Previous investigations have reported that soluble fiber reduces the plasma glucose and insulin changes after an oral glucose load. To improve the palatability of a soluble-fiber feeding, this study addressed how a combined, soluble fiber (delivered in capsule form) and a preexercise CHO feeding would affect metabolic responses during exercise. On 3 different days, participants ingested a placebo (CON), 75 g liquid CHO (GLU), or 75 g liquid CHO with 14.5 g encapsulated guar gum (FIB) 45 min before cycling for 60 min at 70% VO2 peak. Peak concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin were similar and significantly greater than CON preexercise (p < 05). Similarities in carbohydrate reliance were observed in GLU and FIB. Muscle glycogen use did not differ significantly among trials. These results demonstrate that encapsulated soluble fiber delivered with liquid CHO feeding does not affect plasma glucose, insulin, or muscle glycogen utilization during exercise.

1097 This study was designed to determine whether the improvement in insulin action following resistance training in the elderly is related to alterations in body composition or muscle size. Ten (5 men, 5 women) elderly (68 ± 3 y) subjects performed 3 sets of 8-12 leg extensions at 68% of 1-RM, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Leg extension strength increased from 414 ± 49 to 583 ± 62 N during the training program (P<0.05). Although training did not affect girth or skinfold measurements, the mean cross sectional areas of both Type I (4,203 ± 423 vs. 5,248 ± 611μm2) and Type II (3,375 ± 363 to 4,286 ± 669μm2) muscle fibers were significantly greater after training(P<0.05). During a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, the area under the plasma glucose curve tended to decrease with training (227 ± 35 vs. 287± 56 mM·min; P=0.14). The area under the plasma insulin curve was reduced from 52.7 ±12.2 to 39.5 ± 9.6 pM·min x 103 following training (P<0.05). The IG Index (product of the glucose and insulin areas x 106) was lower after training (16.3± 6.0 vs. 10.2 ± 3.7; P<0.05), indicating an increased insulin sensitivity. There was no significant relationship between the increase in cross sectional area of either fiber type and either the area under the glucose and insulin curves or the IG Index (r=0.05-0.43; P>0.28). These results suggest that changes in body composition and muscle hypertrophy are not necessary for the improved insulin action observed after resistance training in the elderly.

To investigate the impact of fluid composition on rehydration effectiveness, 30 subjects (15 men and 15 women) were studied during 2 h of rehydration after a 2.5% body weight loss. In a randomized crossover design, subjects rehydrated with water (H2O), chicken broth (CB: 109.5 mmol/l Na, 25.3 mmol/l K), a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (CE: 16.0 mmol/l Na, 3.3 mmol/l K), and chicken noodle soup (Soup: 333.8 mmol/l Na, 13.7 mmol/l K). Subjects ingested 175 ml at the start of rehydration and 20 min later; H2O was given every 20 min thereafter for a total volume equal to body weight loss during dehydration. At the end of the rehydration period, plasma volume was not significantly different from predehydration values in the CB (-1.6 +/- 1.1%) and Soup (-1.4 +/- 0.9%) trials. In contrast, plasma volume remained significantly (P < 0.01) below predehydration values in the H2O (-5.6 +/- 1.1%) and CE (-4.2 +/- 1.0%) trials after the rehydration period. Urine volume was greater in the CE (310 +/- 30 ml) than in the CB (188 +/- 20 ml) trial. Urine osmolality was higher in the CB and Soup trials than in the CE trial. Urinary sodium concentration was higher in the Soup and CB trials than in the CE and H2O trials. These results provide evidence that the inclusion of sodium in rehydration beverages, as well as consumption of a sodium-containing liquid meal, increases fluid retention and improves plasma volume restoration.

To investigate fluid composition and post-exercise rehydration effectiveness, 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) were studied during a 2 h rehydration period following a 2.5% body weight loss, attained via exercise and heat (65 C) exposure. On 4 different days, subjects rehydrated with water(H2O), broth (B: Na=109.5; K= 25.3 mEq/L), a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink (CE: Na= 16.0; K= 3.3 mEq/L), and chicken noodle soup (S: Na= 133.0; K= 5.2 mEq/L). Six ounces of the respective beverage were given at the start of the rehydration period and 20 min later; water was given every 20 min for the remaining 100 min for a total volume equal to body weight loss during dehydration. Table Although no significant differences existed between trials in percent recovery of body wt. (P= 0.68), PV (P= 0.06), or urine volume (P=0.10), there was a trend for better rehydration with S. Plasma osmolality was higher in B, CE, and S vs. H2O (p<0.05). In summary, inclusion of electrolytes in the rehydration beverages tended to improve rehydration. The lack of statistically significant differences may be related to the small volumes ingested early during rehydration.

Resistance training in young healthy adults improves insulin action. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbohydrate homeostasis is improved by resistance training in older subjects. Five male and 7 female untrained subjects, aged 67 ± 7 y (mean ± SE), underwent a 12 week resistance training program. Training consisted of 10 different exercises, designed to isolate the major muscle groups of both upper and lower body. Subjects performed 3 sets of 8-12 contractions at 80-85% 1 RM, 3 times per week. Oral glucose tolerance tests (75g) were performed in the untrained(UN) state, and ≈ 16 hours after exercise in the trained (TR) state. Maximal force production increased (P<0.001) for both knee extension (534± 196 vs. 378 ± 151 N) and chest press (481 ± 209 vs. 347± 142 N). Body weight (UN: 74 ± 12; TR: 73 ± 12 kg) and sum of skinfolds (UN: 133 ± 40; TR: 129 ± 38 mm) were not significantly altered by resistance training. Prior to training, subjects had normal glucose tolerance. The incremental area above fasting for plasma glucose was not significantly different in UN (282.1 ± 48.9 mmol·L-1·min) and TR (284.7 ± 36.6 mmol·L-1·min). The incremental area above fasting for plasma insulin, determined in 7 subjects, was markedly attenuated in TR(10,091 ± 1,047 uU·ml-1·min) compared with UN(6,259 ± 1,074 uU·ml-1·min; P<0.05). The maintained glucose tolerance, observed despite a reduced plasma insulin response, provides evidence that resistance training enhances insulin sensitivity in the elderly.

To investigate the influence of sodium concentration on rehydration, 18 subjects (10 male, 8 female) were studied during a 3 h rehydration period following a 2.6% loss in body weight, attained via exercise and heat (65 C) exposure. On 4 different days, subjects rehydrated with water (H2O) and broth containing varying concentrations of sodium (LO: 0.7 g/L; MED: 2.5 g/L; HI 3.7 g/L). Broth was given every 20 min for a total volume equal to body weight loss during dehydration. Table Percent recovery of body weight was higher in MED compared with LO(P<0.05). Plasma volume (PV) decreased by 7.8 ± 0.9% during dehydration, and was not completely restored with H2O. PV was restored with LO, and was higher than pre-dehydration values in MED and HI (P<0.05). Urine volume was greater, and urine osmolality lower in LO and H2O compared with MED and HI (P<0.05). Plasma osmolality was higher in HI compared with H2O and LO (P<0.05). These results provide evidence that inclusion of sodium in rehydration beverages improves whole body rehydration and PV restoration.

Soluble fiber reduces the plasma glucose and insulin changes after an oral glucose load by reducing the rate of intestinal absorption of glucose. Moderation of insulin changes after a pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) feeding may provide additional fuel sources for exercise in the form of plasma glucose and free fatty acids. This study evaluated the effects of soluble fiber combined with a pre-exercise CHO feeding on substrate availability and endurance performance in eight college-age males. Subjects varied in experience from competitive to recreational cyclists. On three different days subjects ingested a sweet placebo (CON), 75 g liquid CHO (GLU), or 75 g liquid CHO with 14.5 g encapsulated guar gum (FIB) 45 min prior to cycling. Subjects cycled for 60 min at 70% VO2 peak followed by a performance trial, which required subjects to perform the amount of work equal to cycling for 45 min at 70% VO2 peak, as quickly as possible. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in plasma glucose concentrations for GLU and FIB(6.5 ± 0.2 and 6.3 ± 0.1 mmol/L, respectively) compared to CON 30 min prior to exercise. Plasma glucose concentrations were lower in GLU (3.6± 0.2 mmol/L) and FIB (3.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L) when compared to CON, 15 min after the start of exercise (p<0.05). Plasma free fatty acid concentrations were greater in CON vs. FIB (0.335 ± 0.045 and 0.232± 0.046 mmol/L, respectively) only at 60 min of exercise (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between trials in glycogen use or performance times. These results demonstrate that soluble fiber, delivered in capsule form with a liquid CHO feeding, has no effect on plasma glucose changes or glycogen use. The absence of differences in plasma glucose responses and performance times may be due to a lack of cycling experience in subjects and/or the method of fiber administration.

Among the continuing challenges naturalistic evaluators face is the practical need for defensible conclusions. Guba and Lincoln's external evaluation audit represents one response to this need. In this article, we share our firsthand experiences with such audits, including the evaluation context and the audits'purpose, procedures, and findings. From these experiences, we offer suggestions for future audit practice and discuss several controversies surrounding the audit concept. We conclude with the call for further discussion on these and other controversies, but also with an interim consensus that the audit represents a viable metaevaluative tool for enhancing the internal quality, the external defensibility, and thus the stature and utilization of naturalistic evaluation.

Sixty‐nine strains of bacteria isolated from murcha and ragi (amylase starters) were studied. These came from 14 different amylase starters from Java, Bali, and Nepal and were isolated from dilution plates incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Most belonged to Pediococcus, probably P. pentosaceus, and to Streptococcus faecalis. None were able to attack starch although they are used in starch fermentations. When inoculated on rice as pure cultures most of them failed to show visible growth unless yeasts and moulds were added at the same time. The roles of these bacteria are unknown but they may produce secondary products from the glucose formed by the amylolytic yeasts and moulds always found in the starters.

Equipment is described for use in digestion and nutrient-balance studies with steers. The equipment was designed to facilitate operation, to provide comfort for the animals and to permit accurate balance studies.

The importance of characterizing the wind shear at a given site for a utility scale wind turbine cannot be overemphasized. Such characterization is needed for both the turbine design and an accurate prediction of its power output. Thus, the objective of this work based on the use of several US tall tower wind data sets was to determine the accuracies of different wind shear methods, especially when used at sites having hills and/or forests. In addition, average wind shear variations with respect to terrain, seasonal and annual effects, and data length are presented for the various data sets. The results showed that the most accurate predictions for hub height wind speed characterizations were obtained when only wind speed data greater than 4 m/s were considered. Also, at some of the sites the greatest average wind shear was found during the summer. For the site with the most complex terrain, the average annual wind shear varied up to 7% between different years. Based on a statistical analysis of the prediction errors, there is no significant difference between the performance of the log and power laws; using either may result in inaccurate predictions of hub height mean wind speeds.