In these investigations, the yield stability of 14 winter bread wheat genotypes were analyzed. The experimental part of the trial was performed at three locations (Kragujevac, Kruševac and Sombor) during 2013/2014. AMMI analysis of variance for grain yield showed that all sources of variation (genotype, environment, their interaction) had a significant effect on the expression of this complex trait. In the total variation of the experiment, the largest contribution had genotype/enviroment interaction, and genotype had the least. The most stable genotypes have been identified, which can be considered as a desirable genotypes, widely adapted to different agroecological conditions.

Study of fertilization effects were conducted in a stationary type of field trial, on a degrading vertisol soil with low pH. Eight variants of mineral nutrition (NK, NP1, NP2, NP3, NP1K, NP2K and NP3K) and untreated control (without nutrition) were tested in the experiment. The rates of nitrogen application were 80 kg N ha -1 , and they were applied either individually or in combination with three phosphorus rates and the potassium fertilizer. The highest grain yields under mineral nutrition involving a combination of three mineral elements were: N, P and K (80 kg N ha -1 , 60 kg P2O5 ha -1 , 60 kg K2O ha -1 ), and under NP2K treatment at a rate of 80 kg N ha -1 , 80 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 60 kg K2O ha -1 . Based on the analysis of variance, it can be concluded that there were highly significant differences in grains yield among years of investigation and highly significant differences at 1000-grain weight and grain test weight.

Grain protein content is one of indicators of small grains quality. It is important trait, but negatively correlated with grain yield what represents obstacle in small grains breeding on quality and yield, simultaneously. The objective of investigation is to estimate interrelationships between grain protein content and some physiological indicators of nitrogen status in wheat. Tested indicators of nitrogen status in wheat plant are: nitrogen content in aboveground plant part at anthesis (Nanthesis), grain nitrogen content (Ngrain), nitrogen content at straw (Nstraw), nitrogen content at whole matured plant (Ntotal), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen reutilization (NreU), nitrogen lost or gained (Npost anthesis) and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (PEN). According to obtained correlation coefficients, NHI and NreU expressed statistically high significant and positive influence on grain protein content. Influence of Npost anthesis was, in some investigation years, statistically high significant and positive, while influence of PEN on grain protein content was statistically high significant and strong, but negative. Influence of indicators of nitrogen accumulation efficiency, like: Nanthesis, Ngrain, Nstraw and Ntotal on grain protein content was insignificant during entire investigation. Such notice could mean higher importance of nitrogen utilization, as a part of process of nitrogen nutrition, in grain protein synthesis. Obtained results could achieve to better understanding of grain protein synthesis and overcoming some evident obstacles in wheat breeding programs.

Considering the very important role of nitrogen in plant life cycle, parameters of plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency represent a group of physiological traits suitable to contemporary wheat breeding aims. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to estimate variability of nitrogen nutrition efficiency indicators and to estimate their heritability in wheat. The experiment included 30 wheat cultivars and experimental lines, originating from Serbia: Small Grains Research Center and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. The variability and broad - sense heritability of total nitrogen accumulation (ANt) at maturity, grain harvest index (GHI) and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (PEN) were analysed. The years when the researches were carried out had a highly significant effect on all tested indicators, as well as genotype and interaction year x genotype. Total nitrogen accumulation in mature plant was the most variable indicator (Cv 13.91%), while lower variability was registered for nitrogen harvest index and physiological efficiency of nitrogen (5.81% and 5.59% respectively). NHI heritability was lower (0.52) compared to the ANt and PEN (0.66 and 0.69, respectively). On the other hand, heritability of ANt and PEN were almost the same, but PEN was more repeatable than the ANt.

Cognition about chemical composition and nutritive values of the triticale grain as well as the effect of its applying in nonruminant animal nutrition were pointed out in this paper.Triticale showed high level of proteins in the grain (2-3% more than wheat and 4% more than rye), with very beneficial amino acid composition, what is the reason for its usage in domestic animals nutrition.There are opinions that triticale is one of potentially most perspective species as nutrition, and examination of its nutritive values is necessary regard the fact that its growing is more and more higher nowadays.Based on that examination it is supposed to be suitable in domestic animals nutrition.Thanks to intensive plant breeding programs, there are many new, commercial, more yielding varieties, with series of desirable characteristics, which give their contribution this variety to become more attractive and spread on larger areas.These results will show if triticale has an advantage over other cereals and in which percentage it will have influence on further increasing of areas under this crop.

The growing increase of cost of inputs related to crop protection and the increasing competition in the international market contributed to the reduction of competitiveness and profitability of small grain producers from Serbia. Recent researches showed that any single measure of protection of plants, no matter how efficient is not sufficient to achieve complete success. That is why the concept of integrated protection program, which involves the active use of the complex of various measures to prevent the development of diseases and pests and provides for obtaining high. stable and high quality production, with as little as possible costs and pollution of the environment. This makes the whole system sustainable and more competitive as a result of significant reduction of inputs and in particular the need for plant protection. In integrated protection programe, and particularly in the system of organic agriculture, special attention is paid to the thresholds of the harmful effects of diseases, pests and weeds, in order to increase the efficiency of their control.

This paper contains the analysis of seed production of KG varieties of small grains (wheat. barley, triticale, rye and oats) in the period from 2005/06 to 2009/10. year. Particular emphasis is given to analyze the role of KG varieties in improving of small grains biodiversity in Serbia. It should be noted that KG Center, despite the difficulties, makes a significant contribution in providing the local market with seed of all important kind of small grains of winter and spring types. It is noticeable the slight increase in the quantity of KG seed produced in this period, with wheat and triticale stagnation. For barley. oats and rye are achieved significantly better results in the production and sale of seed. Based on the share of KG varieties in the structure of sowing it is undisputed that KG Center contributed significantly to the improvement of biodiversity in the area of small grains, which especially was noticeable in barley, triticale, oats and rye.

Cognition of chemical composition and nutritive values of triticale grain as well as the effect of its application in non-ruminant animal nutrition were pointed out in this paper. There is a high level of proteins in the grain of triticale (2 to 3% more than wheat and 4% more than rye), with very beneficial amino acid composition, and is the reason for its usage in domestic animals nutrition. Nowadays, people are of the opinion that triticale is one of potential plant species with the brightest perspective in the production of food for domestic animals. Considering the increased production of triticale, some detail researching of its nutritional value is necessary due to the required evaluation of the role and significance in domestic animal nutrition based on triticale. Due to intensive plant breeding programs, there are new varieties of triticale in the market, distinctive by the higher yield and wide range of desired traits. As a result of this, triticale is becoming very attractive and is occupying larger portions of arable land. These review will show if there are some advantages of triticale compared to other cereals and how large the frame of these advantages is, as well as how it will affect the further spreading of triticale on arable land.

This paper deals with interrelationship between grain yield and some physiological parameters of wheat plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency as well as interrelationships between these parameters and some yield related traits (biological yield, grain harvest index). The aim of such investigation is to affirm possibilities of using physiological parameters of wheat plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency as criterions in breeding on its grain yield. The investigation, conducted as three years field trials, included 30 wheat cultivars and perspective lines. There were studied: nitrogen content in the above - ground part of plant at anthesis, in grain, in straw and total nitrogen content at maturity, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen reutilization, post - anthesis nitrogen accumulation and physiological efficiency of nitrogen. The positive and statistically high significant relationships between nitrogen content in the above - ground part of plant at anthesis, in grain and in straw, total nitrogen content at maturity, nitrogen reutilization and post - anthesis accumulation as physiological parameters and grain yield were registered in investigated material. Most of listed parameters, important by grain yield aspect, can be studied easily and measured before wheat vegetative period ends. The investigated parameters can be recommended as criterions for selecting of parental pairs and evaluating progeny in breeding of wheat on grain yield, considering to their determined interrelationships and their measurability.

The presence of two maternal chromosome sets in triploid barley endosperm allows the distinction of maternal and paternal hordein bands in an electrophoregram: the maternal bands are stronger due to the higher gene dose. In the F1 generation there are differences between reciprocal crosses and in the F2 generation all 16 classes that are theoretically possible for a pair of polymorphic loci can be distinguished. This full classification is rarely possible in genetic studies, and allows more accurate estimates of recombination rates. Two hordein gene clusters (Hor1 and Hor2, corresponding to hordein C and hordein B respectively) were analyzed in hybrids obtained by crossing two winter barley cultivars Partizan and HWV-247. Hordein separation was performed by acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2 (A-PAGE). A set of most informative bands of B and C hordeins was selected in each cross by two criteria: (1) presence or absence of bands in the parents and (2) signal strength to allow doses scoring. The average genetic distance between Hor1 and Hor2 loci was 11 cM. Distances in male and female maps were not significantly different, suggesting a similar recombination rate in male and female meiosis.

This paper deals with the resistance of twenty commercial winter wheat cultivars to common bunt causal agent (Tilletia tritici). Significant differences among the cultivars concerning the infection percent were observed, as well as the differences in the level of commercial cultivars' resistance to T. tritici. Most of the studied cultivars belonged to susceptible categories, and just few of them to the resistant ones. Cultivar Lasta was classified as highly resistant during the both investigation years in Kragujevac, while in Leposavic Lasta and Tiha were classified as resistant. The other studied cultivars were more or less susceptible.

This paper deals with efficiency of some Pc genes of resistance to pre valent pathotypes of crown rust causer in oat. It was found that in seedlings stage the most efficient were genes Pc 68 and Pc 39 (100%). Satisfying degree of efficiency demonstrated genes Pc 38 and Pc 55 (87,5%). Majority of genes expressed partial resistance. Efficiency of Pc genes of resistance to prevalent pathotypes of pathogen in both years of investigation was satisfying and it was 61,45%.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the presence and magnitude of cultivar‐by‐environment (C × E) interactions is important to plant breeders in making decisions regarding the development and evaluation of new cultivars. In this study, 16 winter wheat cultivars were grown in 11 environments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The winter wheat ( Tritcum aestivum L.) cultivars displayed a broad range of quality, and the different environments represented a broad range of environmental conditions. Test weight (TW), grain protein content (GP), sedimentation value (SED), wet gluten (WG), farinograph absorption (FAB), farinograph dough development time (FDT), quality number (FQN), resistance to extension (ER), loaf volume (LV), and baking score (BS) were measured. Highly significant differences were detected among the environments and cultivars for each of the quality variables. Significant C × E interactions indicated that the breadmaking quality evaluations must be undertaken for several environments. The WG trait showed a significant positive correlation with TW, GP, SED, LV, and BS. Path analysis indicated that GP, the most important component of quality, exhibited not only large direct effects but also large indirect ones on LV through SED, WG, FAB, and FDT. The correlation among the selected traits may be useful in future breeding programs.