Targeted observations of atmospheric trace gases at high spatial resolution are important for characterizing the sources, distribution, and evolution of anthropogenic pollution. The Compact Hyperspectral Air Pollution Sensor (CHAPS) is an imaging spectrometer designed for a 6U CubeSat to fill this need. Miniaturization of this instrument was enabled through the use of freeform optics, additive manufacturing (AM), and topology optimization (TO). We developed the CHAPS–Demonstrator (CHAPS-D) with support from NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office and will demonstrate the feasibility of AM and TO in reducing volume and mass while advancing its technology readiness level (TRL) for future space instrument applications.The CHAPS team selected the requirements for this demonstrator instrument to closely match the requirements for a space-borne mission. A spectral range of 300-500 nm (@ 0.6-nm resolution), a signal to noise ratio (SNR) greater than 500, and a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km were selected for science-relevant NO 2 measurements from an orbit of 400-600 km. The airborne demonstrator will fly at an altitude of roughly 8 km. We have self-imposed a 6U CubeSat payload total instrument volume constraint. Several AM metal alloys were evaluated through initial material property studies. We chose Scalmalloy as the ideal candidate for this application due to its structural integrity, closely matched CTE with aluminum 6061, and ease of manufacturing with existing processes and equipment. The optical design of the imaging spectrometer employs a number of freeform elements. After establishing the optical design and stability requirements, along with the thermal and structural constraints of a typical CubeSat environment, the structure was algorithmically designed using topology optimization.The CHAPS team environmentally tested a prototype of the initial TO instrument design, and lessons learned were incorporated into the final instrument demonstrator design. CHAPS-D is scheduled for an aircraft flight out of NASA Langley Research Center in summer of 2024. The instrument will be mounted into a NASA King Air B200 and take atmospheric science data over major population centers. The successful demonstration of this instrument concept will enable a future small satellite mission.

NASA’s Lucy mission spacecraft was launched on 16 October 2021 and will perform the initial in situ investigation of the Jovian Trojan asteroids (Levison et al. 2021, 2024). The Lucy LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager (L’LORRI) is a panchromatic visible light (420–795 nm, 50 V ≈ 20.4 at spatial resolutions far surpassing that available from Earth. This paper describes the L’LORRI instrument design and the requirements that drove the design. We present results from L’LORRI’s ground calibration campaign, summarize the L’LORRI in-flight calibration plan, and describe typical L’LORRI operations scenarios during the Trojan flybys. We also present an analysis of in-flight data taken during the first year of Lucy operations, which show that most aspects of L’LORRI’s performance are nominal (i.e., as predicted), but the telescope’s point spread function is slightly degraded relative to pre-flight predictions. Nevertheless, L’LORRI is still expected to fulfill all of its scientific objectives, which should revolutionize our view of the Jovian Trojans.

Ground-based all-sky imaging techniques have been used in many research and science applications to study the magnetosphere, upper atmosphere, and space weather. Rapid advances in sensor technology in recent years have greatly improved sensor performance, which allows ground-based imagers to capture very weak nightglow and auroral emissions at high spatial and temporal resolution. Ground-based auroral imaging provides a wealth of observations concerning key magnetospheric and ionospheric phenomena and is an essential partner for many space-based missions. Magnetospheric and ionospheric physicists seek to understand geospace phenomena from micro- to global-scales. Geomagnetic storms and substorms represent two of the most important scientific topics. Studies of these two topics often deal with the processes that control the flow of solar wind mass, energy, momentum through the magnetospheric system. We will discuss how ground-based all-sky imaging techniques complement space-based missions and together answer fundamental science questions. This chapter discusses ground-based all-sky imaging techniques, recent progress, and salient scientific contributions. We will introduce the GoIono multispectral all-sky imaging array of the Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) installed at the Poker Flat Research Range and research facility of the High-Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in Alaska that have been operating since October 2018.

Current and planned low Earth orbit and geostationary satellite instruments have long provided global surveys, revealing air pollution characteristics and trends. Targeted pollution observations with even finer spatial and temporal resolution would better characterize, quantify, and monitor emissions from urban areas, power plants, and other anthropogenic activities, with both scientific and societal benefits. The Compact Hyperspectral Air Pollution Sensor (CHAPS) is an imaging spectrometer in a CubeSat form factor, made possible by the use of freeform optics and additive manufacturing. CHAPS has the potential to complement global surveyors and provide targeted observations valuable for understanding air quality at urban scales. The instrument is designed to make measurements of atmospheric composition at 300–500 nm (@ 0.6-nm spectral resolution) at unprecedented spatial resolution from low Earth orbit (1 x 1 km2). The NASA Earth Science Technology Office has funded the development of a CHAPS–Demonstrator (CHAPS-D), which will result in an airborne demonstration of a CHAPS prototype instrument. The CHAPS-D project is a joint collaboration of JHU/APL (USA) and TNO (The Netherlands). CHAPS-D freeform optics derive heritage from the Sentinel-5 Precursor (TROPOMI) mission. Freeform optics has potentially huge advantages over traditional optical designs, including fewer optical surfaces and lower mass and volume, while maintaining optical performance, and CHAPS-D will fit within the design constraints of a 6U CubeSat. The CHAPS-D mechanical structure and some optical elements will be fabricated using additive manufacturing, using a next-generation aluminum alloy. This approach simplifies the construction of the instrument and allows for integral stray light baffling features not possible using traditional fabrication approaches. The compact size and relatively lower cost of CHAPS makes a constellation feasible for the first time, with unprecedented spatiotemporal sampling of global point pollution sources. The project will culminate in an airborne demonstration of CHAPS-D, with 30-m spatial resolution. We will retrieve NO2, SO2, HCHO, ozone, and other trace species relevant to air quality from solar backscatter measurements. We present the science context, measurement requirements, and preliminary design of CHAPS-D, as well as results from breadboard testing.

The biodiversity and high productivity of coastal terrestrial and aquatic habitats are the foundation for important benefits to human societies around the world. These globally distributed habitats need frequent and broad systematic assessments, but field surveys only cover a small fraction of these areas. Satellite-based sensors can repeatedly record the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra that contain the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence signatures of functional phytoplankton groups, colored dissolved matter, and particulate matter near the surface ocean, and of biologically structured habitats (floating and emergent vegetation, benthic habitats like coral, seagrass, and algae). These measures can be incorporated into Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), including the distribution, abundance, and traits of groups of species populations, and used to evaluate habitat fragmentation. However, current and planned satellites are not designed to observe the EBVs that change rapidly with extreme tides, salinity, temperatures, storms, pollution, or physical habitat destruction over scales relevant to human activity. Making these observations requires a new generation of satellite sensors able to sample with these combined characteristics: (1) spatial resolution on the order of 30 to 100-m pixels or smaller; (2) spectral resolution on the order of 5 nm in the visible and 10 nm in the short-wave infrared spectrum (or at least two or more bands at 1,030, 1,240, 1,630, 2,125, and/or 2,260 nm) for atmospheric correction and aquatic and vegetation assessments; (3) radiometric quality with signal to noise ratios (SNR) above 800 (relative to signal levels typical of the open ocean), 14-bit digitization, absolute radiometric calibration <2%, relative calibration of 0.2%, polarization sensitivity <1%, high radiometric stability and linearity, and operations designed to minimize sunglint; and (4) temporal resolution of hours to days. We refer to these combined specifications as H4 imaging. Enabling H4 imaging is vital for the conservation and management of global biodiversity and ecosystem services, including food provisioning and water security. An agile satellite in a 3-d repeat low-Earth orbit could sample 30-km swath images of several hundred coastal habitats daily. Nine H4 satellites would provide weekly coverage of global coastal zones. Such satellite constellations are now feasible and are used in various applications.

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has created a unique design for a compact, lightweight, and low-power instrument called the Compact Midwave Imaging Sensor (CMIS). Funded by the NASA ESTO Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), the goal of this CMIS development project is to increase the technical readiness of CMIS for retrieval of cloud heights and atmospheric motion vectors using stereo-photometric methods. The low-cost, low size, weight and power (SWaP) CMIS solution will include high operating temperature (HOT) MWIR detectors and a very low power cooler to enable spaceflight in a 6U CubeSat. This paper will provide an overview of the CMIS project to include the high-level sensor design.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Conclusion

The Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) flown on the ATLAS 1 mission between 24 Mar 1992 and 2 Apr 1992, acquired a database designed to study several outstanding problems in the ionosphere, thermosphere and mesosphere. In this paper we discuss the goals and preliminary results from three of these studies. To support these studies, the ISO acquired a database of: 1) emissions for the retrieval of neutral and ion densities to test global models of the ionosphere and thermosphere; 2) emissions for the retrieval of mesospheric composition of major and minor constituents needed to test models of the oxygen-hydrogen photochemistry, 3) emissions of the bands of the metastable states of O2, and O(1S) produced by three-body recombination of O in the mesosphere.

Resonance fluorescence of the OH radical was observed in the mesosphere by the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) on ATLAS 1. A preliminary determination of the OH density profile from 70 to 80 km has been made from these observations. This marks the first measurement of ground state OH in the mesosphere since Anderson's [1971 a,b] sounding rocket measurements, and the first from space. ISO imaged resonance scattered sunlight in the OH A2Σ–X2II(0, 0) band during limb scans at tangent heights between 60 and 85 km, at 1.6 km spatial resolution, using an f/3.5 diffraction grating spectrometer with spectral resolution of 0.5 Å. OH observations were conducted throughout most of the dayside passes during the mission, covering much of the northern hemisphere to 57°N latitude. Here we report results from an observation at 39°N, local solar time 13:15, on March 30, 1992; we find OH densities on the order of 8 × 106 cm−3 from 70 to 80 km, decreasing rapidly above 80 km.

This paper reports the first comprehensive spectral survey of the mesospheric airglow between 260 and 832 nm taken by the Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) on the ATLAS 1 mission. We select data taken in the spectral window between 275 and 300 nm to determine the variation with altitude of the Herzberg I bands originating from the vibrational levels v′ = 3 to 8. These data provide the first spatially resolved spectral measurements of the system. The data are used to demonstrate that to within an uncertainty of ± 10%, the vibrational distribution remains invariant with altitude. The deficit reported previously for the v′ = 5 level is not observed although there is a suggestion of depletion in v′ = 6. The data could be used to place tight constraints on the vibrational dependence of quenching rate coefficients, and on the abundance of atomic oxygen.

Diffraction grating spectrometers exhibit a complex dependance on the polarization state of incident light. We have characterized the polarization properties of a high resolution echelle grating spectrometer. Large variations of instrument response with incident polarization state at ultraviolet wavelengths were found. The Imaging Stratospheric Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ISUS) is a high resolution spectrometer for remote sensing of atmospheric trace constituents. Weak line emissions are observed against the bright, partially polarized Rayleigh scattered sky background. To determine the air density from the Rayleigh scattering intensity the effects of polarization on the spectrometer response must be known. It was anticipated that such polarization effects could be significant in the ISUS instrument, which includes a fold mirror, a cross dispersing plane diffraction grating and an echelle grating. Measurements of the sensitivity of ISUS to linearly polarized light at 312.6 nm showed a peak-to-peak variation of 72% as the plane of polarization is rotated. The results of these measurements are presented and nine elements of the sixteen element system Mueller matrix which describes the behavior of ISUS in partially linearly polarized light are measured. The implications of the observed instrumental polarization for remote sensing observations and its impact on a technique for discriminating against the polarized Rayleigh scattered background to improve the measurement sensitivity are discussed. Subject terms: polarization; spectrometers, polarimetry, polarization aberration; instrumental polarization, Mueller calculus.

A polarimeter for characterization of the instrumental polarization of an imaging UV spectrometer has been designed. In the course of calibrating the polarimeter, the quarter-wave retarders were observed to possess polarization properties other than pure linear retardance. This forced the development of a complex procedure for the calibration of the retarders and a new generalized approach to polarimetric analysis.

Necrotizing dermatitis, or arachnidism, is a new life-threatening syndrome of which many clinicians are unaware. The condition commences as a rapidly spreading, painful skin inflammation which progresses to fulminating necrotizing dermatitis, involving considerable skin loss. Two cases of arachnidism are presented.

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 4, Issue C p. 145-149 Base Exchange Base Exchange Capacity and Related Characteristics of Connecticut Soils† M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist.Search for more papers by this author M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1940 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1940.036159950004000C0027x ‡ Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume4, IssueC1940Pages 145-149 RelatedInformation

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 1, Issue C p. 255-257 Article Soil and Plant Tissue Tests for Minor Element Constituents† M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut.Search for more papers by this author M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1937 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1937.03615995000100000044xCitations: 3 ‡ Paper presented as part of Section IV program, Soil Science Society of America, November, 1936. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume1, IssueC1937Pages 255-257 RelatedInformation

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume B17, Issue 2001 p. 48-52 Article Limitations of the Soil Survey Data and Maps for Land Use Planning M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this author M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1936 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1936.036159950B1720010017xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat VolumeB17, Issue20011936Pages 48-52 RelatedInformation

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume B16, Issue 2001 p. 49-53 Article Soil Factors in Relation to Commercial Peach Production in Connecticut M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this authorH. G. M. Jacobson, H. G. M. Jacobson Assistant Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this author M. F. Morgan, M. F. Morgan Chief Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this authorH. G. M. Jacobson, H. G. M. Jacobson Assistant Agronomist Conn. Agr. Exp. StaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1935 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1935.036159950B1620010016xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat VolumeB16, Issue20011935Pages 49-53 RelatedInformation