, accounted for direct medical, non-medical, and indirect costs. Costs were calculated per dose and per fully immunized child. Economic analyses utilized cost-minimization analysis (CMA) and budgetary impact analysis (BIA), with sensitivity analyses to ensure robustness. FINDINGS:The incidence of systemic adverse effects was 4.82 % for PCV13 alone, 4.35 % for rotavirus vaccine alone, and 4.11 % for simultaneous vaccination, with no statistically significant differences between the three patterns of vaccination. Partial-dose concurrent vaccination is cost-effective, with total costs reduced by 2.29 %, 2.20 %, and 1.07 % for co-administering 1, 2, and 3 doses, respectively, compared to the current separate administration schedule. Cost savings are predominantly achieved in direct non-medical costs and indirect costs, with potential savings exceeding 40 %. INTERPRETATION:Compared to separate administration of RV and PCV13, concurrent administration optimizes resource utilization in immunization programs, reduces costs to families by reducing clinic visits, and has a favorable safety profile. This strategy is especially valuable for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of immunization programs in densely populated urban settings.

Objectives Stroke is a major global health issue with rising incidence in China. Current estimates often focus on specific deaths, underestimating their impact. This study aimed to quantify and predict the all-cause and cause-specific burden of stroke using real-world data.Design Population-based study.Participants and setting Residents in Shanghai Pudong, which covers an area of 1210.41 km² (467.34 mi²) and has a population of 3.17 million, spanning from 2005 to 2021.Outcomes Stroke-related deaths in Pudong (2005–2021) were analysed by gender, age and subtype. Metrics included crude mortality rates (CMR), age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRW) and years of life lost (YLL). The Joinpoint Regression Programme determined average annual per cent change (AAPC), while the decomposition method assessed ageing’s impact. The AutoRegressive Integrated Moving-Average (ARIMA) model projected trends from 2022 to 2035.Results Among the 92 779 stroke-related deaths, the top three causes were stroke, heart disease and diabetes mellitus. From 2005 to 2021, the CMR for stroke-related deaths (AAPC=1.65%), stroke-specific deaths (AAPC=0.60%) and YLL rates (AAPC=0.36%) increased significantly (all p<0.05), and the ASMRW of both stroke-related and stroke-specific deaths showed significant decreases among males, females and the total population (all p<0.05). The proportion of stroke-related or specific deaths in individuals aged 60–69 and ≥80 years also increased significantly (all p<0.001). Ageing contributed to a 36.95% and 35.54% increase in CMR for stroke-related and stroke-specific deaths, respectively (all p<0.001). Projections indicate that from 2022 to 2035, the CMR for stroke-specific deaths will rise at an AAPC of 0.24%, reaching 141.96 per 100 000 by 2035 (p=0.008), while the CMR for stroke-related deaths will increase at an AAPC of 0.69%, reaching 235.44 per 100 000 by 2035 (p<0.001).Conclusion Stroke’s real-world burden is substantial, with ageing exacerbating mortality. Urgent action is needed to manage risk factors and prevent stroke.

Providers have intended and unintended responses to payment reforms, such as China's new case-based payment system, i.e. Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) under global budget, that classified patients based on the combination of principal diagnosis and procedures. Our study explores the impact of DIP payment reform on hospital selection of patients undergoing total hip/knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) or with arteriosclerotic heart disease (AHD) from July 2017 to June 2021 in a large city. We used a difference-in-differences approach to compare the changes in patient age, severity reflected by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and a measure of treatment intensity [relative weight (RW)] in hospitals that were and were not subject to DIP incentives before and after the DIP payment reform in July 2019. Compared with non-DIP pilot hospitals, trends in patient age after the DIP reform were similar for DIP and non-DIP hospitals for both conditions, while differences in patient severity grew because severity in DIP hospitals increased more for THA/TKA (P = 0.036) or dropped in non-DIP hospitals for AHD (P = 0.011) following DIP reform. Treatment intensity (measured via RWs) for AHD patients in DIP hospitals increased 5.5% (P = 0.015) more than in non-DIP hospitals after payment reform, but treatment intensity trends were similar for THA/TKA patients in DIP and non-DIP hospitals. When the DIP payment reform in China was introduced just prior to the pandemic, hospitals subject to this reform responded by admitting sicker patients and providing more treatment intensity to their AHD patients. Policymakers need to balance between cost containment and the unintended consequences of prospective payment systems, and the DIP payment could also be a new alternative payment system for other countries.

BACKGROUND:China has developed a novel case-based payment method called the DiagnosisIntervention Packet (DIP) to regulate healthcare providers' behavior. G city, a metropolis in southeast China, has shifted its payment policy from fixed rate per admission to DIP under regional global budget since 2018. This study examined the immediate and trend changes in provider behavior after this payment reform. METHODS:Discharge data in G city between 2016 and 2019 was used, covering more than 10 million inpatient cases in 320 hospitals. A counterfactual scenario was developed to assign insured and uninsured inpatients across the study period to specific DIP groups under consistent rules. Controlled interrupted time-series (ITS) analyses were performed, with uninsured inpatients as control. Outcomes included inpatient volume, average DIP weight (similar to case-mix index in Diagnosis-Related Groups), and two innovative indicators (average diagnostic weight and average treatment weight) to decompose the changes in DIP weight. Subgroup analyses were conducted for different hospital levels and 21 major disease categories. RESULTS:After the DIP reform, monthly trend of inpatient volume decreased (-1085.34, P=0.052), while monthly growth of average DIP weight increased (2.17, P=0.02). No significant changes in average diagnostic weight were observed. Monthly trend of average treatment weight increased (2.38, P=0.001) after the reform. Secondary and tertiary hospitals experienced insignificantly decreased inpatient volume and elevated average DIP weight, accompanied by negligible change in average diagnostic weight and significant increase in average treatment weight. Primary hospitals experienced reduced inpatient volume and stable average DIP weight, along with increase in average diagnostic weight and decrease in average treatment weight. CONCLUSION:By differentiated payments for severity, DIP induced hospitals to shift their focus from volume to weight of inpatients. Instead of diagnostic upcoding, hospitals responded to the DIP reform primarily by increasing treatment intensity. Primary hospitals may face financial risks under regional competition.

Purpose: China has developed and widely piloted a new case-based payment, ie, the "Diagnosis-Intervention Packet" (DIP) payment, which has a granular classification system. We evaluated the impact of DIP payment on the quality of care in a large pilot city in China and explored potential mechanisms of quality change. Methods: The city started to implement DIP payment with a hospital-level cap on July 1, 2019. Using a 5% random sample of discharge records from July 2017 to June 2021, we employed a difference-in-differences approach to compare two mortality measures (in-hospital mortality, mortality of surgical patients), two readmission measures (all-cause readmission within 30 days, readmission with the same principal diagnosis within 30 days) and a patient safety measure (operation associated complications or adverse event) in 13 pilot hospitals and 27 non-pilot hospitals before and after DIP payment reform. Results: Of 122,637 discharge records included, 43,023 (35.1%) were from pilot hospitals. After DIP payment, the readmission rate within 30 days and readmission rate with the same principal diagnosis in pilot hospitals decreased significantly by 3.2 percentage points (P <0.001) and 1.8 percentage points (P <0.001), respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate, the mortality rate of surgical patients, and the rate of operation-associated complications or adverse events did not have significant changes. The decrease in quality measures was primarily driven by tertiary hospitals, was more obvious over time after the policy adoption, and was more pronounced in groups with higher intensity of care. Conclusion: This study indicated that DIP payment with a cap in the study city was associated with improved quality of care among patients in pilot hospitals. The provider's behavior of increasing the intensity of care, especially for more severe patients, may partially contribute to the results.

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Following the approval of Cervarix for the immunization of girls and women in China against high-risk human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, a non-interventional post-authorization safety study was performed. A multi-center prospective cohort study assessed safety following Cervarix vaccination of Chinese girls and women aged 9-45 years between 31 May 2018 and 3 December 2020. Adverse events following immunization (AEFIs), potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs), and pregnancy-related outcomes were collected up to 12 months from the third immunization or 24 months from the first immunization, whichever came first. Among 3,013 women who received 8,839 Cervarix doses, 167 (5.5%) reported >= 1 any AEFI, and 22 (0.7%) reported 40 serious AEFIs. During the 30 days after each dose, 147 women (4.9%) reported 211 medically attended AEFIs, including 3 serious AEFIs reported by 1 woman (0.03%). One woman reported a pIMD. Cervarix was inadvertently administered to 65 women (2.2%) within 60 days before conception or during pregnancy. Of these women, 34 (52.3%) gave birth to live infant(s) with no apparent congenital anomalies, and 1 (1.5%) woman gave birth to a live infant with a congenital anomaly. No serious AEFIs or pIMDs were considered to be related to the vaccination. In Chinese women aged 9-45 years, immunization with the Cervarix three-dose schedule was well tolerated. Overall, no safety concerns were identified, although rare adverse events may have been missed due to the study sample size.Clinical trial registration: NCT03438006. Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus is a prerequisite for cervical cancerCervarix is a human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccineMulti-centre prospective cohort study to monitor safety of Cervarix immunisationSafety was monitored in 3,013 girls/women aged 9-45 years in China (8,839 doses)Cervarix was well tolerated, and no safety concerns were identified

Objective To analyze the change of healthcare quality after the Diagnosis-Intervention Packet(DIP)payment system reform and provide evidence for improving payment system reform in China.Methods It collected discharge records of hospitalized patients with employee basic medical insurance scheme in first DIP pilot hospitals of a city from July 2017 to June 2021.It included three death-related measures and two readmission-related mea-sures,which were all risk-adjusted considering the patient mix.It used t test to compare their differences before and after the DIP reform in July 2019.Results After the risk-adjustment,mortality rate of surgical patients,mortality rate of patients in low-risk DIP groups,all-cause readmission rate within 30 days after discharge and readmission rate with the same principal diagnosis within 30 days after discharge declined 0.06 percentage points(P=0.031),0.15 percentage points(P=0.001),0.47 percentage points(P＜0.001)and 0.72 percentage points(P＜0.001),respectively.Conclusion No current evidences indicated negative impacts of the DIP payment reform on the quality of healthcare in the city.Case-based payment pilot cities should closely monitor the change of healthcare quality after the reform.

BackgroundIn 2018, an innovative case-based payment scheme called Diagnosis-Intervention Packet (DIP) was piloted in a large developed city in southern China. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the new payment method on total medical expenditure per case, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality rate across different hospitals.MethodsWe used the de-identified patient-level discharge data of hospitalized patients from 2016 to 2019 in our study city. The interrupted time series model was used to examine the impact of the DIP payment reform on inflation-adjusted total expenditure per case, LOS, and in-hospital mortality rate across different hospitals, which were stratified into different hospital ownerships (public and private) and hospital levels (tertiary, secondary, and primary).ResultsWe included 2.08 million and 2.98 million discharge cases of insured patients before and after the DIP payment reform, respectively. The DIP payment reform resulted in a significant increase of the monthly trend of adjusted total expenditure per case in public (1.1%, P = 0.000), tertiary (0.6%, P = 0.000), secondary (0.4%, P = 0.047) and primary hospitals (0.9%, P = 0.039). The monthly trend of LOS increased significantly in public (0.022 days, P = 0.041) and primary (0.235 days, P = 0.032) hospitals. The monthly trend of in-hospital mortality rate decreased significantly in private (0.083 percentage points, P = 0.002) and secondary (0.037 percentage points, P = 0.002) hospitals.ConclusionsWe conclude that implementing the DIP payment reform yields inconsistent consequences across different hospitals. DIP reform encouraged public hospitals and high-level hospitals to treat patients with higher illness severities and requiring high treatment intensity, resulting in a significant increase in total expenditure per case. The inconsistencies between public and private hospitals may be attributed to their different baseline levels prior to the reform and their different responses to the incentives created by the reform.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of Diagnosis-related group (DRG) based payment on inpatient quality of care. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science from their inception to December 30, 2022. Included studies reported associations between DRGs-based payment and length of stay (LOS), re-admission within 30 days and mortality. Two reviewers screened the studies independently, extracted data of interest and assessed the risk of bias of eligible studies. Stata 13.0 was used in the meta-analysis. A total of 29 studies with 36 214 219 enrolled patients were analyzed. Meta-analysis showed that DRG-based payment was effective in LOS decrease (pooled effect: SMD = −0.25, 95% CI = −0.37 to −0.12, Z = 3.81, P < .001), but showed no significant overall effect in re-admission within 30 days (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.62-1.01, Z = 1.89, P = .058) and mortality (RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.72-1.15, Z = 0.82, P = .411). DRG-based payment demonstrated statistically significant superiority over cost-based payment in terms of LOS reduction. However, owing to limitations in the quantity and quality of the included studies, an adequately powered study is necessary to consolidate these findings.

This study contributes to a small but growing literature on the health effects of unemployment insurance (UI) by examining the impact of extended benefit generosity during the Great Recession on population mental health. Using data from the 2003–13 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System as well as cross-state and time series variation in UI policies, we estimate that a one standard deviation (or $1,000) increase in UI generosity is associated with a 5.1 (0.5) percent improvement in self-reported mental health among the unemployed. We also provide evidence for the validity of our research design through an event study model and supplementary regressions that incorporate county or county-by-time fixed effects. However, we find no definitive evidence that UI affects general/physical health, health insurance, access to care, or health behaviors.

Abstract Context A patient classification-based payment system called diagnosis-intervention packet (DIP) was piloted in a large city in southeast China in 2018. Objective This study evaluates the impact of DIP payment reform on total costs, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, length of stay (LOS), and quality of care in hospitalised patients of different age. Methods An interrupted time series model was employed to examine the monthly trend changes of outcome variables before and after the DIP reform in adult patients, who were stratified into a younger (18–64 years) and an older group (≥ 65 years), further stratified into young-old (65–79 years) and oldest-old (≥ 80 years) groups. Results The adjusted monthly trend of costs per case significantly increased in the older adults (0.5%, P = 0.002) and oldest-old group (0.6%, P = 0.015). The adjusted monthly trend of average LOS decreased in the younger and young-old groups (monthly slope change: -0.058 days, P = 0.035; -0.025 days, P = 0.024, respectively), and increased in the oldest-old group (monthly slope change: 0.107 days, P = 0.030) significantly. The changes of adjusted monthly trends of in-hospital mortality rate were not significant in all age groups. Conclusion Implementation of the DIP payment reform associated with increase in total costs per case in the older and oldest-old groups, and reduction in LOS in the younger and young-old groups without deteriorating quality of care.

目的 梳理上海市按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis-related groups,DRG)付费权重调整方案的形成过程和主要内容,明确其理论和实证依据,为其他按DRG付费试点城市提供参考与借鉴.方法 查阅国内外相关文献、调研典型试点城市经验、开展专家及医疗机构访谈,并基于2020年上海34家三级医院城镇职工基本医疗保险住院人群数据,进行权重调整相关模拟测算.结果 从权重调整的必要性和导向性出发,上海市拟在鼓励收治重症患者、支持新技术和新项目开展、保障老年患者权益、保障重大疾病和慢性病患者权益、支持中医药特色服务发展的6个方面开展权重调整,具体调整幅度基于数据测算结果确定.结论 上海市按DRG付费权重调整中遵循"必要性、导向性、科学性"的工作思路可为其他试点城市提供参考,同时也为后续按DRG付费中的监测与管理工作提供了方向性建议.

目的 分析上海市定点医疗机构病案首页数据收集和质量控制(以下简称"质控")情况,提出持续改进措施,为提高病案首页数据质量提供参考,为推进医疗保险支付方式改革提供保证.方法 梳理国家与上海市相关政策文件、查阅国内外相关文献、访谈病案质控专家,并对2016—2020年上海市医疗保险事务管理中心平台所获取的三级定点医疗机构病案首页大数据基于完整性、规范性、合理性进行对比分析.结果 病案首页122个单项指标中错误问题逐步下降,其中入院和出院时间的填写逐渐趋于规范,离院方式缺失问题显著下降,但次要诊断缺失现象严重.结论 上海市定点医疗机构病案首页数据总体质量较好,提升编码员水平、确保信息导入的准确性、规范编码规则、完善病案质控奖惩机制是改进首页数据质量的有效措施.

目的 介绍上海市按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRG)付费改革的整体工作思路、分组策略与方法,及其细化落地过程中遇到的问题和主要做法,评价其分组效能,并提出未来调整策略,为其他试点城市提供相关经验.方法 查阅国内外相关文献,访谈上海市DRG改革相关专家,并基于2020年34家参与DRG测算的三级医院全口径病案人群,分析上海市DRG的分组方案效能情况.结果 上海市DRG的分组方案共有867个DRG细分组,达到国家医疗保障疾病诊断相关分组(China Healthcare Security Diagnosis Related Groups,CHS-DRG)所有26个主要诊断类别(major diagnostic category,MDC)、376个核心DRG(adjacent diagnosis related groups,ADRG)全覆盖要求.上海市DRG的分组效能,总体病例入组率为95.75％、变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)<1.00组数占比为96.89％,总体方差减少系数(reduction in variance,RIV)值为0.76.结论 上海市DRG的分组方案基于《国家医疗保障疾病诊断相关分组(CHS-DRG)分组与付费技术规范》,综合考虑上海市病例实际特征,形成具有上海特色的DRG"七步法"分组路径,病例入组率高,且组内同质性和组间异质性结果较好,符合上海本地发展情况,并形成持续根据政策要求和实际情况进行动态调整机制,对其他地区分组方案具有一定的参考价值.

目的 构建上海市按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis-related groups,DRG)付费改革运行监测指标体系,为其他按DRG付费试点城市提供参考与借鉴.方法 通过查阅国内外相关文献,专家访谈和指标纳入排除标准确定指标库,纳入能够实时抓取、量化评估的指标,并基于德尔菲法与层次分析法结果筛选指标.结果 共选取医院/办医主体、医疗保障机构、研究机构等各方咨询专家13名,最终确定"维护参保人员合法权益""引导医疗机构合理发展"和"保证医疗保险基金安全平稳有效运行"3个一级指标,9个二级指标和52个三级指标,专家积极系数、权威系数、意见协调系数均符合要求.基于上海市数据对指标体系初步应用,结果显示指标体系对各医院的区分度较好.结论 上海市按DRG付费改革运行监测指标筛选过程科学合理,指标符合国家政策导向,来源权威,遴选过程遵循实时、量化原则,可应用于日常监测、信息公示、年度绩效考核等多方面工作,为后续按DRG付费改革监测工作提供了方向性建议.

结合国家部署和当地实际,上海市积极开展按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis-related groups,DRG)付费改革,形成了覆盖按DRG付费全过程的10个技术规范,包括数据上传与质量控制、分组策略与规则、权重设置与指标、费率测算与调整、特殊病例标准与处置、考核体系、监管办法、清算规则、付费激励,以及专家库建设与政策评估.在此基础上,进一步总结出了DRG工作闭环的5个关键环节:数据采集、病例入组、权重调整、过程监控、年度清算.在工作闭环的指导下,上海市按DRG付费改革已取得诸多初步成果,未来将继续稳步推进.

目的:上海申康医院发展中心以患者需求为导向,在"上海市级医院互联网总平台"建设基础上,积极探索上海市区域性互联网医院云药房建设的适宜策略,加快推动互联网医院建设.方法:通过系统梳理文献、行业报告和新闻报道,归纳国内外云药房的典型模式.结合专家访谈,探讨各模式的优缺点及适用性.结果:国内云药房实践以处方共享流转平台、药品云仓库、智慧药房和医院药局快递4种模式为主.不同模式在建设与信息追溯难度上差异较大.结论:建议上海首先通过建设药品云仓库,打通医院间的"信息孤岛",为社会药房供应链体系的改造升级提供时机.在此基础上,通过完善处方共享流转平台,连接医院与社会药房,进而完成区域性互联网医院云药房的建设.

With the urgent need to regulate provider behaviors, China developed a novel patient classification with global budget payment system, expecting to achieve both easy implementation and cost containment. The new system, called "diagnosis-intervention packet (DIP)" payment, is based on a deterministic patient classification approach, which groups patients according to the combination of principal diagnosis ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) codes and procedure ICD-9-CM3 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification) codes and links each group to relative historical costs market-wide. This study investigated the impact of the DIP-based payment on inpatient costs, length of stay, and quality of care in the largest DIP pilot city of China. In 2018, the city changed from the "fixed rate per admission with a cap on annual total compensation" policy to DIP with global budget for all insured inpatients. A difference-in-differences approach was employed to identify changes in outcome variables before and after the DIP policy among insured relative to uninsured patients. We found an average of 8.5% (p = 0.000) increase in inpatient costs per case (as intended), trivial changes in length of stay, and a 3.6% (p = 0.046) reduction in postoperative complication rate in response to DIP adoption among patients with high severity. Our findings suggested that the DIP-based payment helped regulate provider behaviors when treating high-risk patients. And the new payment has the potential for rapid rollout in resource-limited areas where lack a uniform coding practice or high-quality historical data.