OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Unacylated Ghrelin (UAG) at varying doses in the management of acute liver injury in Wistar albino rats. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted at Department of Physiology, Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan from March to August 2023. Thirty Wistar albino rats (200-250 grams) were randomly divided into five groups (n=6). Group A served as the control, while liver injurywas induced in Groups B, C, D, and E via intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% CCL4. Groups C, D, and E were subsequently treated with low, medium, and high doses of UAG, respectively. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were assessed, along with liver histopathology. RESULTS: Pre-experimental body weights (Mean +/- SD) for Groups A, B, C, D, and E were 227.33 +/- 7.75 g, 229.80 +/- 2.08 g, 228.70 +/- 5.34 g, 231.33 +/- 8.69 g, and 236.38 +/- 10.63 g, respectively. The liver index was 4.36 +/- 0.28, 6.65 +/- 0.37, 5.80 +/- 0.17, 5.70 +/- 0.08, and 5.06 +/- 0.23, respectively, across the Groups. A statistically significant (p<0.05) decline was observed in group B compared to Group C, D and E. Moreover, statistically significant (p<0.05) rise in ALT, AST, serum IL-6, TNF alpha, SOD, and MDA levels in Group B compared with the remaininggroups. CONCLUSION: UAG effectively protects the liver from CCl4-induced injury in rats. Higher doses of UAG reduced liver enzyme levels and improved oxidative stress and inflammation markers, indicating its potential as atherapeutic agent for liver damage. Further research is warranted to explore UAG's therapeutic use for liver disorders.

Introduction: Exposure to smokeless tobacco products (Nicotine) is associatedwith the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of collagen synthesis and impairment of DNA repair capacity whichin some way may cause harmful effects on the ovaries of the offspring.Objectives: To observe the effects of chewing tobacco on the gross morphologicaland histological alterations on the ovaries of offspring’s rats.Methodology: Twenty pregnant rats were divided in two groups: Group. A(Control) 10 pregnant rats received normal diet and water ad libitum. Group. B(Experimental) 10 pregnant rats received 5% tobacco mixed with normal feed andwater ad libitum. After 21 days, the female offspring of both control and experimental groups were sacrificed, ovaries removed and stained with H&E stains formicroscopic examination.Results: The results clearly showed that smokeless tobacco consumption duringgestation reduces the weight and size of ovary along with the congested blood vessels, compact stroma and degenerative primordial follicles. Hence the practice ofchewing tobacco in mothers is directly related to the adverse effects in offspringhealth and ovaries. Key words: Chewing Tobacco, Offspring, Ovaries, Rats.

J Muhammad Med Coll Vol 11 (2) Nov 2020-April 2021 Abstract: Introduction: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) adversely affect the structural/ and or functional properties of the hepatic tissue, leading to grave implications. Currently plant-based compounds have gained sufficient space in the treatment of liver diseases. Among such plants is Raphanus sativus, a cruciferous plant also commonly called Radish, which has since long been used in traditional medicine. Objective: To evaluate the protective role of Raphanus sativus in CCl4induced hepatotoxicity through assessment of liver function and oxidative stress markers in albino Wistar rats. Methodology: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted between September 2019 to March 2020 at the Postgraduate Research Laboratory Isra University, Hyderabad. Albino Wistar selected by non-random purposive sampling were divided equally into three different groups: Group A (control group), Group B (CCl4 experimental group), and Group C (CCl4 plus Raphanus sativus group). Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture followed by hepatic histopathological analysis using light microscope. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, with ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey’s analysis used for comparison of different study variables. Results: Statistically significant rise relative liver weight of group B rats compared with the group A and C rats (P <0.05). Moreover, statistically significant (P <0.05) rise in serum markers of hepatic functions was observed after CCl4 administration in Group B. Treatment with Raphanus Sativus administration significantly reduced serum levels of LFTs (p<0.05). There was a significant decline in the plasma levels of oxidative markers in group B while marked histopathological changes like necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion observed among animals of group B. Conclusion: Raphanus Sativus exerts an anti-oxidative, and hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic tissue damage.

Introduction: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) adversely affect the structural/ and or functional properties of the hepatic tissue, leading to grave implica-tions. Currently plant-based compounds have gained sufficient space in the treatment of liver diseases. Among such plants is Raphanus sativus, a cru-ciferous plant also commonly called Radish, which has since long been used in traditional medicine.Objective: To evaluate the protective role of Raphanus sativus in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity through assessment of liver function and oxidative stress markers in albino Wistar rats.Methodology: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted between Sep-tember 2019 to March 2020 at the Postgraduate Research Laboratory Isra University, Hyderabad. Albino Wistar selected by non-random purposive sampling were divided equally into three different groups: Group A (control group), Group B (CCl4 experimental group), and Group C (CCl4 plus Raphanus sativus group). Blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture followed by hepatic histopathological analysis using light micro-scope. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, with ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey’s analysis used for comparison of different study variables.Results: Statistically significant rise relative liver weight of group B rats compared with the group A and C rats (P <0.05). Moreover, statistically sig-nificant (P <0.05) rise in serum markers of hepatic functions was observed after CCl4 administration in Group B. Treatment with Raphanus Sativus ad-ministration significantly reduced serum levels of LFTs (p<0.05). There was a significant decline in the plasma levels of oxidative markers in group B while marked histopathological changes like necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion observed among animals of group B.Conclusion: Raphanus Sativus exerts an anti-oxidative, and hepato-protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatic tissue damage.Keywords: CCl4, Hepato-protective, Raphanus Sativus.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of carbaryl ingestion on morphology and histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa of albino Wistar rats. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, thirty Albino Wistar rats were randomly distributed into three different groups i.e. group-A (control), group-B (experimental-1) and group-C (experimental-2). The division was based on diet and quantity of drug-induced given. Group-A rats were given normal chow feed along with clean water ad libitum only, while group-B and group-C rats were given 2.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg body weight carbaryl mixed in their normal feed respectively. All rats were weighed before and after the experiment. RESULTS: Pre-experimental total body weight (Mean±SD) of groups A, B, and C were found to be 245.7±6.1 gm, 252.3±4.5 gm, and 239±6.7 gm respectively. Group-A (Control rats) showed an increase in body weight, while a decline in body weight was observed in groups B (203.43±12.57) and C (169.29±13.72) [p-value=0.001]. Similarly, the mean stomach weights of all the experimental rats were also measured at the conclusion of the experiment and were found to be 3.81±0.20 gm (group-A), 3.22±0.29 gm (group-B) and 2.26±0.65 gm (group-C) [p-value=0.001]. Histology of gastric mucosa of group-A didnt reveal any changes. In experimental groups, localized foci of congested blood vessels and infiltration by acute inflammatory cells were observed in the basal portion of gastric glands. Normal tubular architecture of the gastric mucosal glands was distorted.. CONCLUSION: Carbaryl administration induces marked histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa with decline in the body and stomach weight of experimental groups.

Introduction: Vitamin D, along with its beneficial effects on bone, has many other advantages. There is rising concern in surveying the association between plasma vitamin D levels and chronic liver disease. Objectives: To ascertain the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients suffering from chronic liver disease as well as to evaluate liver functionality and plasma vitamin D levels after vitamin D administration. Material and Methods: This was a two stage study. The first stage included evaluation of demographic and clinical data in 87 patients having chronic liver disease. The second stage included administration of various doses of vitamin D to patients having either insufficient or deficient plasma vitamin D levels. Post-experimental liver function tests and grades of liver functionality were assessed and compared with pre-experimental data. Results: 88% of the patients had either VD insufficiency or deficiency with a mean vitamin D level of 18.6 +/- 9.28 ng/ml. Alcohol consumption contributed to a greater deficiency of vitamin D (p = 0.002). Mean vitamin D levels in patients with cirrhosis was 15.3 ng/ml, while non-cirrhotic patients had a mean level of 20.7 ng/ml. Liver functionality was found to be inversely correlated with plasma levels of vitamin D, Child A (16.17 +/- 3.94 ng/mL) vs Child C (6.96 +/- 5.64 ng/ mL). Normal values of VD levels were achieved in 92.7% of patients who did not have liver cirrhosis as compared to 88.4% of patients having liver cirrhosis. Serum Albumin levels (p < 0.05) and liver functionality grade (p < 0.05) also showed significant results.

Introduction: Hyperglycemia triggered by diabetes can cause damage to the kidney making the renal filters leaky. Cytokines like transforming growth factor beta 1 and raised oxidative stress in the body are believed to be accountable for the generation of Diabetic Nephropathy. Objective: To observe the ameliorative effect of Aesculus hippocastanum (AH) drug in streptozocin induced diabetic nephropathy in albino wister rats. Materials And Methods: Twenty one albino wister rats were included and divided in to three groups, control, diabetes and diabetes + Aescin. The control group received normal diet. Both the diabetes groups were induced diabetes by administration of streptozocin injections intraperitoneally. No drug was given to diabetes group while diabetes + Aescin group received drugs for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, the glomerular area was assessed, severity of sclerosis was observed and levels of malondialdehyde, TGF-beta 1, blood urea and sugar levels and creatinine were analyzed. Results: The results showed that glomerular regions, sclerosis intensity, levels of malondialdehyde, TGF-beta 1, blood sugar, urea, and creatinine were found to be reduced in the diabetes + Aescin group. It is believed that raised blood sugar levels induce diabetic nephropathy. Aesculus hippocastanum extract improved diabetic nephropathy without lowering blood sugar level. Conclusion: Aesin is found to have positive role on the functional status of kidney and histological betterment in diabetic nephropathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of citalopram versus escitalopram on semen parameters (count, motility, morphology) in wistar albino rates. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The present Study was conducted at Isra University Hyderabad Sindh and Animal Protocol was conducted at Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam. Fifty (50) Albino Wistar Rats were divided into five groups namely group A (control) and experimental groups B, C, D and E. Escitalopram (0.4mg/kg P.O) and Citalopram (0.8mg/kg P.O) were given to all experimental groups (B, C, D and E) for six weeks. After six weeks rats of groups A, B and C were sacrificed through cervical dislocation and data was collected. While rats of groups D (citalopram reversal) and E (escitalopram reversal) were treated like control in order to observe the reversal effects of these drugs. Data was recorded in self-maid proforma. RESULTS: Sperm count in control and experimental groups (B and C) was 3.95±0.64, 2.43±0.49, 2.51±0.52 that was decreased in experimental groups. While in reversal groups D and E it was significantly improved 2.82±0.29 and 2.76±0.50. Between the reversal groups there was no significant difference. Motility among control and experimental (B and C) was 78.9 %, 68.7% and 70.4% and in reversal groups D and E it was improved to 74.3% and 73.5%. Normal morphology among control and experimental (B and C) was 92.2%, 74.7% and 76.4% and in reversal groups D and E it was improved to 84.3% and 81.9%. Morphological abnormalities were more common in head as compared to tail. CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that Escitalopram and Citalopram both have harmful effects on sperm count, motility and morphology. Whereas Escitalopram is more toxic than Citalopram and on withdrawal of these drugs the semen parameters.

This research work was conducted about the RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) in terms of frequency, consequences and variation during different seasons at Muhammad Medical College Hospital, a tertiary care set up in district Mirpurkhas. It was a descriptive study of cross-sectional type conducted on125 patients of RTA at MMCH (Muhammad Medical College Hospital) Emergency department between 1stMarch-2014 to 28th Feb 2015. The information was obtained on a questionnaire following consent from patient or companion. Accident cases (125) were evaluated following admission to hospital with highest presentation reported to be in August (16) followed by March (15). Male component of study subjects was 67.2% while females were 32.8%. Age range of 21-30 years was more common, 41case (32.8%), followed by 11-19years 25 (20%) and majority of the cases were illiterate 82 (65.6%). Most cases were reported to occur in rainy season 52 (41.6%) with 2 wheel vehicles on top figures 82 (65.6%). Conclusion: March and August were most affected months; rainy season was more involved in RTA. Males were more affected than female with 2 wheel vehicles more involved.

Aim: To determine the comparative effects of Escitalopram and citalopram on and testicular histology. Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted during 10 weeks in the Department of Pharmacology Isra University Hyderabad with the cooperation of Animal House, Sindh Agricultural University Tando Jam. Normal and healthy rats with weight of 200-300 grams were studied. Total 50 albino rats were divided into the 5 groups.Group A animals were given normal chow diet ad libitum. Groups B and E animals underwent Escitalopram 0.4mg/kg orally for 6 weeks. Groups C and D were given citalopram 0.8mg/kg for 6 weeks. The drugs were administered orally. After 6 weeks, testes of groups A, B and Canimals were removed andin Groups D and E drugs were stopped for 4 weeks and then testes were removed by same procedures in order to see either the effects of drugs are reversible or not. Results: In this study mean weight of tastes in group B and Group C were decreased as compared to control group and reversal group D and group E, while findings were statistically insignificant, p-value 0.092.Decreased spermatogenesis and sertoli cell hyperplasia was found in 5 and 4 rates of experimental group B and group C respectively, which were improved in 3 albino rates of D and 3 albino rates of group E. Conclusion:Escitalopram and Citalopram both have harmful effects on testicular weight and histology, while after withdrawal of these drugs these harmful effects may be cured.