Telerobotic ultrasound imaging has emerged as a critical advancement in the intersection of medical robotics, communication systems, and measurement science. As demand for diagnostic services rises—particularly in underserved or remote regions—technologies that enable clinicians to interact with patients through reliable, real-time systems remotely have become vital. At the heart of these systems lies precise measurement: force sensing, haptic feedback, position tracking, and network monitoring. Any error in these measurements could lead to incorrect diagnoses, potentially endangering patient safety. Just as imaging modalities such as X-ray and MRI transformed diagnostic confidence, haptic tele-ultrasound introduces a new class of challenges and opportunities rooted in instrumentation accuracy, network resilience, and physical interaction fidelity. In this roadmap, we examine the evolution of teleoperated ultrasound systems, focusing on their instrumentation and measurement components. From early rigid-arm setups to collaborative robots equipped with force/torque sensors and stereovision, we outline the technological progression, critical milestones, and lessons learned. We present a case study of HaptiScan, a system codeveloped with Telstra, which integrates real-time haptic feedback, six-axis sensing, and safety protocols for fully remote scanning. We also highlight open challenges in signal delay, system stability, and measurement uncertainty, and we conclude with a discussion on future directions in autonomous operation, error correction, and globally scalable remote diagnostics. This review is designed for engineers, clinicians, and researchers seeking to understand how measurement science underpins the next frontier of remote healthcare delivery.

Medical ultrasound is a widely used diagnostic imaging modality that provides real-time imaging at a relatively low cost. However, its widespread application is hindered by the need for expert operation, particularly in remote regional areas where trained sonographers are scarce. This paper presents the development of HaptiScan, a state-of-the-art telerobotic ultrasound system equipped with haptic feedback. The system utilizes a commercially available robotic manipulator, the UR5 robot from Universal Robots, integrated with a force/torque sensor and the Phantom Omni haptic device. This configuration enables skilled sonographers to remotely conduct ultrasound procedures via an internet connection, addressing both the geographic and ergonomic limitations faced in traditional sonography. Key innovative features of the system include real-time force feedback, ensuring that sonographers can precisely control the ultrasound probe from a remote location. The system is further enhanced by safety measures such as over-force sensing, patient discomfort monitoring, and emergency stop mechanisms. Quantitative indicators of the system’s performance include successful teleoperation over long distances with time delays, as demonstrated in simulations. These simulations validate the system’s control methodologies, showing stable performance with force feedback under varying time delays and distances. Additionally, the UR5 manipulator’s precision, kinematic, and dynamic models are mathematically formulated to optimize teleoperation. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed system in overcoming the technical challenges of remote ultrasound procedures, offering a viable solution for real-world telemedicine applications.

This paper describes a system for delivering movement information from a dance performance using a multisensory approach that includes visual, sonic and haptic information. The work builds on previous research into interpreting dance as haptic information for blind, deaf-blind and vision-impaired audience members. This current work is aimed at a general audience, with haptic information being one of a number of sensory experiences of the dance. A prototype haptic device has been developed for use in dance performance research.

To restore the sense of touch in robotic surgical systems, a modular force feedback-enabled laparoscopic instrument is developed and employed in a robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgical system (HeroSurg). Strain gauge technology is incorporated into the instrument to measure tip/tissue lateral interaction forces. The modularity feature of the proposed instrument makes it interchangeable between various tip types of different functionalities, e.g., cutter, grasper, and dissector, without losing force sensing capability. Series of experiments are conducted and results are reported to evaluate force sensing capability of the instrument. The results reveal mean errors of 1.32 g and 1.98° in the measurements of tip/tissue load magnitude and direction across all experiments, respectively.

This paper presents segmentation and feature extraction of human gait motion. The methodology of this paper focuses on segmenting ‘XYZ’ position curves, in reference to time of gait motion based on the velocity or acceleration of the movement. The extracted features include amplitude, time, and equally spaced sample data, maximum and minimum for each segment. The results can be used for reconstruction of a viable dataset that is critical for simulation and validation of human gaits. We propose a method to enables the fitting of the same curve with limited data. Such data sets may prove valuable for studying impairments and improving simulations of rehabilitation tools, and statistical classification for researchers worldwide.

With the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the relevant techniques, UAVs become common and popular for civilian applications such as remote sensing tasks. The reason is because they are cheap, flexible, and easy to set up. Car park occupancy analysis is important for authorities to make decisions on the design, plan and management of car parks. To have a quick knowledge of current parking situations, we proposed to use UAV images to count how many cars are parked during different periods. In this paper, our major contribution is a novel car counting approach for UAV images. Different from traditional detection- or segmentation-based counting techniques, the proposed counting method is density estimation based that does not need intense collection and learning procedures. We transform the car counting problem into the estimation of density values over pixels of an image. Experimental results have been conducted on real car park scenarios and all the results show that our method can provide a promising estimation of car numbers.

Camera networks have become more predominant in many aspects around our society. Designing active Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera networks requires placing the cameras appropriately in the environment according to the designated coverage requirements as well as examining the network's operational resilience to the environment dynamics. This design process is crucial before physically establishing the network to ensure successful deployment and operation. In this paper, we present a framework that can be applied for designing practical PTZ camera networks in a realistic virtual simulation environment. The framework enables optimizing the camera network placement for coverage of specific regions of interest (ROI) in the monitored space. Also, simulating the network operation against environment dynamics in order to determine the impact on the pre-established design as an active camera network is expected to monitor additional and unknown events happening in the environment. A surveillance case study is presented where results show how the developed framework can be adequately used for experimentally designing and testing active PTZ camera networks.

Body Weight Support Systems (BWSSs) are used for medical rehabilitation of patients with lower limb impairments. A typical BWSS comprises a series of multi-body segments with dynamics that suit complex human movement, a relationship that is imperative due to subtle and close interaction with the human body. At present, challenges exist in accurately modeling human movement, human biomechanics and the interaction between the human body and a BWSS. This paper presents a method of using standard motion capture data, then applying Newtonian mechanics to create an easy to use, and useful simulation of ground reaction forces for simulation models of body weight support systems currently available. The challenge in modeling a body weight support system is accounting for the variable and often indeterminable ground reaction forces. In this paper the sum of ground reaction forces are utilised for simulation and evaluation of three different body weight support systems. Effective modelling of body weight support systems enables critical analysis of mechanical and control systems offline to the rehabilitation process.

In this paper we propose a framework for communicating performance art to deaf, blind and deaf blind audiences and artists haptically through the sense of touch. This research opens doors for novel artistic trends relying mainly on the sense of touch. The paper investigates the design considerations dictated by solo and group dances as well as stage setup. Implementation scenarios for deaf blind audiences and performers are also discussed.

Energy consumption in commercial and organizational buildings with shared electricity produces a considerable amount of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Sustainable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in these building remains to be a challenge and further research is required to address this problem due to the complexity of human behavior. The present paper introduces distributed meters for these buildings in order to achieve a sustainable energy saving. The method provides a direct control to a humans’ behavior that is essential for effectiveness of the energy saving. It is shown that by using distributed meters, the system can actively engage humans in the energy saving process. The hardware and software required to implement this concept are explored and the sustainability of the proposed method is discussed.

Emerging home automation technologies have the potential to help householders save energy, reduce their energy expenses and contribute to the climate change by decreasing the net emitted greenhouse gas by reduced energy consumption. The present paper introduces a distributed energy saving method that is developed for a home automation system. The proposed method consists of two levels functional elements; a central controller and distributed smart power points. The smart power points consist of a proposed a library of energy saving functions that are specifically developed for different home appliances or devices. Establishing a library of high performing, energy saving functions can speed up development of a buildings control system and maximum the potential reduction in energy consumption.

The current practice of designing microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip (LoCs) limits reusing designs and makes sharing tasks among researchers difficult. One way to achieve that objective is to borrow best practices from engineering. Also it takes a lot of skills to design LoCs. Design-by-assembly in which a LoC can be designed by configuring, laying out subsystems can help new researchers to develop custom chips. Flexible, reusable, and rapid-prototyping-feasible LoC designs can be achieved by fabricated modular microfluidic blocks. However, challenging problems still persist, which limit the usefulness of prefabricated blocks. We propose software microfluidic modules (SoftMABs) based design technique to solve issues fabricated modules face. By configuring SoftMABs, integrating them, the new assembly of SoftMABs can form a 3D LoC design ready to be prototyped. The proposed method can make designing a complex LoC less challenging, and collaborating among laboratories easier. We created SoftMABs and designed a custom microfluidic chip by assembling SoftMABs like LEGOs, dragging-and-dropping them. Later we reconfigured them - by replacing a SoftMAB with another module - to make a new LoC. We believe this computer-aided method is an interesting and useful LoC design technique.

Creating a highly programmable surface operating at relatively high speed and in real time is an area of research with many challenges. Such a system has applications in the field of optical telescopes, product manufacturing, and giant 3D-screens and billboards for advertising and artwork. This paper covers certain aspects of a keynote presentation at ISDT 2010 including system design, modularity, programmability and the system control intelligence. An overview of the system architecture, actuator design, electronics and distributed control will provide an insight into how the system is controlled and self-tuned for a number of applications. A simulation environment that has been developed to streamline system reconfiguration will also be presented, demonstrating translation of complex mathematical functions into 3D shapes virtually before being displayed on the physical surface.

This paper presents design, construction, and evaluation of a micropump for drug delivery applications. The proposed micropump consists of three components: fluidics, electronics, and software. The fluidics component includes a silicone elastic diaphragm, a microservo, housing and two check valves. The diaphragm is modeled and simulated to establish its geometrical specifications. The housing is built using a rapid prototype machine. The electronics component consists of a microcontroller, a microswitch array, a simple display and a power unit. The software component is written in C and receives inputs from user, controls the microservo speed and displays the programmed speed. A number of experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance and capabilities of the micropump. The experiments focus on measurement of flow rate, dosage and duration of operation. A discussion of the performance and capabilities of the developed micropump is also given.

The data covers the timing and frequency for divesting in the passenger screening process at Sydney Airport, New South Wales. Divesting is defined as the process of removing items from one's person before going through the screening process and placing them and cabin luggage onto the X-ray conveyor. This may also include removing items from bags to assist in the screening process.

The data covers the speed at which passengers walk through Australian domestic airport terminals, based on their group size.