Hemoglobin solution is a promising plasma substitute from a rheological viewpoint. Its addition to blood at a constant hematocrit causes minimum elevation in viscosity but a significant increase in oxygen-carrying capacity. Therefore the administration of hemoglobin may maintain the oxygen-carrying capacity while diluting the red cell concentration, thus facilitating blood flow in the microcirculation and improve tissue metabolism.

ARTICLESShear-dependent interaction of plasma proteins with erythrocytes in blood rheologyS Chien, S Usami, RJ Dellenback, and MI GregersenS Chien, S Usami, RJ Dellenback, andMI GregersenPublished Online:01 Jul 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.1.143MoreSectionsPDF (3 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByThe role of plasma in the yield stress of bloodClinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, Vol. 84, No. 4A fully physiologically-informed time- and rate-dependent hemorheological constitutive model21 April 2023 | Journal of Rheology, Vol. 67, No. 3Investigation of formation and ultrasonic disassembling of RBC Aggregation aimed for maintenance of blood channel2 August 2022 | Electronics and Communications in Japan, Vol. 105, No. 3Blood Rheology and Biomedical ImplicationsInvestigation of Formation and Ultrasonic Disassembling of Red Blood Cell Aggregation Aimed for Maintenance of Blood ChannelIEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems, Vol. 142, No. 6Blood Viscosity in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Roles of Hyperglycemia and Elevated Plasma Fibrinogen25 February 2022 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 13Quantifying the non-Newtonian effects of pulsatile hemodynamics in tubesJournal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 298A numerical study on drug delivery via multiscale synergy of cellular hitchhiking onto red blood cells1 January 2021 | Nanoscale, Vol. 13, No. 41Hemorheology: the critical role of flow type in blood viscosity measurements1 January 2021 | Soft Matter, Vol. 17, No. 37Advanced Constitutive Modeling of the Thixotropic Elasto-Visco-Plastic Behavior of Blood: Description of the Model and Rheological Predictions20 September 2020 | Materials, Vol. 13, No. 18Characterization and rheology of platelet-rich plasma16 July 2020 | Journal of Rheology, Vol. 64, No. 5Shear-induced non-monotonic viscosity dependence for model red blood cell suspensions in microvesselsBiomicrofluidics, Vol. 13, No. 6Microfluidic Particle Sorting in Concentrated Erythrocyte Suspensions26 July 2019 | Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, No. 1Filter‐based isolation, enrichment, and characterization of circulating tumor cells1 August 2018 | Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 115, No. 10Non‐Newtonian rheology in suspension cell cultures significantly impacts bioreactor shear stress quantification6 June 2018 | Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 115, No. 8Effect of spectrin network elasticity on the shapes of erythrocyte doublets1 January 2018 | Soft Matter, Vol. 14, No. 30Multiscale modeling of blood flow: from single cells to blood rheology14 May 2013 | Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, Vol. 13, No. 2Computational Biorheology of Human Blood Flow in Health and Disease12 October 2013 | Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 42, No. 2Hemorheological implications of perfluorocarbon based oxygen carrier interaction with colloid plasma expanders and blood18 April 2013 | Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 29, No. 3Hemorheology and HemodynamicsColloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function, Vol. 3, No. 5Predicting human blood viscosity in silico5 July 2011 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, No. 29The Microcirculation in Inflammation1 January 2011The Microcirculation in InflammationRed Blood Cell Aggregation and Deformability among Patients Qualified for Bariatric Surgery31 March 2007 | Obesity Surgery, Vol. 17, No. 3Rheology of red blood cell aggregation by computer simulationJournal of Computational Physics, Vol. 220, No. 1Hemorheological abnormalities in lipoprotein lipase deficient mice with severe hypertriglyceridemiaBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 341, No. 4Efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin (CY216) in preventing postoperative venous thrombo-embolism: A co-operative study8 December 2005 | British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 72, No. 10Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Hematological Diseases and Therapeutic Apheresis18 January 2018 | The International Journal of Artificial Organs, Vol. 28, No. 10Effects of aggregation of red cells and linear velocity gradients on the correlation-based method for quantitative IVUS blood flow at 20 mhzUltrasound in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 30, No. 2Relationship between erythrocyte aggregate size and flow rate in skeletal muscle venulesJeffrey J. 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ARTICLESShear-dependent deformation of erythrocytes in rheology of human bloodS Chien, S Usami, RJ Dellenback, and MI GregersenS Chien, S Usami, RJ Dellenback, and MI GregersenPublished Online:01 Jul 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.1.136MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByMulti-scale analysis of solute dispersion in non-Newtonian flows in a tube with wall absorptionPhysics of Fluids, Vol. 35, No. 3A review on non-Newtonian fluid models for multi-layered blood rheology in constricted arteries31 January 2023 | Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 28Lingering Dynamics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Red Blood Cells in Retinal Arteriolar Bifurcations27 October 2022 | Journal of Functional Biomaterials, Vol. 13, No. 4Unsteady solute dispersion in the presence of reversible and irreversible 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ARTICLESViscometric characteristics of blood of the elephant, man, dog, sheep, and goatS Usami, S Chien, and MI GregersenS Usami, S Chien, and MI GregersenPublished Online:01 Sep 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.3.884MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByDispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and external real matrix calibration for the determination of the UV absorber 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol (UV 328) and its metabolites in human bloodTalanta, Vol. 223Comparison of various approaches to calculating the optimal hematocrit in vertebratesHeiko Stark, and Stefan Schuster1 August 2012 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 113, No. 3Comparative Aspects of Red Blood Cell Aggregation10 November 2011Hemorheology and Microvascular DisordersKorean Circulation Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6Blood Rheology Adjustments in Rats after a Program of Intermittent Exposure to Hypobaric HypoxiaHigh Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 10, No. 3Hemorheology and oxygen transport in vertebrates. A role in thermoregulation?Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 59, No. 4Comparisons of blood viscosity between amphibians and mammals at 3°C and 38°CJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 27, No. 6Effect of erythrocyte aggregation on velocity profiles in venulesJeffrey J. Bishop, Patricia R. Nance, Aleksander S. Popel, Marcos Intaglietta, and Paul C. Johnson1 January 2001 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 280, No. 1Erythrocyte aggregation tendency and cellular properties in horse, human, and rat: a comparative studyOguz K. Baskurt, Robert A. Farley, and Herbert J. Meiselman1 December 1997 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 273, No. 6Inhibition of Red Cell Aggregation Prevents Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast Formation in Human BloodCirculation, Vol. 96, No. 3Cells, Proteins, and PolymersQuantification of blood echogenicity: Evaluation of a semiquantitative method of grading spontaneous echo contrastUltrasound in Medicine & Biology, Vol. 21, No. 9Blood viscosity in phocid seals: possible adaptations to divingJournal of Comparative Physiology B, Vol. 159, No. 2Haematological and blood biochemical studies in female domesticated Indian elephants (Elaphas maximus L.)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 89, No. 3Renal blood flow distribution during E. coli endotoxin shock in dogActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 108, No. 4Elephant blood haematology and chemistryComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. 65, No. 1Role of hydrogen bonding in red cell aggregationJournal of Cellular Physiology, Vol. 101, No. 1Correlation of effects of blood flow rate, viscosity and design features on artificial lung performanceEffect of deoxygenation on blood rheology in sickle cell diseaseMicrovascular Research, Vol. 9, No. 3Biophysical Behavior of Red Cells in SuspensionsVascular resistance and oxygen transport as functions of haematocritResuscitation, Vol. 3, No. 3Blood rheology of dogs chronically exposed to air pollutantsToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 25, No. 4Viscous properties of muskox bloodComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 39, No. 4Influence of Fibrinogen and Globulins on Blood Rheology at Low Shear Rates: Comparison among Elephant, Dog and ManViscosity of turkey blood: Rheology of nucleated erythrocytesMicrovascular Research, Vol. 2, No. 4Hemorheology More from this issue > Volume 217Issue 3September 1969Pages 884-890 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1969 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1969.217.3.884PubMed5807716History Published online 1 September 1969 Published in print 1 September 1969 Metrics

We used polycarbonate sieves with uniform cylindrical pores (2.4 to 6.8 microns in diameter) to filter suspensions of human erythrocytes (mean major diameter is 7.2 microns) in Eagle-albumin solution. With 6.8-micron sieves the pressure-flow curves are convexed to the pressure-axis at low pressures and become linear with high pressures. With 4.5-micron sieves, however, the pressure-flow relationship is linear throughout the range of study. In both types of sieves, flow rate is reduced progressively with increasing concentration of red blood cells (RBC) over a range of 0.5 to 95 percent. The resistance to flow of RBC suspensions is higher in 4.5-micron than in 6.8-micron pores. With filter pore diameters of 3.0 microns or more, the RBC concentration in the filtrate was 100 percent of that in the solution being filtered, but only 70 percent with 2.4-micron pores. The observed critical pore diameter for 100 percent cell transmission agrees with theoretical calculation based on the assumption that the RBC membrane is deformable but nonextensible. The importance of cell deformation in the passage of RBC's through small pores is shown by the inability of RBC hardened in acetaldehyde to pass pores with 6.8-micron diameter.

Suspensions of canine and human erythocytes hardened with acetaldehyde differ from the suspensions of normal erythrocytes with respect to their rheological behavior. Normal erythrocytes can be packed by centrifugation so that the sediment volume is nearly 100 percent cells, but the hardened erythrocytes (RBC's) can be packed only to approximately 60 percent cells. At the same cell percentage the viscosity of the hardened RBC suspension is higher than that of the suspension of normal erythocytes. An increase in shear stress deforms the normal erythocytes and lowers the suspension viscosity, but has no influence on the viscosity of the hardened cell suspension. In blood with high cell percentages, the shear deformation of normal RBC's plays an important role in reducing viscosity and facilitating flow at high shear stresses.

ARTICLESHemodynamic changes in endotoxin shockS Chien, C Chang, RJ Dellenback, S Usami, and MI GregersenS Chien, C Chang, RJ Dellenback, S Usami, and MI GregersenPublished Online:01 Jun 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.6.1401MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation More from this issue > Volume 210Issue 6June 1966Pages 1401-1410 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.6.1401PubMed5923079History Published online 1 June 1966 Published in print 1 June 1966 Metrics

ArticleBlood volume and age: repeated measurements on normal men after 17 years.S Chien, S Usami, R L Simmons, F F McAllister, and M I GregersenS Chien, S Usami, R L Simmons, F F McAllister, and M I GregersenPublished Online:01 Mar 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.2.583MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByAlbumin Infusion in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Hemodilution and Anticoagulation1 July 2021 | International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 13Repository Describing an Aging Population to Inform Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models Considering Anatomical, Physiological, and Biological Age-Dependent Changes21 August 2018 | Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Vol. 58, No. 4Korean anatomical reference data for adults for use in radiological protection7 January 2018 | Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 72, No. 1Physiological Changes Affecting Performance of Masters Athletes1 October 2014The Effect of Age-related Differences in Body Size and Composition on Cardiovascular Determinants of VO2max15 November 2012 | The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 68, No. 5Change in Renal Function, Fluids, and Electrolytes7 May 2011Hemoglobin mass in humans during a space flight and its simulation24 December 2010 | Human Physiology, Vol. 36, No. 7The normal ageing kidney – morphology and physiology1 August 2008 | Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, Vol. 18, No. 3Blood Volume Response to Physical Activity and InactivityThe American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Vol. 334, No. 1Errors of measurement for blood volume parameters: a meta-analysisChristopher J. Gore, Will G. Hopkins, and Caroline M. Burge1 November 2005 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 99, No. 5High &OV0312;O2max with no history of training is primarily due to high blood volumeMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 34, No. 6Validity of V˙o2 maxin predicting blood volume: implications for the effect of fitness on agingVictor A. Convertino, and David A. Ludwig1 September 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 279, No. 3Induced hypervolemia, cardiac function, &OV0312;O2max, and performance of elite cyclistsMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31, No. 6Exercise cardiac function in young through elderly endurance trained womenMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31, No. 5Reproducibility of the acetylene rebreathe technique for determining cardiac outputMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 30, No. 6Hydratation et exercice physique chez la personne âgéeScience & Sports, Vol. 13, No. 1Effect of alterations in blood volume on cardiac function during maximal exerciseMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 29, No. 11Renal function and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis changes with ageGeriatric Nephrology and Urology, Vol. 3, No. 2Hypertension and Hypertensive EmergenciesPathophysiology of hypertension in older patientsThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 85, No. 3Essential Hypertension in the ElderlyPhysiology and disorders of water balance and electrolytes in the elderlyPathophysiology of Hypertension in the ElderlyCardiology Clinics, Vol. 4, No. 2Thiazide Induced Hypotension: The Role of Plasma Volume Reduction and the Urinary Kallikrein SystemElectrolyte disorders in the elderlyClinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 13, No. 2Hypertension in the ElderlySystolic hypertensionCurrent Problems in Cardiology, Vol. 7, No. 6Diuretic potency of combined hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide therapy in patients with azotemiaThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 72, No. 6Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension: Role of Adrenoceptors in the Transformation from an Early High Cardiac Output into a Later High Arteriolar Resistance PhaseAutonomic Hyperreflexia: Hemodynamics, Blood Volume, Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity, and Arterial Prostaglandin PGE2Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Volume in Extensive Skin DiseaseJournal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 76, No. 2Minoxidil in Refractory Hypertension24 April 2009 | Acta Medica Scandinavica, Vol. 205, No. 1-6Hemodynamics of essential hypertension in young subjectsAmerican Heart Journal, Vol. 96, No. 5Primary hypertension refractory to triple drug treatment: a study on central and peripheral hemodynamics.Circulation, Vol. 58, No. 4Mechanism of spontaneous supine blood pressure variations in chronic autonomic insufficiencyThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 65, No. 3Hypertensive crises in quadriplegic patients. Changes in cardiac output, blood volume, serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity, and arterial prostaglandin PGE2.Circulation, Vol. 57, No. 2Plasma volume, intravascular albumin and its transcapillary escape rate in patients with extensive skin diseaseBritish Journal of Dermatology, Vol. 95, No. 5Systolic hypertension: Nonhomogeneous diseasesThe American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 36, No. 5β-Adrenergic Blockade in Diuretic-Treated Patients with Essential HypertensionNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 292, No. 2Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: Circulatory dynamics in chronic autonomic insufficiencyThe American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 34, No. 3Variations in the level of human serum albumin during glucose tolerance testBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 56, No. 2Hemodynamic Characteristics of Primary AldosteronismNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 289, No. 25Volume-dependent essential and steroid hypertensionThe American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 31, No. 5Physiologic characteristics of hypertensionThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 52, No. 5Exchangeable Sodium and Blood Volume in Normotensive and Hypertensive Humans on High and Low Sodium IntakeCirculation, Vol. 43, No. 4Some Variations in the Normal Haemoglobin ConcentrationBritish Journal of Haematology, Vol. 18, No. 5Functional Correlates of Plasma Renin Activity in Hypertensive PatientsCirculation, Vol. 41, No. 3REGULATION OF INTERSTITIAL ALBUMINRenal Handling of Water and Electrolytes in the Old and Old-Old Healthy AgedRelation of Plasma to Interstitial Fluid Volume in Essential HypertensionCirculation, Vol. 40, No. 3Plasma Volume in Men with Essential HypertensionNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 278, No. 14 More from this issue > Volume 21Issue 2March 1966Pages 583-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.2.583PubMed5934466History Published online 1 March 1966 Published in print 1 March 1966 Metrics

ArticleEffects of hematocrit and plasma proteins on human blood rheology at low shear rates.S Chien, S Usami, H M Taylor, J L Lundberg, and M I GregersenS Chien, S Usami, H M Taylor, J L Lundberg, andM I GregersenPublished Online:01 Jan 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.1.81MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByReduced order modeling of parametrized pulsatile blood flows: Hematocrit percentage and heart rateInternational Journal of Engineering Science, Vol. 193Influence of thrombosis, stenosis and catheter on rheological characteristics of blood: a systematic review24 October 2023 | Archive of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 24Effect of stenotic shapes and arterial wall elasticity on the hemodynamics18 October 2023 | Physics of Fluids, Vol. 35, No. 10Pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms in 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The increase in pericardial and central venous pressures is sufficient to impede venous return to the right atrium and thereby produces a striking drop in cardiac output (Fig. 2). In addition there is a moderate reduction in heart rate during the first 15 minutes of the tamponade (Fig. 2), which also contributes to the reduction in cardiac output. Despite the increase in total peripheral resistance, the reduced blood flow results in an immediate and marked drop in arterial pressure. This decrease activates the baroreceptor mechanisms producing an increase in heart rate which eventually exceeds the control values. The oxygen consumption drops initially because of the reduced blood flow but recovers during the course of the experiment almost to the control value. Since the recovery of oxygen consumption was greater than that of the cardiac output, the oxygen extraction from the blood must have increased, especially in the constant pressure experiments. Coincident with the onset of the tamponade there is an increase in respiratory rate and minute volume. A comparison of the two series of experiments shows that in the CV experiments, the pericardial and central venous pressures continuously and gradually decline during tamponade, allowing recovery of the reduced cardiac output by approximately 40%. As the cardiac output and arterial pressure recover, the total peripheral resistance also decreases progressively in the CV experiments. By contrast, in the CP experiments the pericardial and central venous pressures remain elevated and the reduced cardiac output and the elevated total peripheral resistance do not change throughout the course of the experiment. The arterial pressure also recovers to a lesser extent in the CP experiments. The decrease in both pericardial and central venous pressures during tamponade may be explained by two possible causes.

ARTICLESBlood volume and its distribution in endotoxin shockS Chien, RJ Dellenback, S Usami, K Treitel, C Chang, and MI GregersenS Chien, RJ Dellenback, S Usami, K Treitel, C Chang, and MI GregersenPublished Online:01 Jun 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.6.1411MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited BySplenic denervation worsens lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension, hemoconcentration, and hypovolemiaPeter S. Andrew, and Susan Kaufman1 May 2001 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 280, No. 5Fluid extravasation from spleen reduces blood volume in endotoxemiaPeter Andrew, Yiming Deng, and Susan Kaufman1 January 2000 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 278, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 210Issue 6June 1966Pages 1411-1418 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1966 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.210.6.1411PubMed5332220History Published online 1 June 1966 Published in print 1 June 1966 Metrics

Intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (3 mg/kg) caused marked rises of arterial cell percentage in dogs with spleen bin. not in splenectomized clogs. The increase in arterial cell percentage can be divided into 2 phases. The initial phase (0 to 10 minutes after endotoxin) was seen in all dogs with spleen and is attributable to the contraction of the spleen, since the cell percentage in the portal venous blood was markedly elevated, in this initial phase, the extravasation of protein-rich fluid from the splanchnic circulation was accompanied by an influx of protein-poor fluid from the kidneys and possibly other areas, hence the circulating plasma protein concentration decreased. The second phase of increase of arterial cell percentage (20 to 60 minutes after endotoxin) was associated with a rise in arterial plasma, protein concentration and is ascribed to an extravasation of protein-poor fluid. This second phase was more marked in dogs which died within 200 minutes after endotoxin. There were no significant alterations in the cell size of the arterial blood, whereas the cells in the venous blood swelled after endotoxin when pCO2 and acidity increased.

Screen filtration pressure (SFP) and blood viscosity (at shear rates of 0.05 sec-1 and 5 sec-1) were determined simultaneously on dog blood. Addition of high molecular weight dextran (250,000) caused increases in both viscosity and SFP, and the latter showed a plateau during the 10-sec period of measurement. When 5-hydroxytryptamine together with adenosine diphosphate were added to blood and when blood was obtained after severe hemorrhage, viscosity did not change but SFP increased sharply and showed no tendency to approach a steady state. Such sharp increases in SFP were not observed when the experiments were performed on blood without buffy coat. It is concluded that SFP of blood containing high molecular weight dextran reflects viscosity at relatively high shear rates and that the sharp increases in SFP following the addition of 5-hydroxytryptamine and adenosine diphosphate as well as following exsanguination are due to the adhesiveness of platelets and/or leucocytes to the screen. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Kathleen Prichard) adenosine diphosphate; dextran; hemorrhage; 5-hydroxytryptamine Submitted on January 8, 1965

SummaryWith the use of albumin-I131, the volume of plasma trapped in the packed cell column of hematocrit tubes was determined for blood samples obtained from 5 animal species. The volume of plasma trapped was least in blood samples obtained from elephant, man and dog (MCV 112 to 72 μ3), larger in sheep blood (MCV 37 μ3) and largest in goat blood (MCV 18 μ3). Increasing the force of centrifugation or removal of plasma proteins reduced the volume of fluid trapped in the packed cell column, and the reduction was most pronounced for goat blood.

The intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (3 mg/kg) into dogs caused an increase in lymph flow from the thoracic duct. The lymph concentrations of macromolecules (dextran with mol. wt. of 250,000, albumin-I 131 , and endogenous proteins) increased and the lymph-to-plasma ratios approached 1. These results indicate that E. coli endotoxin causes an increase in capillary permeability to both the fluid and the macromolecules in plasma. The increase in capillary permeability for albumin-I 131 was greater than that for dextran with mol. wt. of 250,000. Eighty minutes after endotoxin, the lymph flow returned to normal, but albumin-I 131 and dextran injected at this time were still transferred into the thoracic duct lymph at enhanced rates.

SummaryThe viscosity of heparinized dog blood at 37°C was studied with the Brookfield cone-plate viscometer at shear rates from 230 sec-1 down to 5.8 sec-1 and with the Polarad couette viscometer from 2.0 sec-1 down to 0.2 sec-1. The relation of viscosity at various shear rates to red cell concentration was determined on samples of blood in which the hematocrit values were adjusted from 8.0% to 88%.Several fractions of dextran with mean molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 250,000 were tested for their effects on sedimentation rate and on the viscosity of whole blood and of washed red cells suspended in Ringer-Locker solution. Some dextran fractions contained osmotically active impurities that caused a slight lowering of the hematocrit value. When the viscosity data were corrected for differences in hematocrit values the results showed that all dextran fractions raised blood viscosity, the increase being related to the mean molecular weight of the dextran fraction added. This effect cannot be explained by the change in viscosity of the plasma.Low molecular dextran does not reduce the viscosity of blood samples below the control value.

In vitro tests on heparinized blood have shown that high molecular weight dextrans cause large increases in blood viscosity at low rates of shear. This may explain their deleterious effects on the perfusion of the capillaries in shock. Low molecular dextrans do not diminish blood viscosity below th e control value. The experimental procedures employed constitute a rapid, simple method for testing in vitro the effects of plasma expanders on blood viscosity.

Since high dosage of X-irradiation given to the head can directly impair the functions of brain tissues (1), it seems logical to look for some biochemical basis for such functional disturbances. In the literature there are reports on the effects of X-irradiation on the water content of the brain (2, 3). However, these studies were done on the analysis of whole brain. As pointed out in an accompanying paper (4), the chemical compositions of the various parts of the brain are so different that the results of the analysis of whole brain are of questionable significance. Since normal values have been obtained on several brain tissues with very small variances (4), and since deviations in appropriate directions from these normal values can be demonstrated with disturbance of water and electrolyte balance (5), it was decided to use the same techniques to analyze for the chemical composition of brain tissues of dogs subjected to X-irradiation. It was hoped that such information would aid in the understanding of the chemical basis for the functional manifestations seen after X-irradiation.

SummaryThe Fcells factor in the splenectomized cat is 0.78 (s.d. ± .01), but with spleen intact the Fcells factor is highly variable as shown by the striking effects of adrenaline on the Fcells value in the normal anesthetized cat. Evidence is presented indicating that species differences in the Fcells value may be fundamentally related to body size.