Dental caries is the most common chronic condition in the oral cavity globally, and is now largely accepted to be a dysbiosis-mediated and biofilm-based disease rather than a traditional infectious disease. Modern studies have moved the caries management beyond a blind eradication of the microbes toward ecological and equilibrium-driven therapeutic interventions that do not aim to eradicate microorganisms but instead regulate biofilm activity, reinstate microbial homeostasis, and maintain tooth structure. This narrative review is a critical analysis of current developments in microbiome-based caries management, focusing on three themes that are interrelated. To begin with, natural and synthetic bioactive agents, which reduce cariogenic virulence have been proposed to regulate acidogenic metabolism, promote remineralization, but do not disrupt the commensal microbiota. Second, biomaterials and localized drug delivery systems, such as mucoadhesive formulations, hydrogels, dental films and stimuli-responsive carriers, are being considered in reference to their capacity to surmount salivary clearance and promote site-specific therapeutic effects. Third, novel precision-based methods, including pH-responsive materials and selective control of biofilm responses are discussed in the perspective of ecological plaque theory. Although these strategies show promising preclinical and early clinical results, there are still serious issues surrounding long-term microbiome safety, formulation stability, and regulatory translation. On the whole, this review shows the promise of the equilibrium-based methods to reformulate the caries management by putting ecological balance, minimal intervention, and long-term oral health on the forefront.

Tetracycline (TC), an extensively utilized antibiotic, can cause significant environmental and health problems owing to its exceptional chemical permanence and resistance to traditional effluent alleviation techniques. To tackle these concerns, the implementation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), accomplished through catalyst activation, may be an alternative solution. The objective of this study was to develop a highly efficient biochar-supported Co3O4 (Co3O4/BC) composite catalyst and assess its synergistic performance in conjunction with PMS for the effective degradation of TC antibiotics. Several advanced techniques, including XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, XPS, and EPR, were utilized to meticulously analyze the Co3O4/BC(9 : 1) composite developed using co-precipitation and calcination methods. The Co3O4/BC(9 : 1)/PMS system exhibited remarkable catalytic potential, achieving complete degradation with a rate constant of 0.0937 min-1, which was 1.76 and 6.89 times higher than those of Co3O4/PMS (0.0533 min-1) and Co3O4/BC(9 : 1) (0.0138 min-1). Additionally, the catalyst loading, PMS and pollutant concentrations, and pH were systematically optimized. The Co3O4/BC(9 : 1)/PMS system demonstrated remarkable environmental adaptability when exposed to common anions, humic acid, various water matrices, and multiple antibiotics. The Co3O4/BC(9 : 1)/PMS system primarily depends on the SO4˙- and ˙OH radicals, followed by the non-radical 1O2, as the principal active species liable for TC elimination, as confirmed by quenching experiments. The system demonstrated exceptional cycling stability over four consecutive runs and maintained a degradation rate of 87.73%. Finally, this study demonstrates substantial practical potential by offering new strategies for the development of PMS-activating catalysts that are environmentally benign, low-cost, stable, and efficient.

Effective and sustainable photocatalysts are crucial for removing persistent pharmaceutical antibiotics from wastewater systems. The present work reports the successful synthesis of NdFeO3 (NFO), Ce-Mn co-doped NdFeO3 (NCFMO), and Ce-Mn co-doped NdFeO3/g-C3N4 (NCFMO/g-CN) nanocomposites through a facile hydrothermal and ultra-sonication route to examine the cerium and manganese dual-doping and g-C3N4 (g-CN) incorporation. The structural, morphological, electrical, magnetic, optical, and photolytic features were studied using XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, VSM, EIS, UV-Vis, and PL analyses. The structural and morphological studies confirmed the perovskite type orthorhombic phase in consort with Ce and Mn dual-doping and g-CN incorporation in pure NFO having average grain size in the 20-40 nm range. The magnetic and electrical analysis via VSM, I-V and EIS demonstrated enhancement of the electrical conductivities (6.2 & times; 10-4 S center dot m-1 to 98.27 S center dot m-1) and magnetic behaviour of the Ce-Mn co-doped NCFMO. Optical band gap revealed narrowing of the band gap (2.17 to 1.94 eV) and a red shifting in absorption of the visible light upon co-doping and g-CN integration. The photocatalytic performances of the as-fabricated materials were investigated via degradation of levofloxacin (LVF) and lomefloxacin (LMF) antibiotics under visible light irradiation. The Ce-Mn co-doped NCFMO/g-CN composite achieved superior photocatalytic activity with degradation efficiencies of 96.8% for LVF and 94.5% for LMF within 70 min, compared to 85.2% and 82.6% for Ce-Mn co-doped NCFMO and 64.6% and 61.2% for pure NFO, respectively. The improved activity of the NCFMO/g-CN hybrid catalyst was accredited to combine effects of Ce-Mn co-doping and g-CN addition, which efficiently forms heterojunction with NCFMO, which improved light harvesting, delayed charge partition, and effective creation of active species. The NCFMO/g-CN nano-hybrid demonstrated outstanding stability and reusability, retaining 88.7% efficiency after 4 consecutive cycle runs, highlighting its potential for wastewater remediation.

Herein, we reports a rational strategy to fabricate a high-performance perovskite-based cerium (Ce) and iron (Fe) dual-doped coupled with g-C3N4 (graphitic carbon nitride) based hetero-structure photocatalyst. The materials were synthesized via a facile sol-gel auto combustion approach and their 10% wt g-CN based LCMFO/g-CN via ultra-sonicated route. Structural analysis via XRD, and FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of Ce and Fe dopants in the rhombohedral geometry of LMO and the intimate integration of the g-CN framework within the perovskite matrix. Morphological investigations revealed interconnected nanoclusters that generate a highly porous architecture with improved particle sizes. The resulting LCMFO/g-CN hybrid exhibited a significantly enhanced BET surface area 28.1 LMO to 81.4 m2/g, improved electrical conductivity 7.9 & times; 10-3 S center dot m-1 to 90.8 S center dot m-1, broadened visible-light absorption, and a narrowed band gap 2.26 to 1.91 eV. Photocatalytic evaluations demonstrated that the LCMFO/g-CN nanocomposite achieved markedly superior 98.62% of norfloxacin (NOX) and 96.25% of levofloxacin (LVX) antibiotics removal in 50 min compared with pristine LMO and Ce/Fe modified LCMFO materials. This outstanding antibiotics removal performance of the LCMFO/g-CN was accredited due to collective effects of co-doping-induced electronic modulation and heterostructure-mediated charge transfer, which facilitate the induction of highly reactive oxidative agents responsible for pollutant mineralization.

CaFe12O19, LaNiO3, 20%LaNiO3/80%CaFe12O19 (F-2) and 40%LaNiO3/60%CaFe12O19 (F-4) particles and composites were successfully synthesized by sol-gel-ultrasonication assisted processes. The structural and optical properties were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, photoluminescence (PL), SEM and UV-Visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis suggests the phase purity of the synthesized materials and the coexistence of diffraction peaks corresponding to both CaFe12O19 and LaNiO3 in the composite samples. The average crystal size of the synthesized material is in the range of 13.30 to 15.48 nm. From the FTIR analysis, prepared nanoparticles and composite contain all the required functional group. The PL analysis was employed to estimate the recombination rate which is essential for degradation mechanism. Reduction in the PL intensity may attribute to the enhanced charge separation by reducing the recombination rate. The increased charge separation is good for excellent photocatalytic properties and improves the efficiency of the degradation mechanism. The UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis was employed to determine the optical band gap. The reduction in band gap from 2.7 to 1.78 eV pointedly contributes to efficient degradation. In this study, Cefoperazone-Salbactam sodium was used as a model pollutant to determine the degradation efficiency of CaFe12O19 and composite with LaNiO3. The degradation activity findings shows that efficiency of nanocomposite was increased from 47 to 93% for Cefoperazone and 56 to 95% for Salbactam sodium under visible light. Moreover, scavenging experiment was conducted to analyze the main reactive species in the photocatalytic mechanism as well as recycling experiment was performed to check the stability. F-4 composites are being investigated for potential applications in the photodegradation of organic effluents.

The current research study focuses on the construction of effective zinc oxide/tin dioxide (ZnO/SnO2) nanocomposites The synthesized nanocomposites were subsequently implemented as photocatalyst materials for the elimination of toxic alizarine yellow R (AYR) in aqueous solution under visible light. The synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst was carried out via hydrothermal method combined with ultrasonic-assisted calcination with some modifications. Various analytical methods, such as XRD, SEM-EDS, XPS, and UV-DRS analysis, validated the effective fabrication of the nanocomposites. The findings exhibited the enhanced elimination of AYR with 98.07

In the present work, hydrothermal-ultrasonication-assisted fabrication of NiO/CuO heterojunction has been carried out to design a visible-light-driven photocatalyst. The structural investigation performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of hydrothermally synthesized pure (cubic) NiO and (monoclinic) CuO phases and their NiO/CuO heterojunction with average crystallite sizes of 24.7 nm (NiO), 20.4 nm (CuO), and 29.8 nm (NiO/CuO), while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated the existence of Ni and Cu in Ni2+/Ni3+ and Cu+/Cu2+ oxidation states, respectively, confirming the formation of NiO/CuO. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses indicate granular morphology with uniform interconnection of NiO and CuO particles to form the NiO/CuO heterojunction material. The optical response and kinetics of charge separation were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and transient photocurrent recording. NiO/CuO demonstrates an extension in the absorption of visible light with an optical band gap of E g = 2.67 eV, compared to NiO (2.81 eV) and CuO (2.74 eV), with a substantial decline in charge transfer resistance and a significant photocurrent production, highlighting the notable charge separation and transportation of NiO/CuO. The photocatalytic efficiency was studied by the degradation of malachite green (MG) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under visible-light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. NiO/CuO exhibits 91.3% RhB and 94.9% MG degradation, outperforming the NiO (51.4% RhB and 43.3% MG) and CuO (40.1% RhB and 48.3% MG), following pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics with rate constants of 0.0468 min-1 (RhB) and 0.0576 min-1 (MG). Systematic studies, including pHPZC determination, effect of working pH, MG and RhB concentrations, NiO/CuO dose, scavenging experiments, presence of inorganic anions (NO3 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, CO3 2-, and Cl-), mechanism of degradation, and reusability of the catalyst, have been explored to reveal mechanistic insights presenting the fabricated NiO/CuO as a highly efficient photocatalyst for contaminated water remediation.

An advanced photocatalyst that is designed to eliminate antibiotics from effluent was developed by employing a dual-route synthesis strategy. To guarantee uniform nanocrystallinity, compositional homogeneity, and controlled morphology, a microemulsion approach was employed to synthesize LaFeO3 perovskite co-doped with Gd and Mn (La1-xGdxFe1-yMnyO3). The co-doped perovskite was subsequently improved with carbon nanotube (CNT) through ultrasonication method. This network enables the efficient transport of charge carriers and prevents e-/h+ recombination. The nanocomposite that resulted exhibited a reduced optical bandgap of 2.04 eV (GM-LFO), exceptional electrical conductivity measured at 4.37 & times; 103 S m-1, and a high surface area of 114.3 m2g-1. The synergistic modifications led to exceptional photocatalytic performance, achieving 98.86% degradation of amoxicillin in just 60 min under solar irradiation. This achievement was accompanied by a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.032 min-1. The material maintained 90.79% activity after five cycles and exhibited over 96% degradation efficiency across a pH range of 1 to 13 (with an isoelectric point of approximately 5.3). Additionally, it demonstrated strong reusability. Radical scavenging experiments demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals are the primary oxidative species, with the involvement of superoxide radicals. This finding is consistent with the documented charge-transfer mechanisms of LaFeO3/CNT heterojunctions. In contrast to the most prominent perovskite-based photocatalysts, the microemulsion-ultrasonication assembly of rare-earth/ transition-metal co-doping in conjunction with CNT integration exhibits improved adaptability, stability, and activity across a range of pH degrees. This investigation introduces a synthesis method for the development of perovskite based multifunctional photocatalyst with large surface area, improved charge transfer ability, lower bandgap energy. The rapid and comprehensive removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water is made possible by the synergistically engineered band structures, surface areas, and charge dynamics of these materials.

Water pollution from industrial dye effluents remains a critical global concern, necessitating the development of sustainable and high-performance remediation materials. In this work, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using banana peel enzymes as an eco-friendly reducing and stabilizing agent and subsequently integrated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to fabricate MnFe2O4/MWCNTs and enzyme-functionalized (MnFe2O4/MWCNTs) nanocomposites. Structural, morphological, electrical, and surface features of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, and EIS, confirming phase purity, functional groups, and uniform nanoparticle dispersion. The average crystallite sizes were found to be around 31 nm. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was systematically evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under natural sunlight irradiation. Optimization studies revealed that a 25 ppm MB concentration, a catalyst dosage of 1.25 g/L, neutral pH (7), and 100 min of irradiation yielded the highest degradation efficiency. Among all samples, the enzyme-assisted MnFe2O4/MWCNTs composite achieved the maximum removal efficiency of 91

Correction for ‘Synthesis of Ti 4+ doped Ca-BiFO 3 for the enhanced photodegradation of moxifloxacin’ by Muhammad Jamshaid et al. , New J. Chem. , 2022, 46 , 19848–19856, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2nj03084e.

Lornoxicam (LOR) is a potent NSAID with poor solubility, short half-life, and significant gastric side effects, which limit its oral use, necessitate frequent dosing and reduce patient compliance. This study aimed to develop and optimize a transethosomal formulation of LOR for transdermal delivery due to its favourable skin permeation properties. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize LOR-loaded transethosomes. The effect of selected independent variables (lecithin, Span 80, and ethanol concentrations) was studied regarding the drug entrapment efficiency and the amount of drugpermeatedafter6h. A transethosomal gel was prepared by incorporating the optimized formulation into a Carbopol gel base and was further characterized. The optimized formulation was further characterized for vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, FTIR, DSC/TGA, XRD, and drug release kinetics. A transethosomal gel was prepared by incorporating the optimized formulation into a Carbopol gel base and was further characterized for pH, viscosity, drug content, ex vivo and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, irritation, and stability studies. The LOR-loaded transethosomes containing 4

The integrity of the ecological system and the health of people and animals are seriously jeopardized by the intrusion of antibiotic pollution into aquatic habitats. Here, rGO integrated SnO2/MnO2 was fabricated using hydrothermal strategy.The rGO/SnO2/MnO2 was investigated for the removal of moxifloxacin (MOX) in the presence of visible light. The composite rGO/SnO2/MnO2 material demonstrated splendid elimination efficiency by of 87 rGO/SnO2/MnO2 was prepared by integration of a semiconductor and a perovskite. The SnO2/MnO2 demonstrated was less efficient for the photodegradation of MOX. rGO/SnO2/MnO2 displayed enhanced recycling ability The enhanced photocatalytic potential of rGO/SnO2/MnO2 is due to reduced electron and hole recombination.

The design and fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors requires innovative materials with unique energy storage capabilities. Herein, a novel Nucleosome like MnFe2O4@TiO2@MWCNTs composite is fabricated and considered for its potential in energy storage applications. The synthesis and structural parameters of composite materials are inspected through XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (Transmission elctron microscopy). High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses are also used as further confirmation tools. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques are used to estimate the electrochemical properties. The composite delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 786.26 F g− 1 at 2.5 mA in a two-electrode configuration. The assembled MnFe₂O₄@TiO₂@MWCNTs device showed maximum energy density of 33.03 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 458.47 W kg⁻¹. These results demonstrate the composite potential for advance energy storage devices.

The present study reports the systematic synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic evaluation of germanium-substituted iron oxide (Ge0.5Fe2.5O4) nanoparticles with varying concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The XRD confirmed the formation of Ge0.5Fe2.5O4 with a crystallite size of 19 nm. The FTIR and SEM analysis verified the successful incorporation of Ge and HA into the iron oxide lattice. BET analysis revealed increased porosity upon HA addition, indicating potential benefits for catalytic applications. The photocatalytic efficiency of the nanoparticles was assessed using methylene blue dye degradation as a model reaction. Surprisingly, pristine Ge0.5Fe2.5O4 exhibited an impressive 89.11% degradation rate, greater than (6% and 12%) HA-modified Ge0.5Fe2.5O4 photocatalysts. These findings highlight the complex interaction between surface chemistry, porosity, and catalytic activity.

Herein, the recent research efforts demonstrate the synergistic impacts of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO), Manganese (Mn) and Cobalt (Co) doping on various physicochemical features of magnetic LaFeO3 nanoferrite (NF) for the active elimination of poisonous contaminants. The pure LaFeO3 and co-doped La1-xMnxFe1-yCoyO3 NF were fabricated via co-precipitation while the La1-xMnxFe1-yCoyO3@r-GO nanocomposite (NC) with 15 % rGO using the ultra-sonication. Structural and elemental investigated using Raman scattering, P-XRD, FT-IR, and XPS analysis revealed the formation of single-phase LaFeO3 NF with successful co-doping. The co-doped and rGO based NC photo catalysts exhibited improved BET surface areas, well-porous nature and good electrical conductivities, as 8.72 x 10-5 Sm- 1, 4.28 x 10-3 Sm- 1, and 96.08 Sm- 1, respectively, accredited to the Mn and Co doping along with well-conducting r-GO matrix. The increment in the magnetic parameters of the co-doped materials was accredited due to greater magnetic moment of Mn ions. The narrowing in Egs values was observed from 2.48 eV and 2.12 eV for LaFeO3 NF and La1-xMnxFe1-yCoyO3 NF respectively. The photo-degradation evaluation of fabricated materials was estimated by the elimination of crystal violet (C.V.) dye under solar illumination. The La1-xMnxFe1-yCoyO3@r-GO NC exhibited excellent removal of C & sdot;V. dye, pertaining to 97.4 % in 50 min, compared with 45.05 % and 68.70 % of their counterparts, was attributed to its well-porosity, high conductivity, and superior electrical and magnetic properties. In the basic pH medium the cationic CV dye exhibits better degradation efficiencies and excellent recoverability in 5 runs, with 2.2 % loss in its efficiency. The r-GO-based co-doped magnetic composite materials, having well-porous nature, excellent optical absorption and dye degradation capabilities, make the as-prepared photo-catalysts a credible material for photo-catalytic removal of dyes.

Antibiotic contamination in water bodies has become a critical environmental issue due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and resistance to conventional wastewater treatment methods. This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of Mn2+-Zr4+-doped magnesium (Mg) M-type hexaferrites for degrading enrofloxacin (ENF) antibiotic in veterinary wastewater. Six samples with varying doping concentrations (x = 0.00-0.1, y = 0.00-1.00) were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion method. Comprehensive structural, morphological, and optical analyses confirmed successful incorporation of manganese and zirconium ions into the M-type magnesium hexaferrite matrix. The crystal sizes of the synthesized samples decreased from 84.2 to 75.9 nm, while the unit cell volume increased from 685.45 to 701.85 & Aring;(3) with increasing doping concentrations. The bandgap energy was reduced from 2.02 to 1.79 eV. The optimized composition (Mg0.92Zr0.08Fe11.2Mn0.8O19) demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency by way of achieving 95.5% ENF removal with a rate constant of 0.036 min(-1) in only 80 min. These results highlight the remarkable potential of Mn2+-Zr4+-doped magnesium M-type hexaferrites as efficient and sustainable photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.

The exacerbated emission of synthetic dyes into aquatic environments from different industries results in immense hazards to the environment attributable to their noxious and non-biodegradable characteristics. Photocatalytic degradation has become recognized as an environmentally sustainable and effective strategy in addressing these contaminants. This work reports the development of an intriguing (NiO/g-C3N4) composite photocatalyst through an effective hydrothermal method for enhancing visible light-induced mitigation of methyl orange (MO) dye. The photocatalyst’s structural, morphological, surface, and optical characteristics were evaluated by XRD, XPS, SEM, BET, and UV-DRS techniques. The amalgamation of wide-bandgap NiO and narrow-bandgap g-C3N4 develops a heterojunction leading to improved charge separation, increases its ability to absorb light into the visible spectrum, and enlarges surface area. The NiO/g-C3N4-20 heterojunction revealed a substantially improved degradation performance of 97.34

Water pollution from industrial effluents remains a major global challenge and demands effective and eco-friendly treatment plans. In this work, we report for the first time the integration of micro–nanobubble (MNB) technology with a ternary PbFe12O19/g-C3N4/rGO (PGR) nanocomposite for photocatalytic dye degradation and antibacterial applications. The PGR nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal process and systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, Raman and FTIR analyses. The band gap of pristine PbFe₁₂O₁₉ (2.94 eV) was successfully tuned in the composite (2.40 eV). The PGR nanocomposite achieved rapid degradation of methyl orange (95

Currently, there has been considerable interest in developing heterojunction materials for the removal of dyes. However, there is a bottleneck in creating an impressive photocatalyst that can degrade organic pollutants propelled by visible light. The integration of graphitic nitride (C3N4) with NiO-MoO3 is edified using a combination of polymerization and hydrothermal processes. The structural features of fabricated materials were then examined using various analytical techniques. The optimized C3N4/NiO-MoO3 bestowed with Z-scheme achieved 94.8

In this work, a novel CNT‐free ZnO@CuFe 2 O 4 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using a simple polyol‐assisted process to enhance visible light‐driven photocatalysis. The novelty of this approach lies in integrating the strong light absorption capacity of ZnO with the magnetic properties and narrow bandgap characteristics of CuFe 2 O 4 . The crystalline structure and optical properties of the synthesized materials were systematically investigated using XRD, FTIR, PL, and UV–vis spectroscopy measurements. XRD analysis of the composite confirmed the coexistence of ZnO and CuFe 2 O 4 crystalline phases with a reduced crystallite size of 13.09 nm. FTIR and PL spectroscopy revealed strong interfacial interactions that effectively suppressed electron–hole recombination. The UV–vis absorption analysis demonstrated an enhanced absorption of visible light by the composite. The photocatalytic efficiency was evaluated using the degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye under visible light. Combined ZnO@CuFe 2 O 4 enhanced the degradation efficiency up to 88% compared to pristine ZnO with 56% and CuFe 2 O 4 with 69% in 90 min with apparent rate constant of 0.02356 min −1 . This improvement is attributed to a direct Z‐scheme charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation mechanism, which demonstrates the novelty of a facile polyol‐assisted strategy for efficient sunlight photodegradation of organic dyes.