Background: Recent studies have tested models of resilience and caregiver adjustment in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI). Few studies have examined the role of adaptive varia-bles over time.Objective: Conduct a longitudinal study to test a model of caregiver resilience with caregiver outcomes at 2 -and 5-years post-injury. Method: Caregivers of relatives with TBI or SCI were surveyed at 2 years (Time 1) and 5 years (Time 2) post -injury. Stability of the resilience model across the 2 time-points was tested using structural equation model-ing with multi-group analysis. Measures included resilience related variables (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Herth Hope Scale, Social Support Survey) and outcome variables (Caregiver Burden Scale, General Health Questionnaire-28, Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 [SF-36] and Positive and Negative Affect Scale).Results: In total, 100 caregivers were surveyed at both 2 and 5 years (TBI =77, SCI =23). Scores for resilience (Time 1, 75.9 SD 10.6; Time 2, 71.5 SD 12.6) and self-efficacy (Time 1, 32.51 SD 3.85; Time 2, 31.66 SD 4.28) showed significant minor declines, with other variables remaining stable. The resilience model for the pooled responses (Time 1+ Time 2) demonstrated a good fit (Goodness of Fit Index [GFI] = 0.971; Incremental Fit Index [IFI] = 0.986; Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.971; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.985 and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.051). Multi-group analysis then compared Time 1 to Time 2 responses and found that a variant (compared to invariant) model best fitted the data, with social support having stronger associations with mental health and positive affect at Time 2 than Time 1. Hope reduced from Time 1 to Time 2.Conclusions: The model suggests that resilience-related variables can play an important role in positive care-giver adjustment over time.(c) 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

The rising tide of aged citizens globally suggests a compelling argument for increased understanding of factors impacting aging and retirement. Extended insight into the well-being of lesser studied groups offer suggestions to potentially enhance future planning for aging citizens. A study exploring the experience of clergy in Australia and New Zealand suggests a substantive theory on retirement in this context. A grounded study approach was adopted as best fit. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 retired clergy and their wives. Findings suggest the underpinning role of spirituality in the primary elements of; choice, flexibility and connectivity as factors impacting the well-being of faith-based retirees in this context.

Objective: To test a model comprising explanatory (neurologic impairment, coping, personality) and mediating (resilience, self-efficacy, hope, social support) variables on psychological adjustment and burden among family caregivers of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) vs spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Structural equation modeling with multigroup analysis. Setting: Six rehabilitation centers across New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Participants: A total of 181 family members (N=181; 131 TBI, 50 SCI). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, General SelfEfficacy Scale, Herth Hope Scale, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey; and 4 measures of psychological adjustment including: Caregiver Burden Scale, Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36), General Health Questionnaire-28, and Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Results: The model for the aggregated sample demonstrated a very good model fit (x2=47.42, df=39, r=0.167, normed fit index=.962, incremental fit index=.993, Tucker-Lewis index=.985, comparative fit index=.993, root-mean-squared error of approximation=.035). Multi-group analysis found significant commonalities in the pattern of relationships among variables across the 2 groups. In the only differences found, neuroticism was significantly more influential on burden in family members supporting individuals with TBI than family members of individuals with SCI. Furthermore, problem-focused coping was statistically more influential on positive affect in family members of individuals with TBI when compared with family members of individuals with SCI. Conclusions: The study found significant similarities in the patterns of resilience and psychological adjustment among family caregivers of individuals with TBI and SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2021;102:2325-34 (c) 2021 The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Background:Adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools (Adventist) in Australia tend to experience good health and exhibit better health behaviors than national norms, however few studies have investigated factors predicting their mental health. Aims:The aim of this study was to explore the complex network of factors that predict the mental health status (MHS) of adolescents attending Adventist schools in Australia. Methods:A survey instrument was used to collect data from 1527 secondary school students attending Adventist schools across Australia. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine concomitantly the direct and indirect effects of childhood experiences, present attitudes and selected health behaviors on MHS. Results:Childhood family dynamics had the strongest association with MHS (beta(total) = 0.33) followed by a sense of meaning and purpose (beta(total) = 0.27), perceived social misfit status (beta(total) = -0.19), and school academic performance (beta(total) = 0.18). Multi-group analysis found significant pathway differences in the model for gender with regards to the association of meaning and purpose, physical activity and sleep quantity with MHS. Conclusions:The outcomes of the study highlight the importance of early positive childhood family dynamics and the discovery of meaning and purpose during adolescence to promote positive mental health among adolescents.

The rising tide of aging citizens globally suggests a compelling argument for increasing understanding of factors impacting retirement. Factors such as health and finance have been identified as principal, but these results generally apply to homogenous groups with little reference to the impact of culture and tradition. This study adopted an ex post-facto, cross-sectional, self-reporting survey from working faith-based ministers in Australia and New Zealand to ascertain personal and professional factors affecting retirement perception in specific context including results for age-related differences. Results from four areas of foci show participants generally regarded retirement as a positive season. They were, however, less confident about their preparedness and mostly dissatisfied with the level of planning for retirement. Significant differences were noted in age-related groups with health and financial considerations constituting the primary differences. Increased understanding of changing patterns and perceptions for specific groups including age differences, potentially aids the response of state and society to the ageing phenomenon.

The challenge to improve the recruitment and sustainability of a strong volunteer force within nonprofit organizations gains momentum at a time when the impact of a worldwide ageing population has the potential to stretch community services, which are heavily reliant on this "free resource," to the limit.Adroit management practice becomes critical within a complex environment in which a "one-size-fits-all" strategy is obsolete.This study of a faith-based hybrid organization in Australia uses a cross-disciplinary, multidimensional approach to develop the connect-active model (CAM) for volunteer recruitment strategy.Facilitated by a visual tool, the model depicts the interrelated and multi-faceted elements impacting on the initial volunteering process: recruitment.The proposed chapter will discuss an innovative and individualized approach to volunteer recruitment with the aim of increasing volunteer numbers in nonprofit organizations.

Intergenerational programs are increasingly being recognised as a means of promoting wellbeing through connecting communities, promoting caring relationships, and combating loneliness and isolation. While existing research provides evidence of the positive benefits of intergenerational programs for the elderly, there is limited research on the impact that these programs have on children’s wellbeing. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of the intergenerational program, ‘Flourish’, on student social and emotional wellbeing.

Structural equation modeling was used to explore the direct and indirect association of childhood experiences, attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions on the alcohol consumption of adolescents attending faith-based Seventh-day Adventist schools in Australia. Data were collected on 1,266 adolescents and the structural model developed explained 48% of the variance for alcohol consumption. Intentions had the highest degree of association with Alcohol Consumption Status (ACS) (beta = 0.52). Attitudes were more strongly associated to ACS (beta(total) = 0.36) than subjective norms (beta(total) = 0.17). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) were associated with every variable in the model and had a combined direct and indirect association with ACS of beta(total) = 0.14. Multigroup analysis found significant pathway differences in the model for gender and age with regards to the association of intentions, attitudes, ACEs, and Childhood Family Dynamics with alcohol consumption status. The study fills a gap in the alcohol literature by presenting a model describing the complex network of factors that predict alcohol consumption in a low-ACS population. The outcomes of the study highlight the importance of early intervention for children and their families to delay or minimize alcohol consumption in adolescents.

From Steve Munby’s perspective, “Imperfect leaders know that they don’t have all the answers they - ask for help” (p. 7). Munby’s book, however, in spite of its title – Imperfect Leadership – presents a series of reader actions that will result in what Mundy labels as effective school leadership. These suggested actions, though, are not derived from a research study or from reviews of research studies. They are derived from observation and personal experience of, and reflections on, school leadership.

This article discusses the leadership crisis looming in schools. With fewer people aspiring to take on school leadership, school education systems must consider the drivers and barriers of school leadership aspiration. This article describes the perceptions of respondents from three hierarchical levels within a faithbased education system as to the factors influencing their willingness or unwillingness to consider school leadership positions. This research explored survey data, both quantitative and qualitative, relating to school leadership aspirations and influences with regard to applying for school leadership positions. Five factors were found to influence the unwillingness of respondents to consider school leadership positions, while seven factors were identified to influence willingness to consider school leadership positions. Additionally, four influence factors were identified which, if significantly improved, would act to increase respondent aspiration and thus influence their willingness to consider school leadership positions in the future. Introduction There is a leadership crisis developing in schools internationally (Bennett, Carpenter & Hill, 2011). The ‘Baby Boomer’ generation are retiring from leadership and principal positions, and the evidence suggests the next generations are becoming increasingly less willing to take on leadership positions (Bennett, Carpenter & Hill, 2011; Fink, 2010; Marks, 2013). The global picture of this lack of applicants for principal positions has been described as “a demographic time bomb ticking in many school jurisdictions” (Fink & Brayman, 2004, p. 431). This leadership crisis, coupled with the lack of aspirations, has placed school leadership as an important topic area for further research, with education systems having a need to find ways to attract, recruit or develop, qualified and wellprepared applicants for vacant school leadership positions. This would suggest there may also be a potential problem in the filling of leadership within the Adventist Schools Australia (ASA) educational context, an Australian faith-based education system with over 50 schools and 13,000 students nationwide (Adventist Schools Australia, 2017). There is a need for a study into the present situation in terms of ASA employee aspirations and the drivers and barriers to school leadership aspirations in order to address any potential shortfall which may threaten ASA system sustainability (Renihan, 2012). This research focuses on these areas, from the perspective of three different hierarchical levels within the ASA education system: classroom teachers, school-based administrators, and system-based administrators. Literature review Historically, the group most likely to replace those leaving school principal positions has been middle leaders, given their exhibited leadership and current Research & Scholarship

The factors shaping the health of the current generation of adolescents are multi-dimensional and complex. The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of self-rated health (SRH) of adolescents attending a faith-based school system in Australia.

INTRODUCTION:Despite advances in infection prevention and control, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common and remain problematic. A number of measures can be taken to reduce the risk of CAUTI in hospitals. Appropriate urinary catheter insertion procedures are one such method. Reducing bacterial colonisation around the meatal or urethral area has the potential to reduce CAUTI risk. However, evidence about the best antiseptic solutions for meatal cleaning is mixed, resulting in conflicting recommendations in guidelines internationally. This paper presents the protocol for a study to evaluate the effectiveness (objective 1) and cost-effectiveness (objective 2) of using chlorhexidine in meatal cleaning prior to catheter insertion, in reducing catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria and CAUTI.METHODS AND ANALYSIS:A stepped wedge randomised controlled trial will be undertaken in three large Australian hospitals over a 32-week period. The intervention in this study is the use of chlorhexidine (0.1%) solution for meatal cleaning prior to catheter insertion. During the first 8 weeks of the study, no hospital will receive the intervention. After 8 weeks, one hospital will cross over to the intervention with the other two participating hospitals crossing over to the intervention at 8-week intervals respectively based on randomisation. All sites complete the trial at the same time in 2018. The primary outcomes for objective 1 (effectiveness) are the number of cases of CAUTI and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria per 100 catheter days will be analysed separately using Poisson regression. The primary outcome for objective 2 (cost-effectiveness) is the changes in costs relative to health benefits (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) from adoption of the intervention.DISSEMINATION:Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and presentations at relevant conferences.A dissemination plan it being developed. Results will be published in the peer review literature, presented at relevant conferences and communicated via professional networks.ETHICS:Ethics approval has been obtained.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:12617000373370, approved 13/03/2017. Protocol version 1.1.

Increasingly studies on volunteer motivation are exploring the process stages of volunteerism with particular attention to recruitment and retention. Volunteer experience and its dynamic association to satisfaction, however, remain underexamined, particularly in faith-based contexts. This study uses a functional approach to explore the applicability of the Volunteer Functions Inventory (Clary et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol, 74(6):1516–1530, 1998 ) to a sample of volunteers in an Australian faith-based organization. Factor analysis was supportive of a four-factor solution with the elimination of the Protective function and the emergence of a new function, Enrichment. The validity of a new structure, the Faith-Based Volunteer Motivation Scale, is tested against levels of volunteer satisfaction for this sample. Results concur with Clary et al.’s correlation between high-level motive fulfilment and degrees of satisfaction.

Caffeinated drinks have become increasingly popular among secondary students in Australia.A total of 949 students in years eight to eleven from 11 Christian schools completed a survey questioning their use of caffeinated drinks, their classroom behaviour and academic performance.The most popular drinks were found to be the carbonated cola/coca, cola/ pepsi.Students consumed other caffeinated drinks such as Red Bull, Mother, V and similar products to a lesser extent.The drinks providing maximal delivery of caffeine included iced coffee, cappuccino and plunger coffee.Caffeine use ranged from a majority of students who exhibited low or zero caffeine consumption through to a small group whose weekly consumption reached toward 2 g of caffeine (6 -8 cups per week).Significant relationships were found between weekly caffeine consumption and self-reported measures of Classroom Behaviour and Academic Performance.

Educational systems are experiencing a global leadership crisis. The literature around school leadership paints a clear picture: school leaders are an ageing population and there is a lack of willingness from classroom teachers to take on school leadership roles. Anecdotal evidence would suggest this is also the case within Adventist Schools Australia (ASA), however, there is a lack of research that has explored the leadership intentions of current employees within this education system. Through a review of school leadership literature, and ASA employee survey responses on the topic of school leadership, this study explores the views of these respondents to taking on school leadership positions, including the influences on their decision to further explore school leadership roles.

Email has extended its reach beyond the traditional workplace into the non-work hours of employees, disrupting the work-life balance. What was once ‘anywhere any time’ has become ‘everywhere all the time’ (Mazmanian, Orlikowski, & Yates, 2013).

Sleep deprivation studies indicate that sleep is vital to emotional, physical and behavioural wellbeing. This study presents the results of a survey in which 945 students in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools responded to questions about the length and quality of their sleep. The study found that: almost one half of the students were at risk of falling short of the recommended number of hours of sleep per night; toward one in every five students were averaging six or fewer hours sleep per night; the quality of sleep (in terms of better sleep habits) and the resulting levels of daytime alertness were clearly linked to having a permanent, personal space for sleep; and finally that academic performance was strongly related to measures of daytime alertness and measures of the quality of sleep habits.

Objective: To examine the differential effect of neurobehavioral impairments (cognitive, behavioral, and social) on family functioning, family roles, and psychological distress in male versus female caregivers of relatives with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Structural equation modeling with multigroup analysis conducted in a cross-sectional sample to test an established theoretical model. Participants: An aggregated sample of 122 caregivers (46 male, 76 female) of people with severe TBI. The sample comprised 64 spouses and 58 parents (29 parental couples) of 93 persons with TBI. Measures: Neurobehavioral Problem Checklist; Family Assessment Device; and Brief Symptom Inventory. Results: Structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model had acceptable fit indices for the combined sample. Multigroup analysis indicated that both male and female caregivers (i) responded similarly to the neurobehavioral impairments experienced by the injured relative and (ii) reported behavior having a direct effect on family functioning, which, in turn, increased psychological distress. However, the effect of disrupted family functioning was more influential on the level of distress in male caregivers than in female caregivers. Conclusion: Evidence was found for gender-specific pathways underlying the psychological distress of male versus female caregivers. Such findings can assist in tailoring family support strategies so that they cater for caregivers of both genders.

The educational system in Australia allows parents to have a choice when it comes to selecting a school for their children. Parents have become consumers in an educational market, and schools, including Christian schools, now find themselves operating in a competitive space. The research reported in this two-part article sought to explore the factors that influence parents' choice of school for their children using a mixed methods approach. Parents with students attending Christian schools in an Australian urban environment completed a total of 102 School Choice questionnaires, and 17 families with children in schools were interviewed.