Renewable energy was the only source available for the generation of energy since the ancient time. However, after the discovery of fossil fuels (initially as coal, after that crude oil and lately gas) it has lost ground in the 19th and 20th centuries in most industrialized countries majorly for heating and transportation purposes. Renewable sources such as biomass (In wood form) for heating, cooking, and lighting; then wind energy for navigation and for driving mills; lastly hydropower, also for driving mills; were only sources of energy available prior to the introduction of fossil fuels. From the late 20th century, renewable energy has become much popular because fossil fuels are depleting and have a serious negative impact on the environment; globally new policies and measures are widely implemented now to encourage its use but still it is a difficult to find the right support mechanism for the development of renewable energy, since technologies and costs are evolving exponentially. The present investigation is aimed to study the present situation and to forecast the future of renewable energy in the various sectors such as industrial, automobile, electricity generation and also focuses on how the consumption of fossil fuels can be brought down.

In a challenging environment, renewable energy (RE) entrepreneurs promote and encourage the enactment of new technologies and concepts, but they face several hurdles in promoting them. A basic research gap exists in investigating the ecopreneurship obstacles to RE development by using multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches under uncertainty in a comprehensive study, this research thus intends to fill a research gap with the fuzzy MCDM approach to tackle the entrepreneurial obstacles to emerging economies' power generation growth, which can be divided into two parts. Firstly, a literature survey and discussion with experts were used to identify prospective obstacles. Secondly, a novel Spherical Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process was used to finalize obstacle weights. The results showed that the 'Inadequate government or policy support' category, with a final weight of (0.2093), is the most essential among the major categories, and 'inadequate access to institutional finance' becomes the second rank. Compared with Pythagorean fuzzy AHP, our suggested technique incorporates more details considering the uneasiness of the decision-making atmosphere. In contrast, the overall global orders of obstacles revealed that 'Accessing credit', with a final weight of (0.0737), is more important than the other twenty-six obstacles.

A slew of economic, environmental, and social concerns has pushed policymakers and governments to embrace renewable energy (RE) technologies in order to ensure a sustainable energy future. RE technologies have a beneficial effect on the environment and social well-being. Therefore, this study presents a method for systematically determining and ranking the benefits of adopting RE technologies in remote areas and possible solutions. The present analysis is structured into four distinct levels. The benefits of RE technologies were identified through a comprehensive review of relevant literature. The Delphi technique was employed to reach a consensus and classify the advantages. Fourteen benefits were determined and classified according to seven primary criteria. Furthermore, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process was employed to determine the weights and rankings. The Fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje method was ultimately used to evaluate the potential alternatives. The integrated method result significantly reveals that the environmental criteria are the most critical factor, with a weight of (0.1727), and are followed by the quality of energy aspect, with a weight of (0.1617). Moreover, the global weights show that Sustainability is ranked highest, followed by Skill development, then the other sub-benefits within different categories. These two benefits have relative weights of (9.9164%) and (9.4924%), respectively. Furthermore, the most effective solution facilitating local and foreign investors was the most promising among the four recommended alternatives. The quote has proven that it benefits the government and policymakers in deploying RE technologies and resolving energy challenges in remote areas of developing nations like Pakistan.

Renewable energy (RE), frequently referred to as clean energy, comes from natural processes or sources that are continuously being replenished, such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass and, so on. These sources are limitless unlike fossil fuels, Therefore they can be served as the best alternative to it. In the present paper, an attempt was made to study how the Bioethanol is produced from various plant organic materials, collectively known as Biomass with the help of the Fermentation process. In fermentation, microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria metabolize plant sugars and produce ethanol. Basically, any plants that are composed largely of sugars can be used for bioethanol production. Bioethanol is a high Octane fuel which upon blending with gasoline oxygenates fuel mixture and helps it in burning thoroughly, as consequence, reducing carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions. It reduces greenhouse gas emissions as biofuels are primarily derived from crops that absorb carbon dioxide. Hence, it is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels.

The catastrophic crisis of energy and huge pollution has made the industries to focus on lightweight materials. Composite material is made by consolidating at least two divergent materials. They are consol- idated so that the subsequent composite material or composite has unrivaled properties which are not possible with a solitary constituent material. This research investigates the effect of Graphene concentra- tion in epoxy resin on the tensile and flexural properties of Kevlar fiber laminate of 4 mm thickness. The laminate had been manufactured by using hand lay-up procedure according to ASTM standards and test had been conducted on it. From this experimentation various tensile and flexural properties values obtained. Same procedure conducted on three different graphene concentration variation (5%, 6% and 7%) weight on the prepared material. Analytical investigation of composites is done in Autodesk fusion 360 software. It was found that Kevlar with 7% graphene is recommended for applications where tensile and flexural loadings arise. ? 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer -review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International con- ference on Advanced Lightweight Materials and Structures.

Segway is a two-wheeled motorized personal vehicle consisting of a platform for the fleet mounted above an axle an upright post surmounted by handle with two guiding wheels, controlled by the rocker switches. Segway is mainly used for the short distance travel where there is no use of fuel and no pollution. The main objective of this project is to produce an easy way to move and a comfortable space for the user and reduce pollution as this model is eco-friendly. The present project proposes a cost effective and innovative design compared to the existing segway available in the market. The proposed project also aims to reduce the e-waste by eliminating few electronic components.