Chia, Salvia hispanica L. is a flowering and an annual desert plant species which produces consumable small white and black seeds and has long association with human beings. Published research articles results showed that Chia is originating from south America, Mexico and now spreading to desert region. Chia as oil crop is getting an attractive cultivation demand in recent years because it can be grown for high nutrition values and to produce oil for food, and pharmaceutical and industrial sectors. The seeds of Chia are an excellent and proving a significant source of economic and health benefits which, helps in decreasing the different types of ailments such as, heart diseases, laxative, inflammation, reduce cholesterol levels, digestive system, blood pressure, blood sugar and intestinal health issues. The research interest on Chia has increased due to its numerous nutritional and health benefits to human beings and it has promising future in future studies and cultivation. The goal of this review was structured in three parts as ecological, traditional and pharmaceutical to search and analyzed the research articles available on S. hispanica through different electronic search engine data bases likewise, e-Marefa data base; google; google scholar, NIH (National Library of Medicine), PubMed and science direct covering period of 2000-2026. The key words such as cosmetics; diseases; ecology; food crop; folk medicine; health issues; phytochemicals; traditional values were used. The analysis of data would be helpful for researchers, environmental manager, farmer awareness, field management, pharmaceutical, agro industrial sectors engaged in regional and international levels.

Wheat is indeed a crucial dietary staple globally, but its quality and yield can be severely affected by heavy metal contamination in the soil. Heavy metals like cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are necessary in trace amounts for plant growth, but in high concentrations, they become toxic. Urbanization, industrial development and agricultural practices all contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals (HM) in the soil, primarily through atmospheric deposition, sewage, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. This contamination negatively impacts wheat seed germination, plant growth and ultimately, crop yield and quality. To mitigate heavy metal contamination, various remediation techniques can be employed, such as pH modifications and phytoremediation, which involves using plants to remove pollutants from the soil. Additionally, detecting contaminated areas and implementing focused investigations are essential to reduce human exposure to these harmful substances. It's also crucial to develop specific policies to limit heavy metal accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants like root and stem tubers, as they can further contribute to the contamination of crops. Overall, addressing heavy metal contamination in wheat crops requires a multi-faceted approach that combines remediation techniques, policy interventions and focused research to safeguard both agricultural productivity and human health.

The low heat conductivity of base fluids poses significant challenges, leading to growing interest in nanofluids, which have shown promise in improving heat transfer compared to conventional fluids. A nanofluid refers to a fluid that contains nanoparticles uniformly distributed within a base fluid, prepared using specialized techniques to ensure stability and long-term performance, making them distinct from conventional mixtures. Freshwater, refrigeration, glycol, or heating oil are examples of base fluids. The base fluid in this investigation is ethylene glycol mixed with hybrid nanoparticles of graphene oxide, gold, and silver. This study aims to examine the Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior of hybrid nanofluids over a stretching sheet when exposed to heat radiation and a magnetic field. The basic equations undergo appropriate similarity transformations to convert them from nonlinear higher-order partial differential equations to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The bvp4c method, an inherent function in MATLAB, is employed to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The influence of multiple relevant factors, such as thermal radiation, Prandtl number, slip parameter, Biot number, magnetic field, melting parameter, Nusselt number and skin friction against velocity and thermal profiles is being exemplified through the graphs and tables. Velocity decreases with magnetic and slip parameters, while the melting parameter increases it but reduces the thermal profile. Thermal radiation, Biot number, and the presence of a heat source or sink enhance the thermal profile, whereas higher Nusselt numbers and skin friction reduce it while improving convective heat transfer. The study demonstrates a 29.6 % enhancement in the Nusselt number for hybrid nanofluids compared to conventional fluids as the Prandtl number rises from 2.2 to 3.2. Moreover, the heat transfer performance of hybrid nanofluids surpasses that of traditional nanofluids. The results align well with existing literature, confirming their reliability and consistency. This study holds potential benefits for various fields, including applications in extreme temperature environments, medical devices, metal coatings, biosensors, and aerospace technology. The use of hybrid nanofluids has proven to be instrumental in enhancing temperature regulation and improving fuel efficiency across diverse sectors such as automotive and energy industries.

The climate change issues are the utmost concern for humankind and decrease in plant production. Some scientific research work have documented the negative impact of climate change on human beings, flora, and fauna. The climate of Pakistan is also becoming more vulnerable due to an increase in sweet water scarcity, frequent heat waves, rise of sea level, which is threatening to the coastal environment issues. Climate change threatened the growth, development, and production of plant species. The changes in climatic conditions due to environmental degradation and industrial and urbanization activities decline the quality of fruit and yield of cherries around the world.

We developed an array of Zea–Tripsacum tri-hybrid allopolyploids with multiple ploidies. We unveiled that changes in genome dosage due to the chromosomes pyramiding and shuffling of three species effects karyotypic heterogeneity, reproductive diversity, and phenotypic variation in Zea–Tripsacum allopolyploids. Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has played a major role in evolution and speciation. The genomic consequences of polyploidy have been extensively studied in many plants; however, the extent of chromosomal variation, genome dosage, phenotypic diversity, and heterosis in allopolyploids derived from multiple species remains largely unknown. To address this question, we synthesized an allohexaploid involving Zea mays, Tripsacum dactyloides, and Z. perennis by chromosomal pyramiding. Subsequently, an allooctoploid and an allopentaploid were obtained by hybridization of the allohexaploid with Z. perennis. Moreover, we constructed three populations with different ploidy by chromosomal shuffling (allopentaploid × Z. perennis, allohexaploid × Z. perennis, and allooctoploid × Z. perennis). We have observed 3 types of sexual reproductive modes and 2 types of asexual reproduction modes in the tri-species hybrids, including 2n gamete fusion (2n + n), haploid gamete fusion (n + n), polyspermy fertilization (n + n + n) or 2n gamete fusion (n + 2n), haploid gametophyte apomixis, and asexual reproduction. The tri-hybrids library presents extremely rich karyotype heterogeneity. Chromosomal compensation appears to exist between maize and Z. perennis. A rise in the ploidy of the trihybrids was linked to a higher frequency of chromosomal translocation. Variation in the degree of phenotypic diversity observed in different segregating populations suggested that genome dosage effects phenotypic manifestation. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of polyploid formation and reproductive diversity but also provide a novel insight into genome pyramiding and shuffling driven genome dosage effects and phenotypic diversity.

Weed control in black seed, psyllium, and quinoa is of huge importance for successfully cultivating and adapting these medicinal and nutritious crops. The recent study was designed to evaluate the pre-emergence herbicides (S-metolachlor and pendimethalin) for their possible application in these crops. The study consisted of three experiments on each crop for two years (2020-21, 2021-22). In each experiment, herbicides and their incremental doses (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of recommended label dose) were applied under a randomized complete block design under the factorial arrangement. Data on weed dynamics, crop agronomic, and yield attributes were collected. Results revealed that the weed control efficiency of both herbicides ranged from similar to 60-80 %. Crops, on the other hand, varied in their tolerance to both herbicides. Pendimethalin proved to be more detrimental for all the crops. Dose-response curves showed the crop tolerance to pendimethalin and can be ranked as black seed>psyllium and quinoa. Contrastingly, all the crops showed tolerance to the incremental dose of S-metolachlor. Crops tolerance to S-metolachlor can be ranked as black seed>quinoa>psyllium as per their respective Ed(50) values. The study concluded that pendimethalin use in these crops should be avoided. However, S-metolachlor can be employed as a pre-emergence herbicide in the cultivation of black seed, psyllium, and quinoa at the recommended label dose.

The main aim of this work is to introduce the k-Humbert confluent hypergeometric functions Phi 1,k , Phi 2,k , Phi 3,k and developed some formulae by using the idea of k-calculus. k-Humbert confluent hypergeometric functions are an extension of the classical confluent hypergeometric functions, incorporating an additional parameter, k, which enriches their analytical properties and applicability in diverse mathematical contexts. We introduce new results by applying q-derivative operator on k-Humbert confluent hypergeometric functions Phi 1,k, Phi 2,k, and Phi 3,k . Contiguous function relations of various types, (q, k)-recurrence relations, and q-derivatives formulae are constructed.

Olea europaea L. (olive tree / zaitoon tree / zaitoon) belong to family Oleaceae. This is a valuable and an economically commercial oil woody shrub or small evergreen tree plant species and especially popular in diet of people of Mediterranean region. The olive tree oil is extracted from the fruit of O. europaea and used for cooking, agricultural, biological, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, food technology, pharmaceutical sciences, agro-food sector and environmental sustainability. The whole parts (leaves, branches, fruit) of this plant traditionally used and cultivated for food and medicine in Europe, Mediterranean, warm temperate region, Asian, African, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Tunisian regions and in different parts of Pakistan. O. europaea also provide an excellent material of polyphenol, abundant unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoids. O. europaea seedling also possesses different types of resistance and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. There are several publications available which has highlighted the influence of waste product, polluted and contaminated air, water and soil on olive tree growth. O. europaea also contains many bioactive compounds and oil have been reported to control many ailments. A lot of work has been published on the biological compounds derived from olive tree in recent years for the treatment of different diseases. The potential of O. europaea plant extract showed antidiabetic, anticancer, asthma, cholesterol, uric acid, diarrhea, inflammation, blood pressure, antiheart and antiarthritis treatment. This review study was aimed to assess the beneficial characteristics of olive tree in terms of its nutritional, pharmaceutical properties and application in industries. The outcome will help to researchers working in the field of the nutritional, pharmaceutical and industrial sectors for examining the fruitful results. The 650 research articles were searched for review and 166 were selected using electronic search engine likewise google, google scholar, research society and development and science direct.

This study presents an innovative model that utilizes a newly developed logarithmic transformation method for the examination of data obtained from lifetime studies in the fields of medicine and engineering. Several fundamental distributional features are established, such as reliability measures, quantiles, moments, probability moments, and order statistics. The primary emphasis is directed towards the power function distribution, which functions as a sub-model within the newly introduced logarithmic transformation. Diverse forms of the recently developed density and hazard rate functions are explored, demonstrating their applicability in modeling an extensive range of data. The study explores and analyzes several entropy measures, specifically Rényi, Havrda and Charvat, Awad et al.*, Awad et al., Arimoto, and Tsallis. A comprehensive examination of these measures is provided, accompanied by numerical findings that allow for an evaluation of their respective characteristics. Additionally, risk indicators, including value at risk, tail value at risk, tail variance, and tail variance premium, are investigated. To obtain estimates for the parameters of the proposed model, seven established classical estimating methods are analyzed, and their effectiveness is evaluated in terms of absolute bias, mean squared error, and mean relative error. Ultimately, the novel model is implemented on three distinct lifespan datasets sourced from the domains of medical science and engineering. To assess its efficacy, a comparative analysis of its performance versus many established models is conducted, utilizing goodness-of-fit criteria as the basis for evaluation. The findings of the study suggest that the proposed model exhibits superior performance in terms of fit compared to the other models examined.

Genotype-by-Environment Interaction (GEI) is very important for identifying high yielding and stable genotypes in crop performance trails. It is a challenging issue for plant breeders and agronomists to select a better genotype for all locations when these trails are conducted across multiple and unpredictable environments. Mostly, the frequentist approach is used for the analysis of GEI models whereas the Bayesian paradigm has limited application for evaluating these models. The objective of this study is to analyze the GEI model using Bayesian paradigm and compare its efficacy with frequentist approach using multi environment data of wheat. The secondary data on 50 genotypes of wheat sowing under 31 different locations of Punjab, Pakistan has been collected from wheat section of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute. After diagnostic evaluations 33 genotypes and 17 environments has been selected for analysis purpose. The Bayesian and Classical approaches were compared, revealing that the Bayesian Analysis outperformed the Classical approach by providing higher heritability estimates with lower standard errors (SE). Very limited work under Bayesian paradigm is reported in Pakistan. The present study not only provides comprehensive guideline for analyzing GEI models in multi-environment trials but also gives clear guidelines for the comparison of Bayesian and Frequentist approaches in GEI field. Also, the credible intervals for ranks of genotypes has been calculated in this study. The findings indicate that genotype HYT-10047 is the highest yielding and most stable, while NR553 is the lowest yielding genotype.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: CTEV is a complex congenital deformity of the foot and occurs due to the confluence of genetic & environmental factors. If it is not treated promptly and accordingly, it limits patient mobility and results in a painful foot. In most cases, it is treated conservatively using the Ponseti technique. This method was developed by a Japanese orthopedic surgeon Ignatio Ponseti who successfully treated CTEV in infants without extensive surgery. It is a manipulative technique with percutaneous release of tendoachilles that allows the ankle to obtain correction. This study was conducted to assess the functional outcomes of CTEV management by Ponseti method. METHODS: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Board Of Services Hospital Lahore. This descriptive study was conducted at the department of orthopedic surgery from December 2018 to December 2020. A total number of 120 patients having CTEV deformity of the foot, aged less than 2 years, were included in the study. From these, 70 children had bilateral foot involvement. It was treated with 5-7 casts with each cast applied for 07 days according to the Ponseti method. In the final cast, a percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy was performed, where the deformity was restricted to 10 degrees from the neutral. After completion of casts, each patient was braced with Foot Abduction Brace. RESULTS: We used Pirani Score for pre- and post-operative assessment of correction of deformity via Ponseti method. There were 91% excellent results achieved through this method, whilst 6% of patients had good results and 3% had poor results. CONCLUSION: Ponseti technique has got good functional & cosmetic results. It is economical and easy to apply. KEY WORDS: Club foot, Pirani Shafique score, Ponseti technique, CTEV

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important forage and aesthetic plant species, but it is susceptible to drought and heat stress. The phytohormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant development and alleviates the effects of drought stress in plants, including white clover, by involving auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) family genes. However, Aux/IAA genes and the underlying mechanism of auxin-mediated drought response remain elusive in white clover. To extend our understanding of the multiple functions of Aux/IAAs, the current study described the characterization of a member of the Aux/IAA family TrIAA27 of white clover. TrIAA27 protein had conserved the Aux/IAA family domain and shared high sequence similarity with the IAA27 gene of a closely related species and Arabidopsis. Expression of TrIAA27 was upregulated in response to heavy metal, drought, salt, NO, Ca2+, H2O2, Spm, ABA, and IAA treatments, while downregulated under cold stress in the roots and leaves of white clover. TrIAA27 protein was localized in the nucleus. Constitutive overexpression of TrIAA27 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to enhanced hypocotyl length, root length, plant height, leaf length and width, and fresh and dry weights under optimal and stress conditions. There was Improved photosynthesis activity, chlorophyll content, survival rate, relative water content, endogenous catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) concentration with a significantly lower electrolyte leakage percentage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration in overexpression lines compared to wild-type Arabidopsis under drought and salt stress conditions. Exposure to stress conditions resulted in relatively weaker roots and above-ground plant growth inhibition, enhanced endogenous levels of major antioxidant enzymes, which correlated well with lower lipid peroxidation, lower levels of reactive oxygen species, and reduced cell death in overexpression lines. The data of the current study demonstrated that TrIAA27 is involved in positively regulating plant growth and development and could be considered a potential target gene for further use, including the breeding of white clover for higher biomass with improved root architecture and tolerance to abiotic stress.

Probability distribution models are very helpful to solving many real-life problems. The development of new or extensions to an existing model is a very attractive area of research. Among many types of probability distribution models, weighted distributions are becoming more important for modeling data. Weighted distributions can help discover defects in manufacturing and outliers by weighting significant observations. Control charts are the most important tools to monitor process efficiency. In recent decades, researchers have focused on weighted distributions, especially those with size and area biased exponential distribution. This research introduces a novel control chart for a characteristic following a size-biased and area-biased exponential distribution to emphasize the relevance of weighted distributions. Charts are effectively determines size-biased and area-biased exponential distribution control chart limits also Monte Carlo simulations are used to assess different Average Run Length (ARL) values.

Background: Students are the most significant internet users in Indonesia. 49.52% of internet user groups in Indonesia are students. High internet users do not guarantee that digital health literacy is also high. Students at the Universitas Dian Nuswantoro health faculty are responsible for disseminating health information and transmitting digital health literacy interests. Health literacy skills are necessary for health students to sort out doubtful information. Good health literacy skills will impact students' ability to assess incoming data and make appropriate health decisions. This study aims to describe the digital health literacy skills possessed by students of the Faculty of Health. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro. Method: This descriptive study provides an overview/description of the digital health literacy skills possessed by students of the Faculty of Health. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro. The research population of health students is 1.642 people with the sample being 321 students. Data collection using Google Forms and distributed through class groups in WhatsApp (WA) and communicated privately. The statistical test used descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Faculty of Health Science at Universitas Dian Nuswantoro students had an "Advanced" or "Independent-Advanced" level of competence. The advanced level indicates that their digital competencies and health information skills are at their current status and without problems. Indicators that digital health literacy can improve our safety. Thus. students can improve methods for securing personal data. Conclusion: Digital health literacy is an ability needed in today's digital era. What needs to be improved is that students can choose the most appropriate method to protect personal data.

The present study is aimed at exploring the content about civic education in the enacted curriculum of Pakistan studies for secondary classes in the province of Punjab Pakistan. The objectives of the study are to examine the content about civic education in the curriculum of Pakistan studies at secondary school level and to explore the content about political dimension of civic education in the curriculum of Pakistan Studies for secondary classes. Civic education is backbone of a societal life. There are very few studies available to determine the extent of civic education in the curriculum, In Pakistan there is compulsory or separate subject to instill civic education in the young generation. CE is imparted through the curriculum of Pakistan studies therefore content analysis of Pakistan studies textbooks for grades IX-X, and structured interview protocol was used to collect data from curriculum experts. Pakistan studies curriculum provides multidimensional civic education to the learners.

Diversity of age, language, culture, norms, standards, and demographics is prevailing in educational institutions in Pakistan. The cultural diversity of learners in a classroom is the blessing of varied experiences the students bring with themselves if that can be used properly and smartly during the educational activities of students and projects of different types in the shape of assignments. For this purpose, the teacher must be competent to avail of such types of opportunities. On the other hand, the diversity of learners hurts the overall results, the reputation of management, and teachers’ performance. To deal with the cultural diversity of learners, the researcher has reviewed articles with a sample of 17 articles, theses, and reports that have presented some strategies and steps to deal with diverse learners in a classroom. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Protocol was adopted for article selection, finalization, and data analysis with the objectives of finding out the steps required for a conducive atmosphere in ethnically diverse learning classrooms which may be helpful in the performance of the students and practices, activities that may assist a teacher in better learning outcomes in ethnically heterogeneous classrooms and to explore such strategies which may lessen the trust deficit of parents in public institutions. A period of 1995-2020 was selected. Findings were drawn through tabulation, and all objectives were met. After a detailed discussion, conclusions of the study were made. Practices, strategies, and steps were recommended for the teachers, with a discussion on the limitation of data. Future researchers were also given fields to be explored by them. The article concluded with the remarks that the teacher may respect the norms and cultures of the learners, engage learners in those activities that relate to their cultural contexts, welcome students’ families for a better understanding of the learners, and resolve school-centered problems by identifying home-centered problems.

In observational studies, the probability of selection of sampling units is not always equal. The recorded observations are biased in this scenario. The unweighted distributions in such situations are not useful until the inclusion probability of each item is same. The theory of weighted distributions offers a unifying approach for these types of conditions because it considers the adjustment bias. Failure to comply with such adjustment may lead to inappropriate results. In this article, an efficient mentoring scheme (Weighted-TBE chart) for time between events (TBE) using weighted exponential distribution has been proposed based on weighted variance (WV) method. A comparison has been established between CC based on weighted and unweighted probability distributions. The performance measure ARL has been calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The Weighted-TBE chart has provided least values of ARL in the presence of unwanted process variations and proved to be more effective than the existing scheme. Further the proposed control chart has been applied to time between failures data to show its practical applicability.