Purpose: To consider the features of potential health effects for personnel and for the population in the event of radiation accidents at facilities for post-reactor spent nuclear fuel management (including spent nuclear fuel pools and general plant storage facilities, transportation of nuclear materials and their subsequent processing at radiochemical plants). Results: Based on the analysis of publications, the potential radiation consequences for personnel and for the population in the event of various types of radiation accidents at the stages of spent nuclear fuel management were systematized. Conclusion: Advanced technologies underlying the closed nuclear fuel cycle provide a high level of radiation safety for personnel and for the population. At the same time, a large amount of accumulated radioactive and nuclear materials makes it necessary to maintain the health care system in preparedness at all stages of spent nuclear fuel management. Health effects for personnel may be associated with exposure because of criticality accident and internal intake of fission products of uranium and actinides (by inhalation and through wound surfaces). In case of accidents at radiochemical production, combined radiation-thermal and radiation-chemical injuries are also possible. The main potential hazard for the population in the event of radiation accident at the spent nuclear fuel storage facility is the contamination of the environment and exposure to long-lived uranium fission products and actinides. This requires clarification and development of appropriate criteria and derived intervention levels for making decisions on protective measures. Hypothetically, the health effects in case of radiation accident when managing “fresh” spent nuclear fuel can be comparable to a large-scale reactor accident and require urgent protective measures, including evacuation and iodine prophylaxis. An important factor that should also be taken into account when planning health care measures is the need for decontamination of victims.

The purpose of the study is to develop approaches to the substantiation of criteria and methods for quantitative assessment of the preparedness of medical organizations of FMBA of Russia to work in case of radiation emergency situations. Materials and research methods. Expert (analytical) and computer-based methods were used to estimate preparedness indices for medical organizations of FMBA of Russia on the basis of consensus ideas about possible medical and sanitary consequences of radiation accidents. Research results and their analysis. A general approach to the quantitative evaluation of emergency preparedness of medical organizations of FMBA of Russia in case of radiation accidents at the enterprises and territories they serve is formulated. The peculiarity of the approach under consideration in determining the proper (baseline) level of readiness for emergency response is the identification of the scale (magnitude) of medical and sanitary consequences based on the gradation of exposure doses and the number of victims. Approaches to substantiation of federal, regional and territorial (local) levels of emergency response of medical organizations of FMBA of Russia are proposed.

The article identifies areas of joint activities and mechanisms of interaction of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Medical and Biology Agency (FMBA of Russia), their territorial bodies and institutions in the event of radiation accidents. Extensive practical experience gained by specialists of FMBA of Russia and Rospotrebnadzor, was the basis for the development of the draft of Concept “Organization of radiation and hygienic measures in emergency situations of a radiation nature and coordination the activities of forces and means of FMBA of Russia and Rospotrebnadzor organizations and institutions” (2018). The article presents the main provisions of the draft document, which, after discussion and refinement, as the authors hope, this publication will contribute, draft of Concept can be submitted for approval. The modern infrastructure of Rospotrebnadzor and FMBA of Russia has all the necessary elements and prerequisites for coordinated work of expert support groups, use of the mobile specialized radiation-hygienic teams in emergency situations. The possible types of radiation accidents that may require joint activities of the bodies and institutions of Rospotrebnadzor and FMBA of Russia are considered. In the initial period of a radiation accident in conditions of large uncertainties related to the assessment of the radiation situation and doses on personnel and the public, it is necessary to ensure operative preparedness of consolidated proposals on making decisions on a complex of sanitary, hygienic, anti-epidemic and protective measures. Much attention is paid to mutual notification and information interaction. An important element in ensuring emergency preparedness, working out algorithms of the interaction of management bodies and practical skills of the personnel of Rospotrebnadzor and FMBA of Russia is the joint planning, organization and conduct of training and exercises.

Trials and training are among key instruments that provide anti-accident alertness and reliable method to test a system of responding to accidents. The authors present actual practice of anti-accident trials and training with participation of Burnazian Medical Emergency Radiation Dosimetry Center FGBU GNTs FMBTs. Results also cover joint research anti-accident training of Russian FMBA institutions and «Rosatom» State corporation in case of radiation accident during removal of exhaust nuclear fuel within Russian-Norway cooperation. Experience of anti-accident trials and training helped to formulate main requirements to organization of teaching process in Russian FMBA institutions.

Within a framework of national program on elimination of nuclear legacy, State Corporation "Rosatom" is working on rehabilitation at the temporary waste storage facility at Andreeva Bay (Northwest Center for radioactive waste "SEVRAO"--the branch of "RosRAO"), located in the North-West of Russia. In the article there is presented an analysis of the current state of supervision for radiation safety of personnel and population in the context of readiness of the regulator to the implementation of an effective oversight of radiation safety in the process of radiation-hazardous work. Presented in the article results of radiation-hygienic monitoring are an informative indicator of the effectiveness of realized rehabilitation measures and characterize the radiation environment in the surveillance zone as a normal, without the tendency to its deterioration.

The review of the results of reseaches in the field of proton therapy and contact radiotherapy (high-dose-rate brachytherapy) is presented. Medical beam formation elements for a wide range of proton energies were calculated, elaborated and tested with proton beams. These therapeutic beams cover most sizes and localizations of tumors. Researches of a new source for high-dose-rate brachytherapy with Yb-169 were carried out. This source has several important advantages compared to conventional sources. Experiments of activation of the new source at the INR Neutron complex were performed and therapeutic properties of the new source were confirmed. We also present in this paper the current status of the new target assembly for producing of some PET isotopes with 20 MeV protons.

Transportation of patients with radioactive contamination may be followed by radiation effect to the medical staff and accompanying persons. The basic requirements for radiation safety during the transportation of patients from the radiation accident site to the hospital are discussed. Issues review in the article basically relate to the medical institutions of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency.

During 2012 we have developed the system for beams separation, based on the splitter magnet, for simultaneous work of neutron source RADEX and a treatment room of the complex of proton therapy (CPT). This set up also allows for an independent change of protons energy in the channel of proton therapy in a wide range from 209 MeV to 70 MeV. The system is an extension of the main channel of the proton and H beams, previously described in [1]. Main channel carries out the simultaneous transportation and elevation of the beams H and protons in the experimental hall of INR RAS. BEAMS SEPARATION AND UPGRADE OF THE CHANNEL TO RADEX Figure 1 depicts the layout of the beams separation the beams line. After magnet 4MC the main beams line (protons and H) from Linac distributes to three beam lines as shown in Fig.1. Magnet 2MC2 [1] has been replaced by a pair of magnets 4MC and 4M. Figure 1: Layout of the beams separation: SM1, SM2 – steering magnets, 4MC – Lambertson magnet, 4M – bending magnet, BS – beam stopper, RADEX – neutron source, CPT – complex proton therapy. A pair of magnets of this scheme provides a correction in the position of the deflected beam at its axial passage through the hole without the field of magnet 4MC. The poles of magnet 4MC were developed by NIIEFA as part of the design Lambertson Septum Magnet for the proton storage ring. Coil of the magnet 4MC have been manufactured from the radiation-resistant water-cooled cable of PYROTENAX type. The block of water-cooled poles is placed in the thin walled vacuum stainless steel chamber. There are the apertures in the upper and lower poles. Wall thickness between the aperture and the gap is about 1 mm. Fig.2 and Fig.3 represent the photos of magnet 4MC (downstream and upstream respectively). Detailed description of this magnet will be presented in the next paper. Figure 2: 4MC magnet assembly view downstream. Figure 3: 4MC magnet assembly view looking upstream. Wall thickness between the hole and the pole is about 1 mm. Detailed description of the magnet will be presented in the next paper. In front of the magnet 4MC a thin foil is installed, with aperture of different diameters, to control the intensity of the beam H. The thickness of the foil is sufficient for a recharge H in protons. Protons from distribution tails are deflected after recharging in the BS beam stopper. Due to the fringe fields, especially at the exit of the magnet, the direct beam experiences a deflection on some mrad. The set of doublet lenses L31-L32 is installed in order to fix the position of the beam on the target of the neutron source RADEX. These lenses focus the centre of magnet 4MC on the target centre (Fig.4). WEPPC051 Proceedings of RUPAC2012, Saint|-|Petersburg, Russia ISBN 978-3-95450-125-0 544 C op yr ig ht c ○ 20 12 by th e re sp ec tiv e au th or s— cc C re at iv e C om m on sA tt ri bu tio n 3. 0 (C C B Y 3. 0) Medical and industrial applications Figure 4: Part of the channel to RADEX : 4MC – Lambertson magnet, SM3,SM4 – steering magnets, doublet L31-L32, BS – beam stopper for recharged protons from H , RADEX – neutron source. Calculations showed that the coefficient of magnification in x and y at the target is 3 and 7 respectively, depending on the type of focus, eliminating the beam focus to critically small size. Beams H and protons are displaced vertically relative to each other by 4 cm by steering magnets SM1 and SM2 (see on Fig.1), that have opposite polarity. Further inside the magnet 4MC, one beam passes through the aperture in the pole (bottom pole on Fig.3); the other is deflected by an angle of 11.5. The water-cooled magnetic screen is placed at the entrance of the magnet to reduce local fringe magnetic field, and to protect the iron plate septum from high intensive beam. Table 1 shows the results of the measurements of magnetic fields in the septum magnet. Table 1: Septum Magnet 4MC (209 MeV). Magnetic field in the gap 0.4 T Integral fringing field at the beam entrance of magnet with magnetic screen 0.002 T x m Integral fringing field at exit of magnet 0.01 T x m CHANNEL TO COMPLEX OF PROTON THERAPY The deflected beam is directed into the channels on the installation CPT or other neutron sources. Here we present the work of the channel for the CPT, whose optical scheme is changed for independent adjustment of the energy of the protons in the beam. Channel functionally consists of two parts: • Head channel, focusing the beam on a wedgeshaped absorber. • Main medical channel, shaping of the beam for the treatment room of CPT. One of the features of the main part optical scheme is the availability of considerable coefficient of the magnification at the end of the channel. This allows us to increase the number of protons after the wedgeshaped absorber by reducing the angular divergence of the particles in the channel and thus reduce the losses. Compared to the previous scheme of the channel [4] the following changes have been implemented: • Beam H is the basic beam of the channel. • Control of the intensity of particles in the beam is done by recharging the beam in front of the magnet 4MC to protons, which are deflected in the opposite direction and are absorbed in a beam stopper outside the channel (Fig.1, Fig.2). • Lenses L49-L50 and L51-L54 are included. • Wedge-shaped beryllium degrader and tantalum collimator with diameter 4mm, have been installed; • The tantalum aperture collimator has been installed. • The momentum collimator has been installed. • The second aperture collimator for halo beam absorption has been installed. Fig.5 shows the optical scheme of the main channel onto the installation CPT and the beam envelope. Zmin= 0.00 m Zmax= 45.00 m Xmax= 60.0 cm Ymax= 60.0 cm Ap * 1.00 Wed Sep 19 14:48:29 2012

The method for determination of a proton beam loss of the proton linac by measuring neutron radiation is presented. Proton beams interact with elements of ion guide and the generation fast neutrons. Levels of a neutron radiation in channels transporting the beam with energy of 209 MeV and average current up to 35 mu A. have been measured using neutron detectors of the automatic radiation monitoring system. Maximum loss of the beam during its transportation was 0,25 %.

The article deals with the main tasks of health-care provision to the rescue and other emergency operations (ROEO) and organization of medical evacuation system FMBA of Russia in case of radiation accidents. The risk (threat) for workers engaged in ROEO, depending on the level of exposure of the radiation factor, is analyzed and recommendations for protective measures are considered. The authors showed the important role of the practical skills and knowledge of staff of institutions of FMBA of Russia and emergency response teams of radiation-hazardous facilities for address issues of healthcare provision to ROEO.

Scientific Complex based on 600 MeV Proton Linac is in operation at the Institute for Nuclear Research, Troitsk, Moscow and provides the beam for both basic and applied research. At present proton beam with the energy up to 209 MeV and with the average current up to 130 µA is used for three Neutron Sources and Beam Therapy Complex, located in the Experimental Area, as well as for Isotope Production Facility. The status of the Linac and the Experimental Area is presented. Accelerator tuning procedures providing minimization of beam loss are described as well.

The optical design for the layout of the beam lines for the neutron complex INR RAS and medical application based on the basis of the Linear accelerator are presented here. The proposed schemes have been realized at the INR RAS. The necessary size and shape of the proton beam at the location of the neutron target are obtained. Methods and results for the tuning of the high current beams are presented in this paper.

A new large-scale research center for nano diagnostics and neutron and X-Ray studies of nanomaterials is briefly described. This center at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAS) is based on three specially designed spallation neutron sources driven by primary proton beams. Similar research centers on the basis of the high flux spallation neutron sources are created in the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Switzerland and will be build in China and the EU (Sweden). We discuss neutron and X-Ray instrumentation at the INR RAS and the corresponding domains of research of various materials including nano-systems.

A new pulsed neutron source based on a beam-blanking device has been under construction and improvement at the Moscow Meson Factory of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Neutrons are generated in the course of the spallation process in a water-cooled tungsten target by a proton beam with an energy of 209 MeV. After water moderator (3 cm), neutrons are guided in three horizontal and one vertical channels with a length varying from 4 to 50 m. The standard duration of the proton pulse from the accelerator is 60 μs. At present, the average proton current is as high as 150 μA for a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The neutron fluence in the target is equal to 0.9 × 10 15 neutrons/s, which corresponds to the requirements imposed on the intensity of modern pulsed neutron sources.

Experimental Complex of Linear Accelerator INR of the RAS, work of channels, the equipment, parameters of the proton beams and facilities. The Experimental Complex of Linear Accelerator INR of the RAS (ECLA), based on the heavy current linear accelerator [1], was developed by Institute of Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Science together with the D.V. Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus (NIIEFA), the Dollezhal Research and Design Institute for Power Engineering (NIIKIET). It was designed by GSPI and built in 1997. It consists of a single building complex, which includes: the tunnel, which connects linear accelerator with the experimental hall; experimental hall with the sizes of 60x130 m 2 ; additional building, which accommodates experimental physicists with the registering apparatus, technological systems and personnel, which ensures appropriate level of working capacity of the entire equipment and experimental installations in the hall. A unique system of separation and transportation of the heavy current proton beams [2] was proposed for ECLA. It makes it possible to ensure the simultaneous work of several installations and the transformation of the time structure of beam. Today we have five channels of the transportation of the proton beam, including of medical application, and majorities of the installations of neutron complex completely installed. The overall length of proton circuit 304,3 m. Fig. 1 shows the latest version of the situation plan of the ECLA.

Regulatory cooperation between the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority and the Federal Medical Biological Agency (FMBA) of the Russian Federation has the overall goal of promoting improvements in radiation protection in Northwest Russia. One of the projects in this programme has the objectives to review and improve the existing medical emergency preparedness capabilities at the sites for temporary storage of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. These are operated by SevRAO at Andreeva Bay and in Gremikha village on the Kola Peninsula. The work is also intended to provide a better basis for regulation of emergency response and medical emergency preparedness at similar facilities elsewhere in Russia. The purpose of this paper is to present the main results of that project, implemented by the Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre. The first task was an analysis of the regulatory requirements and the current state of preparedness for medical emergency response at the SevRAO facilities. Although Russian regulatory documents are mostly consistent with international recommendations, some distinctions lead to numerical differences in operational intervention criteria under otherwise similar conditions. Radiological threats relating to possible accidents, and related gaps in the regulation of SevRAO facilities, were also identified. As part of the project, a special exercise on emergency medical response on-site at Andreeva Bay was prepared and carried out, and recommendations were proposed after the exercise. Following fruitful dialogue among regulators, designers and operators, special regulatory guidance has been issued by FMBA to account for the specific and unusual features of the SevRAO facilities. Detailed sections relate to the prevention of accidents, and emergency preparedness and response, supplementing the basic Russian regulatory requirements. Overall it is concluded that (a) the provision of medical and sanitary components of emergency response at SevRAO facilities is a priority task within the general system of emergency preparedness; (b) there is an effective and improving interaction between SevRAO and the local medical institutions of FMBA and other territorial medical units; (c) the infrastructure of emergency response at SevRAO facilities has been created and operates within the framework of Russian legal and normative requirements. Further proposals have been made aimed at increasing the effectiveness of the available system of emergency preparedness and response, and to promote interagency cooperation.

The radiation monitor system (RMS) at accelerator INR is a part of radiation safety system of experimental complex INR. RMS is intended for continuous monitoring of radiation field behind biological protection of linear accelerator INR with the personnel dose control and alarm purposes. Three-level system RMS consists of the operator computer, microprocessor data acquisition modules and networks of UDBN-02R neutron detectors and BDRC01P photon detectors, located inside and behind biological protection of the accelerator (fig. 1).