Objective. To compare the marginal gap using different types of die stones and titanium dies with and without powders for imaging.Methods. A melamine tooth was prepared and scanned using a laboratory 3-shape scanner to mill a polyurethane die, which was duplicated into different stones (Jade, Lean, CEREC) and titanium. Each die was sprayed with imaging powders (NP, IPS, Optispray, Vita) to form 15 groups. Ten of each combination of stone/titanium and imaging powders were used to mill crowns. A light-bodied impression material was injected into the intaglio surface of each crown and placed on the corresponding die. Each crown was removed, and the monophase material was injected to form a monophase die, which was cut into 8 sections. Digital images were captured using a stereomicroscope to measure marginal gap. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the particle size and shape of imaging powders and stones.Results. Marginal gaps ranged from mean (standard deviation) 49.32 to 91.20 micrometers (3.97-42.41 mm). There was no statistical difference (P > .05) in the marginal gap by any combination of stone/titanium and imaging powders. All of the imaging powders had a similar size and rounded shape, whereas the surface of the stones showed different structures.Conclusions. When a laboratory 3-shape scanner is used, all imaging powders performed the same for scanning titanium abutments. However, there was no added value related to the use of imaging powder on die stone. It is recommended that the selection of stone for a master cast be based on the physical properties.Practical Implications. When a laboratory 3-shape scanner is used, the imaging powder is not required for scanning die stone. Whenever scanning titanium implant abutments, select the least expensive imaging powder.

OBJECTIVEThis clinical report describes an alternative treatment modality for the replacement of congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors in a 17-year-old patient.CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONSZirconia-based resin-bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) were selected as a viable and conservative treatment option in a young individual with highly aesthetic expectations. Fabrication of all-ceramic RBFPDs followed specific preparation design and features to accommodate two retainers. The zirconia frameworks with bilateral wings were digitally designed and then milled by a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-controlled milling machine. Zirconia surface was treated with a two-step chairside tribochemical silica-coating/silane coupling surface treatment protocol, and adhesive resin luting cement was used to achieve micromechanical and chemical bonding. Completion of the treatment resulted in a functional and aesthetic successful outcome and a 17-month follow-up presented uneventful.CONCLUSIONContemporary adhesive techniques involving resin-bonded zirconia-based prostheses can be utilized successfully and predictably in young patients with single missing teeth when implant therapy is currently not a treatment of choice and a less invasive approach is desired.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe zirconia-based resin-bonded prosthesis constitutes a viable and conservative treatment modality for the replacement of missing teeth either congenitally or from another etiology in young patients in which implant therapy and a fixed partial denture are currently contraindicated.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:Fracture of feldspathic porcelain laminate veneers represents a significant mode of clinical failure. Therefore, ceramic materials that withstand a higher load to fracture, especially for patients with parafunctional habits, are needed. PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of material (zirconia, TZP, glass-ceramic, IEC, and feldspathic porcelain, FP) design (incisal overlapped preparation, IOP, and three-quarter preparation, TQP), and fracture mode to failure load for veneers supported by composite resin abutments. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A typodont tooth prepared with 2 designs (IOP, TQP) and the corresponding 2 definitive dies were used to fabricate the composite resin abutments (30 for IOP and 30 for TQP). Ten veneer specimens for each system (Y-TZP, IEC, and FP), were fabricated for each design. The veneers were cemented, invested, and tested in compression until failure by using a universal testing machine. Significant differences were evaluated by 2-factor ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS:No statistical mean load difference was noted between the preparation designs for Y-TZP (IOP: 244 ±81 and TQP: 224 ±58 N), IEC (IOP: 306 ±101 and TQP: 263 ±77 N), and FP veneers (IOP: 161 ±93 and TQP: 246 ±45 N). No statistical difference in the mean load was found among the 3 veneer materials for each preparation design except between IEC (306 ±101 N) and FP (161 ±93 N) veneers for TQP. CONCLUSIONS:Preparation design did not influence the failure load of the veneer materials. Zirconia veneers were the least likely to fracture but the most likely to completely debond; feldspathic porcelain veneers exhibited the opposite characteristics.

Statement of problem. When feldspathic porcelain (FP) laminate veneers are used to mask tooth discoloration that extends into the dentin, significant tooth reduction is needed to provide space for the opaque layer and optimize the bonding of the restoration.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the color effect of trial insertion paste (TP), composite resin abutment (CRA), and veneer regions on the optical properties of feldspathic porcelain (FP), yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP), and IPS e.max CAD HT (IEC) veneers.Material and methods. A melamine tooth was prepared for a laminate veneer on a model, and a definitive cast was made. The definitive die was scanned by using the TurboDent System (TDS), then 30 CRA were machined and 10 veneers were fabricated for each ceramic material (FP, Y-TZP, IEC). The optical properties of different veneer materials, CRA (A(1), A(2), A(3)) and TP (bleach XL, opaque white, transparent, and yellow) were evaluated in the cervical, body, and incisal regions with a spectrophotometer. Results were analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA (.05).Results. The color difference for all the veneers was affected by TP and CRA colors in different regions. The mean values for the Y-TZP veneer color coordinates (L*: 74 +/- 0.34, a*: 0.09 +/- 0.20, and b*: 17.43 +/- 0.44) were significantly different (P<.001) from those of IEC veneers (L*: 70.15 +/- 0.23, a*: -0.69 +/- 0.073, and b*:11.48 +/- 0.30) and FP veneers (L*: 70.00 +/- 0.86, a*: - 0.28 +/- 0.203, and b*: 13.86 +/- 1.08). There was no difference between IEC for L* and FP. Significant difference was detected (P<.001) in color coordinates among the 3 veneer materials for a* and b*.Conclusions. The TP color affected the color difference for all veneer materials except the Y-TZP, while there was no effect on the CRA color. The magnitude of color coordinates changed as a function of TP color and veneer material. (J Prosthet Dent 2012;107:300-308)

PURPOSE:The effect of dental fabrication procedures of zirconia monolithic restorations and changes in properties during low-temperature exposure in the oral environment is not completely understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of procedures for fabrication of dental restorations by low-temperature simulation and relative changes of flexural strength, nanoindentation hardness, Young's modulus, surface roughness, and structural stability of yttria-stabilized zirconia.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 64 zirconia specimens were prepared to simulate dental practice. The specimens were divided into the control group and the accelerated aging group. The simulated group followed the same procedure as the control group except for the aging treatment. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure surface roughness. The degree of tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation was determined using X-ray diffraction. Nanoindentation hardness and modulus measurements were carried out on the surface of the zirconia specimens using a nanoindenter XP/G200 system. The yttria levels for nonaged and aged specimens were measured using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Flexural strength was determined using the piston-on-three-ball test. The t-test was used to determine statistical significance.RESULTS:Means and standard deviations were calculated using all observations for each condition and evaluated using a group t-test (p < 0.05). The LTD treatment resulted in increased surface roughness (from 12.23 nm to 21.56 nm for Ra and 15.06 nm to 27.45 nm for RMS) and monoclinic phase fractions (from 2% to 21%), with a concomitant decrease in hardness (from 16.56 GPa to 15.14 GPa) and modulus (from 275.68 GPa to 256.56 GPa). Yttria content (from 4.43% to 4.46%) and flexural strength (from 586 MPa to 578 MPa) were not significantly altered, supporting longer term in vivo function without biomechanical fracture.CONCLUSION:The LTD treatment induced the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation with surface roughening in zirconia prepared using dental procedures.

PURPOSEMarginal adaptation is an important factor affecting the longevity of all-ceramic restorations, although the effects of different fabrication steps on marginal adaptation at various stages of fabrication are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to assess with an in vitro model whether In-Ceram alumina (IA) or In-Ceram zirconia (IZ) copings produced by the CAD/CAM method would be clinically acceptable, and to evaluate the effect of each fabrication step (post-milling, post-trimming, and post-glass infiltration) on the marginal discrepancy of the coping.MATERIALS AND METHODSA melamine tooth was prepared, duplicated, poured with inlay wax, and then cast with metal to fabricate a master die. An InLab 3D system was used to scan the master die and to design and mill the copings. Thirty IA and IZ copings each were developed with thicknesses of 0.6 mm and a 30-μm thick computer luting space. Epoxy resin replicas of the master die were fabricated, and the vertical and horizontal marginal discrepancies were measured using a Micro-Vu optical microscope at three stages of the fabrication (post-milling, post-trimming, post-infiltration). One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data between the three stages of fabrication for each marginal discrepancy, and a t-test was used to compare vertical and horizontal marginal discrepancies (after glass infiltration) between IZ and IA copingsRESULTSThere were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the vertical marginal discrepancies (μm) between IA (36 ± 14) and IZ (40 ± 14) copings after glass infiltration. ANOVA (comparing three stages within horizontal marginal discrepancy for IZ copings) showed that post-milling (40 ± 26) > post-trimming (23 ± 11) = post-infiltration (19 ± 13). ANOVA (comparing three stages within vertical marginal discrepancy for IZ copings) showed that post-milling (53 ± 12) = post-trimming (47 ± 13) > post-infiltration (36 ± 14). ANOVA (comparing three stages within horizontal marginal discrepancy for IA copings) showed that post-milling (52 ± 28) > post-trimming (30 ± 16) > post-infiltration (30 ± 16). ANOVA (comparing three stages within vertical marginal discrepancy for IA copings) showed that post-milling (54 ± 13) = post-trimming (56 ± 26) > post-infiltration (40 ± 14).CONCLUSIONThere was no significant difference in the marginal adaptation of both material copings. After the trimming process, the glass infiltration firing cycle improved the vertical marginal discrepancy for both IZ and IA copings. Clinical implications. IA and IZ copings fabricated by CAD/CAM technology have an acceptable marginal fit as documented in the literature, and the glass infiltration process improves the marginal fit after machining.

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate marginal discrepancy and fracture resistance of two veneering materials using two preparation designs. METHODS:Two veneer preparation designs (full and traditional) were restored with leucite-reinforced ceramic (ProCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY) milled by CAD/CAM (Cerec 3D milling system, Serona Dental Systems), and conventional sintered feldspathic porcelain (Noritake Super Porcelain EX3, Noritake Dental Supply Co). Forty-eight specimens were analysed with a sample size of n=12 per group. The thickness of each veneer was measured on four specific surfaces. Marginal discrepancy was evaluated with a replica technique and cross-sectional view using a digital microscope. The fracture resistance of veneers cemented on standardised composite resin dies was evaluated using a universal testing machine. Results were analysed with ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer post hoc testing, and linear regression. RESULTS:The results of this investigation revealed no correlation between the thickness and marginal discrepancy of the veneers. The full preparation design with ProCAD and the traditional preparation design with feldspathic porcelain manifested smaller gap. Fracture resistance was decreased for the full preparation design with feldspathic porcelain. CONCLUSIONS:In terms of marginal discrepancy and fracture resistance, the most favourable combination was a traditional veneer preparation design with conventional sintered feldspathic porcelain. For the full veneer preparation, a stronger ceramic material such as ProCAD is suggested.

In the last 2 decades, exciting new developments in dental materials and computer technology have led to the success of contemporary dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Several highly sophisticated chairside and laboratory CAD/CAM systems have been introduced or are under development. This article provides an overview of the development of various CAD/CAM systems. Operational components, methodologies, and restorative materials used with common CAD/CAM systems are discussed. Research data and clinical studies are presented to substantiate the clinical performance of these systems.