Drying is a critical post-harvest step in the processing of Chinese medicinal materials; however, the mechanistic links between key processing parameters and final product quality remain incompletely understood. To address this, we conducted a multidimensional investigation into the mechanisms of quality deterioration and metabolic regulation in Rheum palmatum L. during hot-air drying at 45 °C, with a particular focus on the role of slice thickness (2–8 mm). We systematically examined the synergistic effects of thickness and drying time on color evolution, key enzyme activities, and phytochemical composition. The results indicate that color deterioration occurs in two consecutive stages: an initial phase dominated by polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-mediated enzymatic browning, followed by a later stage of non-enzymatic browning. Slice thickness strongly regulated moisture migration, which in turn governed the dynamic retention of bioactive compounds, with 4 mm slices exhibiting optimal preservation of total anthraquinones. The drying kinetics of these optimal slices were most accurately described by the Wang and Singh model (R2 > 0.999). Non-targeted metabolomics further revealed extensive metabolic reprogramming, identifying 652 differentially accumulated metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted flavonoid and tyrosine biosynthesis as the most significantly altered pathways. From these data, we delineated a regulatory network involving 7 key metabolites and 10 associated enzymes, providing a mechanistic scaffold for quality formation. This study proposes an optimized drying strategy (4 mm slice thickness with endpoint moisture control) and establishes an integrated “processing–structure–metabolism” framework that links physical drying conditions to biochemical responses. These findings offer a theoretical basis for the precision drying of rhubarb and provide a methodological reference for the processing of other medicinal plants.

Soil salinization is a major environmental constraint limiting plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a high-quality leguminous forage crop with high nutritional and ecological value, serves as an important model for investigating salt tolerance mechanisms in forage species. This study aimed to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying varietal differences in salt tolerance among independently bred alfalfa cultivars. Three alfalfa varieties-Zhongtian No.1 (A.ZT1), Zangmu No.1 (A.ZM1), and Zhonglan No.1 (A.ZL1)-were exposed to two salinity levels (100 and 200 mM NaCl). Germination traits, growth performance, physiological parameters, and photosynthetic characteristics were evaluated, and integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to compare their responses to salt stress. Salt stress significantly inhibited seed germination and plant growth in all varieties, with stronger inhibitory effects observed under 200 mM NaCl. Under 100 mM NaCl, the vigor index decreased by 34.69% in A.ZM1 and up to 51.27% in A.ZL1 compared with the control. Under 200 mM NaCl, the vigor index declined dramatically by 92.13% in A.ZT1 and 93.66% in A.ZL1, indicating severely restricted seedling development. Physiological analyses showed that salt stress increased malondialdehyde and osmolyte accumulation, while disturbing ionic homeostasis. At 200 mM NaCl, A.ZL1 exhibited the highest Na⁺/K⁺ ratio and oxidative damage, whereas A.ZM1 maintained relatively lower MDA levels and stronger antioxidant enzyme activities. Photosynthetic performance also declined with increasing salinity; however, A.ZM1 maintained a net photosynthetic rate of 27.72 μmol m-2 s-1 under 200 mM NaCl, indicating superior physiological tolerance. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed coordinated regulation of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways under salt stress. Key flavonoid biosynthesis genes, such as CHS, were up-regulated in A.ZT1 and A.ZM1 but down-regulated in A.ZL1. In addition, several gibberellin-related metabolites, including GA20, GA3, and GA8, showed differential accumulation. Notably, A.ZM1 exhibited the largest number of differentially expressed genes and metabolites, indicating a broader molecular response to salinity. Overall, A.ZT1 and A.ZM1 displayed stronger salt tolerance than A.ZL1, which may be associated with more effective antioxidant regulation and metabolic pathway activation. These findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular basis of salt tolerance variation among independently bred alfalfa varieties and offer valuable references for breeding salt-tolerant cultivars and improving the utilization of saline soils.

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregation contributes significantly to β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigated whether bioactive compounds derived from rhubarb, particularly aloe-emodin, can serve as effective inhibitors of IAPP aggregation, thereby offering therapeutic the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Recombinant IAPP (optimally expressed in E. coli BL21 at 22 °C with 0.4 mM IPTG induction for 6 h; yield: 0.061 mg/mL, purity: 95 %) was prepared for subsequent inhibitor screening studies. Aggregation inhibition by aloe-emodin was assessed using thioflavin T fluorescence kinetics. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and Biolayer interferometry (BLI) further characterized binding mechanisms and complex stability. Aloe-emodin demonstrated superior inhibition (46.63 %), surpassing emodin (38.22 %) and sennoside D (25.41 %). Hydrophobic interactions dominated IAPP-aloe-emodin binding, inducing static fluorescence quenching. MD simulation analyses confirmed the formation of a stable, high-affinity IAPP-aloe-emodin complex. Molecular docking revealed a binding energy of -9.37 kcal/mol, while MD simulations demonstrated rapid formation of a stable system within a short simulation timeframe. BLI quantified the binding affinity with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 3.96 × 10-6 M, indicating a typical drug-target interaction. Cellular studies demonstrated that aloe-emodin reduced intracellular IAPP levels by 42.50 % and downregulated IAPP gene expression. These findings establish aloe-emodin as a promising dual-action therapeutic candidate targeting both IAPP proteotoxicity and transcriptional regulation.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have potential application value in reducing metal accumulation in medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the effects of endophyte on the growth and metal resistance of Codonopsis pilosula under Cadmium ion (Cd2+) stress. Five endophytic strains were isolated from the root of C. pilosula. Serratia (CPSE11, CPSE12), Enterobacter (CPSE22), Bacillus subtilis (CPSE32), and Microbacterium (CPSE8). Serratia fonticola CPSE11 showed high tolerance to Cd2+. The adsorption of Cd2+ was consistent with the first-order kinetic model, and had a strong correlation with the Langmuir model. The maximum single-layer adsorption capacity (q^m) was 58.47 mg/g (R2 > 0.9). In hydroponic experiments, 107 cfu/mL CPSE11 could effectively alleviate the toxic effect of Cd2+ (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/L) on C. pilosula. Genomic analysis showed that CPSE11 has genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, transcription, transport, and metal resistance. These include czcB, cusA/czcA, cusB, and cusC, and genes encoding copper (Cu), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and cobalt (Co) efflux pumps. CPSE11 enhances the resistance of C. pilosula to Cd2+ stress by producing siderophores, IAA, ACC, fixing nitrogen and regulating the antioxidant system. CPSE11 alleviates the toxic effect of Cd2+ stress on C. pilosula through EPS fixation, RND-type efflux system and specific translocation of metal tolerance gene family. EPS depend on ABC transporter and Wzx/Wzy pathway to produce. The research will promote the sustainable development of medicinal plants and the application of PGPR in metal stress.

As the primary bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Codonopsis pilosula (C. pilosula), C. pilosula polysaccharides (CPPs) have garnered considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. This study investigated the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of CPPs, as well as their effects on hypoglycemia, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota in diabetic mice induced by high-sugar/high-fat (HS/HF) feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) administration. The ameliorative effects of CPPs on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were evaluated by measuring mouse blood glucose and other relevant indicators. Gavage administration of medium- and low-dose CPPs exerted beneficial effects in T2DM mice, as evidenced by reduced body weight, decreased blood glucose and lipid levels, restored blood biochemical parameters, lowered organ indices, and ameliorated oxidative stress in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining revealed improved pathological changes in the liver and kidneys, characterized by neatly arranged organ cells with enlarged, oval nuclei. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that CPP gavage modulated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that CPPs-an active component of the medicinal plant C. pilosula-not only regulate gut microbiota but also hold potential as a supplementary agent for T2DM management.

Drying is a critical step in the processing of Chinese herbal medicines; however, this process can induce quality deterioration in rhubarb, leading to the loss of bioactive components and visual degradation. To address this, the present study focuses on vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) technology and investigates the influence of slice thickness (2–8 mm) on drying kinetics, color, enzyme activity, and bioactive constituents, with the aim of optimizing the VFD process parameters. The results showed that the enzymatic browning was not significant during the whole drying stage (0–18 h), the catalase activity increased first and then decreased, and the polyphenol oxidase activity showed a stable trend, which was synchronized with the peak browning. The 6 mm slice retained the highest anthraquinone content, while the thinner slice (2 mm) showed the greatest loss. Moisture reduction follows a logarithmic model with high accuracy (R² = 0.995). Metabolomic analysis identified 617 differential metabolites, including 6 key compounds related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and other compounds, which were regulated by 9 enzymes. By constructing a mathematical model of drying dynamics, Page model fitting effect was the best. Therefore, optimizing the slice thickness (6 mm) and controlling the early drying (< 18 h) effectively improved the product quality and provided insights for the cold drying of other medicinal plants.

Seasonal variations significantly shape soil-microbe-plant interactions, thereby influencing plant growth and metabolic adaptations. Understanding these dynamics is crucial, particularly for medicinal plants like Codonopsis pilosula. This study explored the seasonal links between soil physicochemical properties, C. pilosula physiological traits, and its root-associated microbiome (bacteria via 16S rRNA, fungi via ITS) across four seasons. Distinct seasonal patterns emerged: the growth rate of roots (length and diameter) was significantly higher in autumn and winter, whereas sugar content was highest in spring and summer. Microbial diversity also shifted seasonally; endophytic bacterial diversity was greater in autumn/winter, while rhizosphere fungal diversity peaked in spring/summer. Correlation analyses revealed that key soil properties (e.g., pH, EC, OM), likely driven by seasonal climate shifts, significantly structured the root microbiome and influenced plant physiology. Specifically, certain endophytic bacteria (Exiguobacterium, Bacillus, Acinetobacter) positively correlated with root growth, while the rhizosphere fungus Mortierella correlated positively with sugar content. These findings suggest a seasonal resource allocation strategy in C. pilosula: spring/summer conditions favor sugar accumulation, potentially linked to Mortierella activity, whereas autumn/winter conditions promote accelerated root development, possibly mediated by beneficial endophytic bacteria. Overall, this research elucidates the adaptive physiological strategies of C. pilosula driven by seasonal variations in the soil-microbiome environment.

Codonopsis pilosula is a genuine medicinal material and edible plant. However, the structure and activity of its polysaccharides have been infrequently studied. In this study, crude polysaccharides were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), six distinct polysaccharides (UA-Cpps) were obtained from the crude polysaccharides by separation with a DEAE-cellulose column and purification using an S-100 chromatography column. This study examined the physicochemical properties and structure of six UA-Cpps using high-resolution spectroscopy and microscopic imaging technology. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that UA-Cpps1 and UA-Cpps6 had similar morphologies, characterized by smooth, dense surfaces with uneven textures composed of small particles. Methylation analysis indicated that the six UA-CPPs were primarily linked by 1 → 4 and 1 → 6 glycosidic bonds. Notably, the 1 → 4 glycosidic bond type enhances the antioxidant properties of UA-Cpps, with both UA-Cpps3 and UA-Cpps5 exhibiting strong antioxidant activity that inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that UA-CPPs and two enzymes were capable of forming stable structures through multiple hydrogen bonds. This study offers scientific evidence supporting the application of C. pilosula in health promotion and the management of emerging health issues.

Rhubarb, a medicinal herb in Gansu Province, China, undergoes significant quality changes during sun-drying. This study investigated color changes, drying kinetics, anthraquinone (AQ) content, metabolic profiles, and enzyme activity during the process. Results showed that drying induced enzymatic browning, with the browning index (BI) progressively increasing over extended drying periods (4–16 h) and with greater slice thickness (2–8 mm). Catalase (CAT) activity first decreased and then increased, while polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity decreased throughout drying. Slice thickness significantly affected AQ content, with the highest in 2 mm slices and the lowest in 4 mm slices. The drying process followed a logarithmic model (R2 = 0.99418, RMSE = 0.02310, and χ2 = 0.0005). Metabolomics analysis identified 631 differential metabolites, with 8 key metabolites linked to flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism. Fifteen enzymes were involved in metabolite synthesis and decomposition, though some enzyme activity trends contradicted metabolite changes. This study provides insight into rhubarb drying mechanisms and a basis for optimizing the drying process.

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death mode that is distinct from other cell death modes, and radiation is able to stimulate cellular oxidative stress and induce the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen radicals, which in turn leads to the accumulation of lipid peroxide and the onset of ferroptosis. In this review, from the perspective of the role of ferroptosis in generating a radiation response following cellular irradiation, the relationship between ferroptosis induced by ionizing radiation stress and the response to ionizing radiation is reviewed, including the roles of MAPK and Nrf2 signaling pathways in ferroptosis, resulting from the oxidative stress response to ionizing radiation, the metabolic regulatory role of the p53 gene in ferroptosis, and regulatory modes of action of iron metabolism and iron metabolism-related regulatory proteins in promoting and inhibiting ferroptosis. It provides some ideas for the follow-up research to explore the specific mechanism and regulatory network of ferroptosis in response to ionizing radiation.

Petroleum hydrocarbons are a stubborn pollutant that is difficult to degrade globally, and plant-microbial degradation is the main way to solve this type of pollutant. In this study, the physiological and ecological responses of alfalfa to petroleum hydrocarbons in different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with KB1 (Rhodococcus erythropolis) were analyzed and determined by laboratory potting techniques. The growth of alfalfa (CK) and alfalfa with KB1 (JZ) in different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated soil was compared and analyzed. The results of the CK group showed that petroleum hydrocarbons could significantly affect the activity of alfalfa antioxidant enzyme system, inhibit the development of alfalfa roots and the normal growth of plants, especially in the high-concentration group. KB1 strain had the ability to produce IAA, form biofilm, fix nitrogen, produce betaine and ACC deaminase, and the addition of KB1 could improve the growth traits of alfalfa in the soil contaminated with different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, the content of soluble sugars in roots, and the stress resistance and antioxidant enzyme activities of alfalfa. In addition, the degradation kinetics of the strain showed that the degradation rate of petroleum could reach 75.2

BACE1, a crucial enzyme in the amyloid-beta deposition theory of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is targeted by Codonopsis pilosula, a traditional tonic believed to impede AD onset. However, the specific active compounds responsible for its effects remain elusive. Our prior network pharmacology research identified C. pilosula polysaccharides (CPPS) and Lobetyolin may serve as potential inhibitors of AD by suppressing amyloidogenesis. Here, we recombinantly expressed BACE1 under varied conditions and assessed its activity using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technology. Through spectroscopy, molecular docking, and dynamics, we elucidated the interactions of CPPS, Lobetyolin, and BACE1. Optimal BACE1 expression occurred at 22 degrees C with 0.4 mM IPTG for 6 h, yielding a 72 kDa protein. Enzyme kinetics displayed a maximum rate of 4096 mu mol/min and a Michaelis constant of 16 mg/mL for BACE1. Spectroscopic analysis revealed differing binding affinities of the compounds at various temperatures, peaking at 293 K. Lobetyolin exhibited superior binding to BACE1 compared to CPPS, driven by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces. Molecular docking and dynamics highlighted hydrophobic amino acids' role in BACE1 interactions with Lobetyolin and CPPS, with binding energy < -1.2 kcal/mol signifying strong affinities. Notably, Lobetyolin and CPPS showed higher BACE1 affinity than APP, with the Lobetyolin-BACE1 complex being the most stable.

Codonopsis pilosula is a medicinal plant with properties related to food, and the antioxidant and hypoglycemic components of its natural polysaccharides, as well as their related mechanisms, have not been fully understood. This study examined the physicochemical properties and structure of C. pilosula polysaccharide (WCP) using an orthogonal extraction method involving hot water-alcohol precipitation, high-resolution spectroscopy, and microscopic imaging technology. The antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of the polysaccharides were assessed. Six fractions (WCP1, WCP2, WCP3, WCP4, WCP5, and WCP6) were identified through purification using a DEAE-cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 gel column. Mannose, glucose, and arabinose were identified as the primary monosaccharide components of WCPs through Gas Chromatography (GC). The polysaccharide exhibited a crystal structure composed of irregularly entangled pyranose particles of WCPs as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The polysaccharide decomposed into smoother triple-helix fibrous flocs as indicated by Congo red analysis and circular dichroism analysis (CD). The antioxidant capacity of the polysaccharides against various free radicals was evaluated, with WCP4 demonstrating a significant reducing capacity. Moreover, WCP3 and WCP5 displayed notable inhibition rates of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. Molecular docking studies indicated the interaction of WCP5 with two enzymes, forming multiple hydrogen bonds through specific amino acids. In the gromacs simulation, both composite systems maintained a steady state in terms of root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration, providing strong support for their potential as a reference for the developing novel therapeutic approaches to diabetes.

Three octacoordinated zirconium(IV) tetrakis-(8-hydroxyquinolinate) complexes [(L1-3)4Zr(IV)] were synthesized smoothly in THF at room temperature using ZrCl4 as a starting material with yields ranging from 74% to 83%. Their structures were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. [(L1-3)4Zr(IV)] exhibited excellent solubility and stability in H2O and DMSO, and they have demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against human Hep G2, Hela S3 and PC9 cells than cisplatin. Among them, [(L1)4Zr(IV)] bearing non-substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline showed about 2 orders of magnitude higher inhibition activity against Hep G2 cells than cisplatin (IC50: 0.14 +/- 0.1 mu M, cisplatin: 13.82 +/- 1.3 mu M). The selectivity towards tumor cells was preliminary evidenced by their partial or completely vanished inhibition activity against AML12 cells. Additionally, [(L1)4Zr(IV)] could almost exclusively induce the apoptosis of Hep G2 cells.

Paraphoma chrysanthemicola is a newly identified endophytic fungus. The focus of most studies on P. chrysanthemicola has been on its isolation, identification and effects on plants. However, the limited genomic information is a barrier to further research. Therefore, in addition to studying the morphological and physiological characteristics of P. chrysanthemicola, we sequenced its genome and compared it with that of Paraphoma sp. The results showed that sucrose, peptone and calcium phosphate were suitable sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus for this strain. The activities of amylase, cellulase, chitosanase, lipase and alkaline protease were also detected. Sequencing analysis revealed that the genome of P. chrysanthemicola was 44.1 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 36.1 Mb and 37,077 protein-coding genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that mannose-modified glycosylation was predominant in monosaccharide utilisation. The percentage of glycoside hydrolase (GH) modules was the highest in the carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) analysis. Secondary metabolite-associated gene cluster analysis identified melanin, dimethylcoprogen and phyllostictine A biosynthetic gene clusters (>60% similarity). The results indicated that P. chrysanthemicola had a mannose preference in monosaccharide utilisation and that melanin, dimethylcoprogen and phyllostictine A were important secondary metabolites for P. chrysanthemicola as an endophytic fungus.

C27H27Cl2N3O6Ti, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.609(4) Å, b = 21.476(7) Å, c = 13.504(4) Å, β = 109.881(9)°, V = 3166.2(18) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0623, wRref(F2) = 0.1945, T = 100(1) K.

Three dinitrosyl cobalt complexes (DNCCs) [(Dppe)Co(NO)(2)]Cl, [(Dppp)Co(NO)(2)]Cl and [(TMEDA)Co (NO)(2)]BPh4 were synthesized using CoCl2 center dot 6H(2)O as a starting material and were isolated via fast column chromatography with final yields ranging from 53% to 67%. These EPR silent DNCCs each showed only one pair of redox events ({Co(NO)(2)}10/11) in the cyclic voltammograms. In comparison with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the DNCCs' NO release amount and duration significantly enhanced, and were related closely to their hydrolytic stability. Additionally, DNCCs have demonstrated significantly higher NO cellular uptake rates in the first 5 h than SNP by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), to which the DNCCs also showed low cytotoxicity. Based on the fact that DNCCs could hydrolyze yielding ligands as the remaining products and the possible formation of [(Dppp)Co(NO)(2)] and [(Dppp)Co(PPh3)(NO)] in the reduction of [(Dppp)Co(NO)(2)]Cl, a plausible NO release mechanism via a one electron reduction process was proposed.

Jujubosides are the major medicinal ingredients of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (the seed of wild jujube). To date, a complete understanding of jujuboside’s metabolic pathways has not been attained. This study has systematically identified 35 β-glucosidase genes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) using bioinformatic methods based on the wild jujube genome. The conserved domains and motifs of the 35 putative β-glucosidases, along with the genome locations and exon–intron structures of 35 β-glucosidase genes were revealed. The potential functions of the putative proteins encoded by the 35 β-glucosidase genes are suggested based on their phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis homologs. Two wild jujube β-glucosidase genes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant proteins were able to convert jujuboside A (JuA) into jujuboside B (JuB). Since it has been previously reported that JuA catabolites, including JuB and other rare jujubosides, may play crucial roles in the jujuboside’s pharmacological activity, it is suggested that these two proteins can be used to enhance the utilization potential of jujubosides. This study provides new insight into the metabolism of jujubosides in wild jujube. Furthermore, the characterization of β-glucosidase genes is expected to facilitate investigations involving the cultivation and breeding of wild jujube.

试验旨在增强嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)的抗逆性,提高其经胃肠道后的存活率.试验利用响应面试验对嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊的制备工艺进行优化.结果显示,嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为海藻酸钠(SA)质量分数3.0%、聚乙烯醇(PVA)质量分数2.5%、固定化时间2 h.在此条件下,微胶囊包埋率达到85.7%,在模拟胃液中的存活率达到70.1%,比未经微胶囊包埋的菌株存活率提高了167.6%.研究表明,制备出的微胶囊能够在胃酸环境下对嗜酸乳杆菌起到很好的保护作用.

The study explored the nature and structure of ultrasonically extracted Codonopsis pilosulae crude polysaccharides (CPCPs) and the effects of CPCPs on hypoglycemic effects and gut flora in a high glucose and high-fat feeding and STZ-induced T2DM mice model. The results showed that the CPCPs consisted mainly of polysaccharides, uronic acids, proteins and SO42−. CPCPs consisted of β-type pyranose and exhibited porous, irregular fibrillation and aggregation, and inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. 1 g/kg CPCPs reduced diabetic symptoms, including modulation of body weight and blood biochemistry levels, reduced blood sugar and lipids, liver, kidney, pancreas indices, oxidative damage and inflammatory factor levels in T2DM mice. For diabetic mice gut microbes, 1 g/kg CPCPs reduced the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes; at the genus level and reduced Enterobacter abundance and increased Bacteroides abundance. These results suggested that CPCPs may be effective supplements for preventing or treating of T2DM.