Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Self-Focusing post-processing techniques can be used for faster higher precision Phase Noise and Allan Variance measurement on more than one signal component at a time. Software Radio (SDR) techniques [1, 2] are used to sample, acquire decimate and process the signals, on a continuous basis, for record lengths of up to a few days and with resolution bandwidths down to a few milliHerz.

Mountain glaciers around the globe are retreating rapidly, but the exact mechanisms causing the retreat are not well understood. Is warming of the atmosphere the key driver? What are the roles of changes in surface albedo due to contaminants and snow optical grain size and surface roughness? Improved understanding of the response of mountain glaciers to global and environmental change is key to answering these questions. A staring instrument that provides measurements from multiple viewing and illumination angles enables simultaneous measurement of 3D surface structure, including texture, material characteristics, and albedo. Such measurements make it possible to determine melt due to absorbed solar energy separately from melt due to other sources. The International Space Station (ISS) provides a possible host platform for a staring instrument that could access all tropical and most temperate mountain glaciers. The non-sun-synchronous orbit enables varying solar illumination angles.

A new fundamental theory of `coupled processes' is here applied to be able to explain and to some extent predict the observed instability and spectrum fluctuations of LC and crystal oscillators. The outcome is a `spectrum coupling' theory which is based on the concept of coupled energy exchange between spectrum components. The origin of the coupling can be said to be `energy conservation' as in the First Law of Thermodynamics. The coupling process is found to have hysteresis and to be time irreversible. These two factors can be considered to the origin of the instabilities of spur components observed in the spectra of LC and crystal oscillators.

Digitale Radio Mondiale (DRM) signals have properties that allow extraction of aircraft distance and velocity passively at distances of up to 1500km, or more depending on the DRM type. The DRM spectra are flat and typically 10kHz wide. Aircraft velocity and approximate distance can be found from the interference patterns created by the `direct' and reflected waves received from a distant DRM transmitter as observed in a software radio SDR `waterfall' spectrum/time display of the received DRM spectrum. Up to three aircraft can typically be observed visually `by eye'. Data FAX signals having a flat 2.5kHz spectrum can be also used when DRM signals are not available. More accurate and improved ranges for more aircraft should be possible with proposed second stage FFT and radar tracking DSP algorithms operating on the received waterfalls. At HF ionospheric reflections provide a long distance OTH capability. The ionospheric multipath can be removed by suitable processing techniques. Some fundamental information theoretic performance limits of this novel technique are examined for the case of a single receiver with an omnidirectional antenna. Aircraft direction and position can to some extent be inferred from flight profile constraints. Better positioning is obtained by combining the information from Data or DRM transmissions on more than one frequency and from different locations. Phased array reception gives target direction for single frequency DRM illumination, at some increase in cost and complexity. ADS-B `virtual radar' plots provide data on local civil aircraft movements that can be compared with the DRM waterfall data for algorithm development in this novel passive radar technique.

For antennas and propagation we require the total transfer function between the transmitter and the receiver over the operating band of frequencies. The classical EM equations need to be transformed into transfer functions conveniently defined by time and spatial domain Laplace Transforms. Transfer functions equations can define all the parameters of an antenna such as, near field stored energy and fields, coupling to other antennas and surfaces, and far-field array patterns.

The spectrum time `waterfall' of a received DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) signal contains information about the ionosphere around the half-way point of the path between transmitter and receiver. Typical DRM signals have a flat-topped spectrum that is 9kHz or 10kHz wide. The most easily observed patterns in the spectra are caused by multipath interference mainly between one-hop and two-hop paths. The path difference is then a maximum of twice the effective layer height and a minimum of 87% of this. Half the path difference and hence the approximate layer height in km is 15 times the number of cycles of the interference pattern observed in a 10 kHz Bandwidth. Layer and aircraft reflection velocities can also be extracted from the DRM signal `waterfall'. “DRM Passive ionospheric Sounding, or DPS” is shown to be feasible.

The Physical EM model presented at Piers 2011in Marrakesh is the basis for an analytic EM and antenna modelling method that requires no matrix inversion. 'Analytic Region Modelling' is therefore very fast and efficient and scalable to problems of high complexity. A Mathcad implementation of the methodology is presented with some illustrative examples.

The nominally vertical E-field of a ground wave is classically predicted to tilt forward in the direction of wave travel. Past measurements confirming this have been made at four spot frequencies between 5.25 and 28MHz by NTIA in Boulder, Colorado, USA reported in 1984. The ellipticity of the wave motion was also measured. A novel tuned loop based wave tilt equipment has been devised to make measurements of both tilt and wave ellipticity over wet clay soil at any frequency down to 2MHz. Below about 5.3MHz the direction of wave tilt has been found to reverse to a backward tilt and become `anomalous'. New EM theory is presented to explain this fundamentally new discovery. (5 pages)

The objective is a physical model that links Electro-Magnetism or Electro-Magnetics (EM) to the rest of physics for a Theory of Everything (ToE). The proposed model postulates a real spatial 'ether' described by four partially coupled transmission line equations mapping classical fields into spatial potentials, charges and currents. 'EM coupling' and 'Process Capture' are the main links to the rest of physics. One outcome of EM coupling is the removal of all mathematical and physical singularities in EM and elsewhere in physics. Process Capture defines 'process regions' where only one physical process dominates. One outcome is 'heuristic EM simulation' requiring no matrix inversion. Maxwell's Equations and some of the existing tenets of physics are significantly revised. The outcome is a ToE allowing all physics to be described in EM terms. Some novel examples are given, namely: 'continuous relativity', 'dark matter' compared to normal matter, photon 'string arrows', and 'toroidal EM string loops' for particles. In this ToE mathematics is used as a language to describe but not dictate the physics.

This is a speculative paper based on the EM evanescent wave model presented in the 2009 IFCS-EFTF conference [1]. It is about photons in free space.We can measure the spectral line width and frequency of a source of photons. Higher measurement accuracy is obtained by integrating many photons over a sufficiently long time. Then we see a continuous source with an oscillator like spectrum. An individual photon is assumed to have the same spectrum.The structure of a single photon is proposed to be a cylindrical rod or 'arrow' of EM energy with finite length and diameter. The length is assumed to be the reciprocal of the spectral line width times the velocity of light. The photon has a finite volume in which the energy density is approximately uniform.The proposed cross-section is a circular radial transverse electric evanescent wave as seen on the non-radiating Goubau single wire transmission line. However for the photon there is no centre conductor to support the photon wave. The radius of the arrow is assumed to be proportional to the square root of the photon frequency as is found for the energy surrounding a Goubau line.The energy of a photon is its frequency times the Planck constant. The energy density is taken to be approximately constant within the cylindrical shape of the photon. Thus the energy density per Hz (at the peak of the spectrum) is independent of the photon length. It is inversely proportional to the cross-section area.But thermal noise per Hz per square metre of a surface is assumed to be kT, (Boltzmann's constant times the absolute temperature). Note that this is possibly a new assumption. It is based on observations of thermal noise captured by an antenna of known beam width and capture area.When the peak energy density of the photon falls below the total (thermal) energy density (kT) we postulate that the photon is no longer stable and will lose its structure and 'evaporate'. It will merge with other adjacent photons to form a continuum of energy, but the continuum will still have the line spectrum of the original photons.We find that there is a critical frequency, proportional to the square root of temperature, below which photons cannot exist as particles.A rough estimate of the critical frequency is given. It is based on observed the few available measurements of transverse EM coupling and the Goubau line critical radial distance at various frequencies.

This is a speculative paper. It introduces some as yet untested ideas based on some new observations of electromagnetic (EM) waves in three areas. It postulates that multiple EM surface wave layers and multiple lattice paths in waveguides should have counterparts in acoustic and dielectric resonators and delay lines. Because the paths are partially coupled, energy can exchange between them in a,way that may become chaotic. The 'non-linearity' required for chaos to occur is the 'finite energy' constraint. Does the 'finite energy' constraint actually cause instabilities in oscillators? Can this be a chaotic process? Does it only occur when there are multiple paths? Bulk and surface acoustic waves have many of the attributes and features of electromagnetic waves. Perhaps these effects do exist, but normally are of too low level to be of concern? SPICE simulations can illustrate some of the speculative effects.

The EF-AJC is a mixed signal circuit operating with GHz sawtooth waveforms and feedback time constants of a few milliseconds. Jitter has to be modeled to sub-picosecond accuracy. Conventional time-step simulation is impossible in reasonable time. The paper addresses the validity of the 'indirect' simulation methods that have to be used. The 'simulations' are compared with 500 MHz results from a Fujitsu micro-electronics test chip. This 90 nm chip suppresses jitter by 8 times. The estimated residual jitter is less than an estimated 2 to 5 ps.

The functions required for AJC jitter reduction technology have been assessed separately in a 3.5 micron `proof-of-concept' (POC) CMOS chip. A simple AJC has been connected and shown to operate correctly and several improvements have been identified. In addition an experimental AJC has been simulated by a third party in 1.1 micron technology. Operation to over 1GHz was predicted and has been confirmed by the first results from a test chip.

Experimental results that indicate that at least two fundamental modes of Doppler generation are present when a rotating steel cylinder is broadside illuminated by radar. Improvised bistatic measurements at 77GHz are discussed and second order Doppler effects studied. Complex Doppler returns, consisting of two or more Doppler contributions, are decomposed and studied using empirical methods. In particular, ground illumination techniques are used to study Doppler in the shadow region of a cylinder of circumference 81 wavelengths. It is concluded that the complex Doppler response from the spinning cylinder consists of both direct (first order) and delayed (second order) Doppler components. Further measurements are proposed to study the delayed Doppler effect further.

The objective of this paper is to present a new Doppler-surface mapping (D-map) technique for understanding the backscattering characteristics of broadside illuminated electrically large spinning cylindrical radar targets. The D-map technique utilises new results that indicate that for nominally axi-symmetric rotations, an asymmetric and discrete line Doppler spectrum will always be present. In essence these frequency spectra are mapped to the target surface and represented In the form of a scattering half angle. Two classes of target (metallic and dielectric) are studied at rotation rates between 1Hz and 8Hz. The technique has practical relevance since from knowing the scattering angle and target dimensions, it is possible to determine the area of the target surface contributing to the backscattered response. It is found that the target scattering angle is invariant with rotation speed. However, the scattering angle for the dielectric cylinder is 50% greater than for the metallic cylinder suggesting that the technique could be used to discriminate between targets with differing electrical (material) properties or surface roughness characteristics.

The anti-jitter circuit (AJC) is a wide-bandwidth feedforward jitter suppression device realizable as an IC cell. An additional AC-coupled high-gain 'enhanced-feedback' loop typically gives a hundred times reduction in the lowest AJC suppression frequency. It also gives a considerably improved suppression capability and a substantial reduction of internal noise out to about one twentieth of the carrier frequency.

A new and unique millimetre wave radar capability is described. A coherent quasi-monostatic 77 GHz polarimetric short range phase coded pulse Doppler (PCPD) radar is integrated with a coherent monostatic 77 GHz co-polar continuous wave (CW) fast event radar data capture facility to provide unparalleled functionality in a single unit. The PCPD radar, originally designed for the short range radar measurement of vehicles travelling at velocities up to 200 m/s, is shown to offer significant additional benefits beyond original expectations. Results showing the complex Doppler from a rotating target and illustrating the PCPD system capabilities are presented. The CW radar, configured to measure objects travelling at velocities up to 2000 m/s, is also shown to be a useful asset. System verification tests and measurement results for Browning gun firings of spinning high velocity metallic spheres and cubes are discussed. Evidence has also been provided suggesting that the velocity of a small flat facetted projectile, fired from a Browning gun, can be estimated from radar measurements of spin rate given a priori knowledge of the rifling characteristics of the Browning gun.

Doppler spectra from broadside 77 GHz plane wave radar illuminated dielectric and metallic cylinders are investigated under static and dynamic target conditions. The classical formulae of modulation theory are reviewed and verified empirically using measured data containing AM and PM components manifested as discrete sideband imbalances. Particular emphasis is placed on the phasor representation of the Doppler and on the practical understanding of the intrinsic AM/PM ambiguities. Techniques used in the analysis could be applicable to the problem of AM and PM conversion in oscillators and sources. In particular ambiguities are represented and bound using a vector in a box approach.

This paper describes delay mismatch effects in transposed gain oscillators. Unequal time delay between IF and LO signal paths give rise to sub- optimum local oscillator's noise suppression. It is also shown that the phase response of the transposed gain amplifier is a function of LO signal path and optimum delay matching may not give a condition for oscillation.

This paper presents a novel jitter reduction circuit. The reduction technique is based on the time domain jitter averaging. The technique is a simple phase noise reduction method, which can be applied to a signal path as a drop-in building block. The jitter averaging technique allows the circuit to be applied in cascade for higher phase noise reduction.